Network services for people who are addicted to drugs are diverse in the Czech Republic. In individual regions there is different drug situations and the availability of professional services. Substitutable and other options for individuals, who would like to do something with their addiction, can be self-help support groups. In the Czech Republic there are various self-help support groups. Best known are Alcoholics Anonymous and others similar groups, based on the same pattern. These groups are completely independent and they are not guided by experts. The theoretical part deals with problems of substance abuse, addiction, the health care system for people abuse substances or addictive behavior and finally describes the history of self-help support groups and other incurred self-help support groups. The practical part focuses on the implementation of the research focused on the effect of self-help support groups in the region and to the characteristics of their members. The research aims to map the function of self-help support groups for people with substance abuse in the region Vysočina and also describes groups and their members in terms of their characteristics and sociodemographic data. Key words: Self-help Support Groups - Anonymous Alcoholics - alcohol - drug abuse - addiction

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Introduction: Being a relative of a person with an addiction disease involves a strong mental and physical stress. An important protection factor for the relatives is breaking the silence and shame and seek help. Ersta Vändpunkten is a clinic for these relatives and offers educational groups with a therapeutic objective. This study focuses on program for parents/relatives to children in the so-called little child group (4-6 years). Focus in the program is to support the parents in how they can help the child to understand what is happening in the family and how to take the child’s perspective. The aim of the study is to share the parent’s experiences of participating in this group. Questions: How has participation in the parenting program affected parenting ability? How has participation in the parent group affected the family? Methods: This is a web-based survey, the questionnaire has been analyzed with descriptive statistics. Results: 30 parents/relatives have been asked to participate of whom 17 responded (57%). The survey reveals that the parent/relative now has an improved relationship with the child and that communication in the family has changed for the better. Other relationships, to relatives, friends and to the addictive part have not changed noticeably. All respondents feel the child’s and their own self-esteem have become much better/better after participating. There is also a consensus among respondents that their ability to set boundaries towards the addicted part has become much better/better. Discussion: While the high non-response rate endangers firm conclusions, the findings are nevertheless promising.

The study aimed to develop an in-depth understanding of the challenges faced by social workers rendering Occupational Social Work (OSW) services, particularly in establishing and maintaining workplace support groups for employees living with HIV and AIDS. The study used a qualitative research approach, aided by exploratory, descriptive and contextual research design. Data was collected from eight participants with semi-structured interviews and was analyzed by applying eight steps for data analysis as proposed by Tesch, cited in Creswell (2003:191). Data verification was done by applying Guba’s model (in Krefting, 1991). The themes, which emerged from the interviews, were: the recruitment of members in workplace support groups and the challenges faced by social workers rendering OSW services. The findings indicate that, critical as their roles may be, social workers experience numerous challenges when providing workplace HIV and AIDS support groups. These include HIV and AIDS disclosure, management, organisational and logistical challenges / Social Work

There are several psychosocial factors that can affect an individual diagnosed with cancer (Holland, 2003), and directly addressing these issues with patients is important for their overall care and quality of life (Holland, 1998). The practice of psycho-oncology has been designed to assess these psychosocial issues with patients and their caregivers by means of outlets such as support groups to facilitate a wellness model of care (Myers & Sweeney, 2008). Using the demographics of age and sex, I plan to analyze and identify what psychosocial needs are significant to individuals diagnosed with cancer, and compare the sex and age of two significantly represented patient age groups 18-40 and 41-80 years old. I will survey the patients of Tulane Cancer Center in New Orleans, Louisiana when they arrive for medical treatment at the facility. The survey will include a demographic page, the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G (Version 4), the Body Image Scale (BIS), the Changes in Sexual Functioning Questionnaire-Short Form (CSFQ-14), and additional questions regarding the extent to which an individual would attend a support group designed for their specific age and sex demographic. Through data analysis, I hope to discover whether any of the variables of body image, sexual functioning, physical well being, social/family well being, emotional well being, and functional well being show significant differences between the male or female young adult population of 18-40 year olds and those patients who are 41-80 years old. The findings should allow psycho-oncology clinicians to utilize this knowledge to address what psychosocial needs are appropriate for each age and sex group, and thus enhance the overall care of the patient.

<p>The aim of this undergraduate thesis was to study the experience of participation in support groups for children of mentally ill parents. The research questions dealt with how the children and the adolescents talked about the knowledge, that they believed having assimilated in the support groups. The knowledge concerned mental illness and the possible impact on children when having mentally ill parents. The research questions also dealt with how the children and the adolescents talked about the meaning of being in a group. Qualitative semi structured interviews were used in order to capture the respondents’ subjective experiences. As tools for analyzing the results, parts of the theories of Piaget and Antonovsky were applied. The results showed that the respondents experienced that they had learned about mental illness and that they had gotten different feelings explained and validated. Meeting other children of mentally ill parents and sharing experiences were some of the factors that the respondents claimed had made them feel less alone. A conclusion of the study was that the children and the adolescents have different cognitive possibilities to incorporate information about mental illness. This could help explain their somewhat different experiences of the support groups.</p>

