Idag konkurrerar företagen om att sälja lika produkter, därför är det viktigt att sticka ut och inte smälta in i mängden. I butikerna finns det stor variation av förpackningar och därför har den grafiska designen en betydelsefull roll. Denna studie undersöker teförpackningens grafiska design och om den grafiska designen på teförpackningar har en inverkan på hur konsumenten uppfattar produkten. Denna studie är endast inriktad på teförpackningar som innehåller tepåsar och inte löste i förpackning. Fokus ligger på den grafiska designen på teförpackningens framsida och inte formen av förpackningen. Studien har genomförts med en enkätundersökning och en visuell innehållsanalys. Studien syftar till att ta reda på vad det är i teförpackningens grafiska design som bidrar till hur konsumenten uppfattar produkten. Resultatet av undersökningen visade att produktens märke hade en stor betydelse på hur konsumenten uppfattade produkten och dess design. / The companies of today all compete to sell the same products and it’s important to stand out. There’s a great variety of packaging in the stores and that’s why graphic design play an important role. This study examines the graphic design of the tea packaging and if graphic design on tea packages has an impact on how consumers perceive the product. This study is only focused on tea packages containing tea bags and not loose tea. The focus is on graphic design on the front of the tea package and not the shape of the tea package. The study was implemented with a survey and a visual content analysis. The study aims to find out what it is in the tea packaging graphic design that contributes to how the consumer perceives the product. The results of the survey showed that the brand had a big impact on how consumers perceived the product and its design.

(in English) Initially, this master's degree thesis exposes the professional life and the evolution as author of Laura Restrepo, pointing out her work and direction in literature. Then, an introduction to the studied novel, Delirio, is presented and its style, the formal and narrative techniques and the synopsis is developed. Second part of the thesis analyses key elements of the novel that are thematically linked with madness (the room, childhood, seeing beyond, sexuality, lying, water, delirium and green color). The symbology of these elements is analyzed, which is later applied, in the last part of the thesis, to deepen the possible symbology of some concrete scenes of the novel, in which the protagonist decides to paint the walls of her apartment in green. Key words madness, delirium, symbol, symbolism, green, Laura Restrepo

The goal of this thesis is two-fold. First, it gives an efficient method for calculating the action of Hecke operators in terms of "Manin" symbols, otherwise known as "M-symbols," in the first homology group of Bianchi spaces. Second, it presents data that may be used to understand and better state an unpublished conjecture of Fukaya, Kato, and Sharifi concerning the structure of Bianchi Spaces modulo Eisenstein ideals [5]. Swan, Cremona, and others have studied the homology of Bianchi spaces characterized as certain quotients of hyperbolic 3-space [3], [13]. The first homology groups are generated both by modular symbols and a certain subset of them: the Manin symbols. This is completely analogous to the study of the homology of modular curves. For modular curves, Merel developed a technique for calculating the action of Hecke operators completely in terms of "Manin" symbols [10]. For Bianchi spaces, Bygott and Lingham outlined methods for calculating the action of Hecke operators in terms of modular symbols [2], [9]. This thesis generalizes the work of Merel to Bianchi spaces. The relevant Bianchi spaces are characterized by imaginary quadratic fields K. The methods described in this thesis deal primarily with the case that the ring of integers of K is a PID. Let p be an odd prime that is split in K. The calculations give the F_p-dimension of the homology modulo both p and an Eisenstein ideal. Data is given for primes less than 50 and the five Euclidean imaginary quadratic fields Q(√-1), Q(√-2), Q(√-3), Q(√-7), and Q(√-11). All of the data presented in this thesis comes from computations done using the computer algebra package Magma.

