I den här uppsatsen undersöker jag hur barns mående och beteende bedöms i samband med deltagande i stödgrupp på Trappan i Uppsala. Jag studerar SDQ-formulär (Strength and difficulties questions) ifyllda av barn och/eller deras föräldrar 2009- 2011. SDQ mäter sex variabler: a) emotionella problem, b) uppförandeproblem, c) hyperaktivitet/uppmärksamhetsproblem, d) kamratproblem, e) prosocialt beteende samt f) total svårighetspoäng. Materialet utgörs av skattningar för 166 barn. En ny rapport (Skerfving 2011) om utvärdering av stödgrupper i Uppsala län blir ett viktigt jämförelsematerial, men jag gör delvis andra metodiska val än rapporten. Sju olika kvantitativa frågeställningar används: 1) Jämförelser med nordiska normalpopulationer, 2) jämförelser utifrån inriktning på stödgrupp, 3) kön, 4) ålder, 5) barns och föräldrars skattningar, 6) före- och eftermätningar samt 7) avhoppare och fullföljare. Medelvärden och standardavvikelser räknas ut och skillnaderna signifikanstestas. Resultaten jämförs med rapportens resultat. Till överensstämmelserna med rapporten kan räknas att mönster avseende kön i de olika studierna är likadana. Beträffande ålder finns likheter i karakteristika för den äldsta gruppen (16- år) och den näst äldsta gruppen (13-15 år). Även utifrån jämförelserna av före- och eftermätningarna överensstämmer resultaten i stort sett. Till avvikelserna från rapportens resultat kan nämnas min slutstats att 7-12-åringar respektive 13-15-åringar verkar förhålla sig klart olika till sina åldersmässigt jämförbara normalpopulationer. Ett annat resultat inom samma kategori är att 10-12-åringarna hamnar lägre än övriga grupper i vissa svårighetsvariabler. Beträffande skattningsperspektiv bedömer flickorna i min studie sig själva betydligt högre i svårighet än vad deras föräldrar gör. Ett resultat som saknar motsvarighet i rapporten är att den typiske deltagaren (i den yngsta åldersgruppen) beskrivs som ett barn med känslomässiga problem och beteendeproblem som däremot klarar sig ganska bra på det sociala området. Ett annat sådant resultat är beskrivningen av avhopparna i jämförelse med fullföljarna. Avhopparna framstår här som en grupp med större svårighetsbelastning än fullföljarna, särskilt i uppförandeproblem.

Med denna studie ville vi undersöka om det går att se en förändring av känsla av sammanhang(KASAM) före och efter deltagande i stödgruppsverksamhet. Vi ville specifikt undersökaungdomar mellan 13-20 år som deltagit i gruppverksamhet på Trappan mellan åren 2009-2012. Vi ville också undersöka om det förekom skillnader i förändring utifrån vilken typ avgrupp ungdomarna deltagit i och om det förekom skillnader i förändring utifrån kön. Dettaundersökte vi genom att ta del av 95 ungdomars i förväg ifyllda livsfrågeformuläret KASAM13.

The aim of this qualitative study was to examine bereaved individuals’ experiences of support from their social networks and participation in support groups. The theoretical framework is based on theories about social support and parts of the attachment theory. Data were collected from four interviews and analysed by the study’s theoretical framework. The results have shown that the interviewed persons found emotional, instrumental and informative support from their own social networks important after their loss. Receiving constructive feedback from the social networks, and or various support groups, were also important factors. The interviewed persons expressed that the perceived and offered support was not satisfying and that they would have appreciated further help. The results also showed that most of the inter-viewed persons found their participation in support groups important as the groups made it possible for them to express their inherent feelings and thoughts. They also found it important to be able to talk with individuals who had experienced similar losses. My findings support earlier research that states the importance of social support and the possibility to express grieving reactions after a loss.

Varje år upptäcks 50 000 nya fall av cancer i Sverige, vilket innebär att drygt 100 personer insjuknar varje dag. Att få diagnosen cancer innebär ofta en chock för den drabbade. Det sociala stödet är av stor betydelse för hur krisen kommer att hanteras av patienten. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att kartlägga cancerpatienters upplevelser av att delta i olika former av stödgrupper och självhjälpsgrupper som kan ledas eller initieras av sjuksköterskan. Metoden är en litteraturstudie utförd på tio kvalitativa artiklar. Som teoretisk referensram har Travelbees omvårdnadsteori använts. Resultatet visade att stödgrupper eller självhjälpsgrupper gav upplevelsen av att känna gemenskap och tillhörighet mellan deltagarna, att få och ge stöd av varandra, stärkt självförtroende, att uppleva hopp samt negativa upplevelser av deltagande. / Each year 50 000 new cases of cancer in Sweden is discovered, which means that more than 100 people is diagnosed every day. Getting diagnosed with cancer is often a shock to the victim. Social support is of great importance for how the crisis will be handled by the patient. The aim of the literature review was to identify cancer patients' experiences of participation in various forms of support and self-help groups that can be led or initiated by a nurse. The method is a literature review conducted in ten qualitative articles. As a theoretical framework Travelbees nursing theory has been used. The results showed that support groups or self-help groups gave the experience of a feeling of fellowship and belonging among the participants, to get and give support to each other, stronger self-confidence, to feel hopeful and negative experiences of participation.