The aim of this undergraduate thesis was to study the experience of participation in support groups for children of mentally ill parents. The research questions dealt with how the children and the adolescents talked about the knowledge, that they believed having assimilated in the support groups. The knowledge concerned mental illness and the possible impact on children when having mentally ill parents. The research questions also dealt with how the children and the adolescents talked about the meaning of being in a group. Qualitative semi structured interviews were used in order to capture the respondents’ subjective experiences. As tools for analyzing the results, parts of the theories of Piaget and Antonovsky were applied. The results showed that the respondents experienced that they had learned about mental illness and that they had gotten different feelings explained and validated. Meeting other children of mentally ill parents and sharing experiences were some of the factors that the respondents claimed had made them feel less alone. A conclusion of the study was that the children and the adolescents have different cognitive possibilities to incorporate information about mental illness. This could help explain their somewhat different experiences of the support groups.

Våld mot kvinnor är ett allvarligt samhällsproblem och enligt socialtjänstlagen skall dessa kvinnor särskilt beaktas. I den tidigare forskning vi har tagit del av finns det bristande underlag kring vilka insatser som våldsutsatta kvinnor är i behov av. Det finns även brist på forskning som undersöker kvinnornas egna upplevelser av de insatser som erbjuds. Syftet med vår studie är att genom kvalitativa intervjuer med kvinnor som varit utsatta för våld skapa en ökad förståelse för vilken betydelse det har haft för dem att delta i en gruppverksamhet genom att lyfta kvinnornas subjektiva upplevelser. Vi har använt oss av semistrukturerade intervjuer och intervjuat fyra kvinnor som har deltagit i en gruppverksamhet. Vi hoppas att vår studie kan lyfta våldsutsatta kvinnors upplevelser av att delta i en gruppverksamhet ur ett brukarperspektiv då vi upplever att detta saknas i tidigare forskning. Vår studie har en abduktiv ansats vilket innebär att vi inte utgått från teori när vi formulerat forskningsfrågan utan i stället valt en teori kring erkännande efter att vi började bearbeta vårt resultat. Vårt intervjumaterial har analyserats med hjälp av tidigare forskning på området och Axel Honneths teori om erkännande. I vår studie kom vi fram till att kvinnorna upplevde gruppen som lyhörd och förstående. De upplevde gruppen som trygg i och med att det var en kvinnogrupp där alla hade liknande erfarenhet. Detta bidrog även till att de kände sig förstådda och mindre ensamma om sin situation. Kvinnorna uppgav även att det fått ökad förståelse för sig själva och det som skett och att denna förståelse varit viktig för att kunna bearbeta och läka från sina erfarenheter. Vi kan konstatera att våldsutsatta kvinnor är en heterogen grupp med skiftande behov. Vissa hade haft nytta av ytterligare insatser både innan och efter gruppen.

The number of older persons is growing at a shocking rate. In spite of this reality, the South African health care sector does not prioritise older persons, causing their health to be poorly managed. Not only does poor health management affect the health of the older person, but also economic factors. This causes a high burden on the public health sector of South Africa, with specific reference to the Primary Health Care (PHC) clinics. PHC clinics in this country are not only overcrowded due to staff shortages, but also owing to the rapidly ageing population and the large number of younger persons affected by the high unemployment rate of South Africa. The above-mentioned factors keep the professional nurses in the clinic from spending time on proper physical examinations and provision of health education to older persons. This causes older persons to lack knowledge regarding self-care, potentially leading to unintentional self-neglect, which decreases their quality of life. Studies conducted on older persons concluded that the older person wants to be involved in health promotion, but needs the necessary knowledge to take care of him- or herself. Therefore, the researcher's overarching aim with this study was to develop guidelines to facilitate self-care amongst older persons. Such guidelines aim at constituting an indirect approach to promote the health of the older person. Health education on self-care should be conducted in self-care support groups, since community experience teaches that some older persons in the community do not apply self-care skills learned without some form of support. The aim with these guidelines is to decrease unintentional self-neglect by empowering the older person to make autonomous decisions regarding self-care, in order to increase quality of life. RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVES In order to reach the overarching aim of this study, which comprises the development of guidelines to facilitate self-care amongst the older persons in the Potchefstroom district, the study firstly includes a literature review to understand self-care and related constructs from a theoretical perspective. Secondly, the Appraisal of self-care agency scale-A (ASA-A) and Exercise of self-care agency scale (ESCA) were used as questionnaires to assess the self-care of the selected older persons. Lastly, after determining the self-care of the older persons, the study investigates the relationship between these two questionnaires through correlational analysis. RESEARCH DESIGN A quantitative, descriptive, correlational and contextual design was used in this study to .reach the overarching aim and respective objectives. RESEARCH METHOD The researcher firstly conducted a literature review to understand self-care and related constructs. Thereafter the researcher employed two structured questionnaires, the ASA-A and ESCA, were employed to collect data. The questionnaires were developed to measure self-care (self-care is determined by measuring the self-care agency). These questionnaires were based on Dorothea OrenYs self-care deficit theory of nursing, the same theory that this research study is based on. Minor adaptations were made to both the questionnaires prior to administration to the predominantly Setswana-speaking older population. The study formed part of the larger Multinational Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiological study (PURE-SA study - ethical approval number 04M10). All the older persons identified in the peri-urban population of the PURE-SA study living in the Potchefstroom district and who were willing to participate were included in the sample. Trained fieldworkers assisted the researcher in data collection. Of the 198 older persons, 192 participated, accumulating to a 98% response rate. Lastly the researcher correlated the ASA-A and ESCA to determine their relationship as an added benefit to this research study. RESULTS The findings indicate that although the studied older population was of a lower socio-economic status with a lower literacy level, their overall self-care was relatively good. Seven self-care deficits were identified namely time management skills affecting self-care, energy deficit affecting self-care, sleep deprivation, lack of knowledge and ability to acquire knowledge with regard to health and self-care, lack of a rest, exercise and self-care programme, self-care deficit caused by physical deterioration and, lastly, the lack of performance of activities to prevent/decrease self-care deficits. These identified self-care deficits supported the development of guidelines to facilitate self-care amongst older persons, together with Menon's psychological health empowerment model, as well as an in-depth literature review on self-care and related constructs to understand self-care from a theoretical perspective. Furthermore, the study compared the ASA-A and ESCA questionnaires to determine the relationship between these questionnaires. The two questionnaires had a very good correlation with each other, conclusion that either of these two questionnaires could be used to measure self-care of a population. / Thesis (M.Cur.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

The number of older persons is growing at a shocking rate. In spite of this reality, the South African health care sector does not prioritise older persons, causing their health to be poorly managed. Not only does poor health management affect the health of the older person, but also economic factors. This causes a high burden on the public health sector of South Africa, with specific reference to the Primary Health Care (PHC) clinics. PHC clinics in this country are not only overcrowded due to staff shortages, but also owing to the rapidly ageing population and the large number of younger persons affected by the high unemployment rate of South Africa. The above-mentioned factors keep the professional nurses in the clinic from spending time on proper physical examinations and provision of health education to older persons. This causes older persons to lack knowledge regarding self-care, potentially leading to unintentional self-neglect, which decreases their quality of life. Studies conducted on older persons concluded that the older person wants to be involved in health promotion, but needs the necessary knowledge to take care of him- or herself. Therefore, the researcher's overarching aim with this study was to develop guidelines to facilitate self-care amongst older persons. Such guidelines aim at constituting an indirect approach to promote the health of the older person. Health education on self-care should be conducted in self-care support groups, since community experience teaches that some older persons in the community do not apply self-care skills learned without some form of support. The aim with these guidelines is to decrease unintentional self-neglect by empowering the older person to make autonomous decisions regarding self-care, in order to increase quality of life. RESEARCH AIM AND OBJECTIVES In order to reach the overarching aim of this study, which comprises the development of guidelines to facilitate self-care amongst the older persons in the Potchefstroom district, the study firstly includes a literature review to understand self-care and related constructs from a theoretical perspective. Secondly, the Appraisal of self-care agency scale-A (ASA-A) and Exercise of self-care agency scale (ESCA) were used as questionnaires to assess the self-care of the selected older persons. Lastly, after determining the self-care of the older persons, the study investigates the relationship between these two questionnaires through correlational analysis. RESEARCH DESIGN A quantitative, descriptive, correlational and contextual design was used in this study to .reach the overarching aim and respective objectives. RESEARCH METHOD The researcher firstly conducted a literature review to understand self-care and related constructs. Thereafter the researcher employed two structured questionnaires, the ASA-A and ESCA, were employed to collect data. The questionnaires were developed to measure self-care (self-care is determined by measuring the self-care agency). These questionnaires were based on Dorothea OrenYs self-care deficit theory of nursing, the same theory that this research study is based on. Minor adaptations were made to both the questionnaires prior to administration to the predominantly Setswana-speaking older population. The study formed part of the larger Multinational Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiological study (PURE-SA study - ethical approval number 04M10). All the older persons identified in the peri-urban population of the PURE-SA study living in the Potchefstroom district and who were willing to participate were included in the sample. Trained fieldworkers assisted the researcher in data collection. Of the 198 older persons, 192 participated, accumulating to a 98% response rate. Lastly the researcher correlated the ASA-A and ESCA to determine their relationship as an added benefit to this research study. RESULTS The findings indicate that although the studied older population was of a lower socio-economic status with a lower literacy level, their overall self-care was relatively good. Seven self-care deficits were identified namely time management skills affecting self-care, energy deficit affecting self-care, sleep deprivation, lack of knowledge and ability to acquire knowledge with regard to health and self-care, lack of a rest, exercise and self-care programme, self-care deficit caused by physical deterioration and, lastly, the lack of performance of activities to prevent/decrease self-care deficits. These identified self-care deficits supported the development of guidelines to facilitate self-care amongst older persons, together with Menon's psychological health empowerment model, as well as an in-depth literature review on self-care and related constructs to understand self-care from a theoretical perspective. Furthermore, the study compared the ASA-A and ESCA questionnaires to determine the relationship between these questionnaires. The two questionnaires had a very good correlation with each other, conclusion that either of these two questionnaires could be used to measure self-care of a population. / Thesis (M.Cur.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.