Tidigare forskning gällande barn som förlorat en förälder genom dödsfall pekar på att det finns tydliga tendenser att fokus ofta läggs på den kvarvarande föräldern och att barnet många gånger kommer i skymundan eller glöms bort. Syftet med studien är att undersöka professionellas uppfattningar och yrkeserfarenheter om barns behov av stödinsatser då en förälder avlidit. Studiens teoretiska ansatser är; det salutogena perspektivet, ”den nya barndomssociologin” samt den konstruktivistiska struktureringsteorin. Metoden fenomenografi har använts för att fånga professionellas uppfattningar och materialet har samlats in genom sju semistrukturerade intervjuer. Resultatet och slutsatserna visar att professionella utgår från någon form av modell i sitt arbete och modellen vägleder den professionelle i hur barnet kan få information, råd och stöd. Barnets behov av stöd är oftast att finna nya strategier, för att hantera sin vardag och för att skapa en identitet utan ena föräldern. Olika stödinsatser kan hjälpa barnet att avdramatisera och normalisera sina känslor då en förälder avlidit. Ambitionen för de professionella är att lyssna till det enskilda barnet och dennes familjesituation. Detta eftersom barn inte är en homogen grupp och för att på bästa sätt tillmötesgå det behov av stöd det enskilda barnet har. Det viktigaste är att barnet inte upplever att denne även förlorar närvaron och omsorgen från den kvarvarande föräldern genom förälderns egen sorgebearbetning. / Previous research of children with parental loss shows visible tendencies that focus is on remaining parent and that the child easily tends to fall in shadow or becomes forgotten. The study aims to investigate professional´s views and experiences of children´s needs for support when losing a parent. The theoretical views of the study are; the perspective of salutogenic, ”the new sociology of childhood” and the theory of structuration in a constructive perspective. The study was performed with a phenomenographic methodological approach to capture professional´s views and experiences and the material consists of seven semi-structured interviews. The result and conclusions shows that professionals proceed from some kind of model in their work and the model then guide the professionals in giving information, support and advice to the child. The child´s needs of support is mainly to find new strategies to deal with everyday life and the creation of identity when losing a parent. Different inputs of supports can help the child to defuse and normalise their expression of emotions in losing a parent. The ambition of the professionals is to listen to the child in order to meet each individual child and his/hers family situation, since children are not an homogenous group, their needs also vary. Most important is that the child doesn´t feel that he/she also is losing the remaining parent´s attendance and caring for him/her, through the parent´s own grieving process.

I denna kvalitativa studie har enkäter insamlats från barn och unga som deltagit i stödgruppsverksamhet för barn och unga med en avliden nära anhörig i Dalarnas län. Syftet med studien har varit att beskriva deltagarnas erfarenheter av stödgrupperna. Genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys har tre kategorier identifierats; bearbetning, gemenskap och strukturens betydelse. Studien visar främst på betydelsen av att få träffa andra barn och unga i liknande situation samt indikerar till att deltagarnas KASAM (känsla av sammanhang) förhöjts genom deltagandet i stödgruppen. / In this qualitative study, questionnaires were collected from children and adolescents who had participated in a support group in Dalarnas län for children and adolescents with a deceased close relative. The purpose of this study was to enhance knowledge of children and adolescents’ experiences of participating in support groups through their descriptions in qualitative questionnaires. Qualitative content analysis was conducted and three categories were identified; kinship, processing and the significance of structure. The result highlights the importance of having the opportunity to meet other children and adolescents in similar situations, and indicates that the participants Sense of coherence enhanced through the participation in the support group.

<p>The aim of this undergraduate thesis was to study the experience of participation in support groups for children of mentally ill parents. The research questions dealt with how the children and the adolescents talked about the knowledge, that they believed having assimilated in the support groups. The knowledge concerned mental illness and the possible impact on children when having mentally ill parents. The research questions also dealt with how the children and the adolescents talked about the meaning of being in a group. Qualitative semi structured interviews were used in order to capture the respondents’ subjective experiences. As tools for analyzing the results, parts of the theories of Piaget and Antonovsky were applied. The results showed that the respondents experienced that they had learned about mental illness and that they had gotten different feelings explained and validated. Meeting other children of mentally ill parents and sharing experiences were some of the factors that the respondents claimed had made them feel less alone. A conclusion of the study was that the children and the adolescents have different cognitive possibilities to incorporate information about mental illness. This could help explain their somewhat different experiences of the support groups.</p>

The aim of this undergraduate thesis was to study the experience of participation in support groups for children of mentally ill parents. The research questions dealt with how the children and the adolescents talked about the knowledge, that they believed having assimilated in the support groups. The knowledge concerned mental illness and the possible impact on children when having mentally ill parents. The research questions also dealt with how the children and the adolescents talked about the meaning of being in a group. Qualitative semi structured interviews were used in order to capture the respondents’ subjective experiences. As tools for analyzing the results, parts of the theories of Piaget and Antonovsky were applied. The results showed that the respondents experienced that they had learned about mental illness and that they had gotten different feelings explained and validated. Meeting other children of mentally ill parents and sharing experiences were some of the factors that the respondents claimed had made them feel less alone. A conclusion of the study was that the children and the adolescents have different cognitive possibilities to incorporate information about mental illness. This could help explain their somewhat different experiences of the support groups.

This is a qualitative study designed to investigate how professional support group leaders talk about their role as supervisor of support groups for children and adolescents with problematic home situations. We also examine how these supervisors talk about the method they use and how they talk about the individual child. We have chosen critical discourse analysis to help us explore if there are different ways to talk about these territories. Our questions are: How does the support group leader talk about his role? How does the support group leader talk about the method? How does the support group leader talk about the individual child? The theories we have chosen to use in the analysis of our material is Aaron Antonovsky's Sense of Coherence and social constructivism. We have, as mentioned, chosen to do a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews conducted with seven active support group leaders at three different support group organizations. We transcribed the interviews and coded them separately and then went through the coded material together. The analytical method we have chosen is discourse analysis focusing on Norman Fairclough´s critical discourse analysis. Along with Fairclough´s three-dimensional model, we analyzed the interviews at the following levels: text practice, discursive practice and social practice. Based on our purpose and our questions we managed to distinguish six different discourses, within each territory we found two discourses that stood in contrast to each other. In the territory "How the support group leader talks about his own role," we found the knowledge discourse and the playful discourse. In the territory "How the support group leader talks about the method" we were able to discern a discourse view of the method as complete and a view of the method as adaptable. In the territory "How the support group leader talks about the individual child" we found the discourse about the perception of the child as a subject and the perception of the child as an object. These discourses were put together to constitute two discourse chains which showed two different orientations of the support group leader. We then analyzed these discourse chains our theories and questioned them based on how the two different types of leader’s we located could affect the method’s design and the children participating in support groups. The study concludes with a part in which we compare our results with earlier research within this field followed by suggestions for further research.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka vad ungdomar tyckte var viktigt i det första mötet med terapeuten, och vad i detta möte som fick dem att bestämma sig för att återkomma och påbörja en stödgrupp. Kvalitativa intervjuer genomfördes med sju unga vuxna i tjugoårsåldern som alla hade fullföljt en termin på en stödgruppsverksamhet för anhöriga till missbrukare i Stockholm. Utskrifterna av de inspelade intervjuerna tematiserades i tre steg genom tematisk analys. Resultaten från de teman som hittades analyserades utifrån teorier om arbetsallians. De främsta fynden i studien pekar mot att terapeuterna fick allians med ungdomarna redan på första mötet.  Terapeutens värme och mänsklighet var en nyckelfaktor som spelade stor roll för att skapa allians med de unga. De uppskattade även äkthet, självkännedom och flexibilitet hos terapeuterna. I materialet framkommer även att platsen i sig spelade roll. Faktorer som omgivning och inredning spelade roll för ungdomarna. Slutsatserna indikerar att allians är av största vikt och att det kan vara än viktigare med unga vars frågor är flyktiga och i familjer som kämpar för att hantera vad som ofta är extremt påfrestande situationer, vilket ofta är fallet i beroendefamiljerna. / The purpose of this study was to explore what adolescents found important during the introductory meeting with the therapist, as well as which aspects of the initial meeting encouraged them to participate in a support group for codependents. Qualitative interviews were compiled of seven individuals in their early twenties whom had all completed a term at a treatment center for codependents in Stockholm. The transcpripts were thematized in three steps using thematic analysis. The resulting themes were explored from the viewpoint of the Working Alliance Theory. The main findings in this study were that the therapists made a strong alliance at an early stage with the adolescents. The warmth and the humanity of the therapists was a key factor that made an important difference among the adolescents. The therapists expression of authenticity, self- disclosure and flexibility played part in their experience as well. The environment and furnishings held inviting properties and helped create a relaxed atmosphere. Conclusions point to the significance of alliance, especially within youth, for whom issues are volatile, and whose families are struggling to manage what often are extremely disruptive situations. These often include problems with addiction of some sort.