This thesis revolves around an obvious fact: printed (or otherwise two- or three-dimensional) poetry is always and inevitably visual. By analysing a representative selection of poems, including conspicuously experimental and image-like poems as well as examples of more conventional poetry, the thesis points out that visual iconicity is an equally inevitable consequence of the visuality of printed poetry. The analysis applies terminology relating to iconicity and intermediality (presented by Lars Elleström, whose theoretical basis is the semiotics of Charles Sanders Peirce) to the selected poems, while avoiding making too specific interpretations, in order to maintain a discussion of the ever-present phenomenon of visual iconicity as such, and not just the individual examples. Rather than introducing visual iconicity specifically to confirm more or less specific interpretations of poetic texts, this method of approaching poems as two-dimensional works of art is what this paper mainly aims to propose, as a productive starting point for literary analyses in general; as is concluded in the theoretical framework by Elleström, the actual modal and iconic properties of printed poetry contradict mutually exclusive dichotomies such as verbal/visual and text/image. While indirectly visually iconic poems tend to have a wider range of possible interpretations at the outset, the existence of iconic potential, however, does not depend on any specific interpretation.

This diploma thesis deals with the exploration and comparison of symbol keys used for official maps of European countries. The theoretical part deals mainly with legends and cartographic symbols as a key element of the thesis. Then an assessment of available symbol systems and comparison of map symbols used in symbol systems for the official map of the Czech Republic is made. In the conclusion there is drawn proposal for symbol system applicable to maps of all European countries.

Bildinformationen erweitern in der heutigen mediensaturierten Umwelt individuelle Erfahrungsräume und verändern so spezifische Wissensinhalte des Menschen. Um externe Repräsentationen als Quelle der Information nutzen zu können, müssen die internen Repräsentationen einen entsprechenden Entwicklungsstand erreicht haben. In den ersten vier Lebensjahren durchlaufen Kinder einen dreistufigen Entwicklungsprozess im repräsentationalen Denken (Perner, 1993) und jede Stufe befähigt sie, kompetenter mit externen Repräsentationen umzugehen. Denken Säuglinge im ersten Lebensjahr in primären Repräsentationen, so erreichen sie ab Mitte des zweiten Lebensjahres eine Entwicklungsstufe, die sie befähigt, multiple mentale Modelle zu gebrauchen, wodurch das Verstehen von Bildinhalten und -funktionen (DeLoache et al., 1998) möglich wird. Im vierten Lebensjahr bildet sich eine erweiterte kognitive Fähigkeit heraus - das Denken über Bilder auf Basis von Metarepräsentationen. Welche Determinanten das frühkindliche Bildverstehen bestimmen und wie sich die Entwicklung in den ersten zwei Lebensjahren vollzieht, wurde in der vorliegenden Dissertation aus theoretischer und empirischer Sicht untersucht. Der theoretische Teil der Arbeit thematisiert das Bildverstehen im Spannungsfeld zwischen repräsentationalen Denken und dem Gebrauch von Symbolen, bevor im empirischen Teil das Bildverstehen in den ersten zwei Lebensjahren auf Grundlage von drei Experimenten beschrieben wird. Im Fokus der Untersuchung standen die Wahrnehmung von zweidimensionalen Bildern und dreidimensionalen Referenten, die Bildhandhabung im Entwicklungsverlauf sowie das intentionale Bildverstehen. Hierfür wurden 92 Kinder zwischen 9 und 24 Monaten im Umgang mit Bildern beobachtet, das Verhalten analysiert und in Bezug auf eine stufenförmige Entwicklung interpretiert. Perners Einordnung des repräsentationalen Denkens in primäre, sekundäre und Metarepräsentationen (Perner, 1993) ließ sich anhand der Ergebnisse für die ersten zwei Lebensjahre abbilden. Das intentionale Bildverstehen konnte zudem als eine Zwischenstufe zwischen Perners sekundären Repräsentationen und Metarepräsentationen herausgestellt werden. Das Verstehen der Bildintention scheint für einen kompetenten Umgang mit Bildern eine zentrale Rolle zu spielen und sollte in zukünftigen entwicklungs- und medienpsychologischen Studien weiter thematisiert werden.

Univ., Diss.--Heidelberg, 2005. / Literaturverz. S. 309 - 324.

A severe aphasia following a cerebral vascular accident is characterised by generalised deficits in most speech-language domains. The clinical dilemma remains focused on the extensive verbal speech impairment and in most cases little possibility of regaining verbal speech production. Many individuals living with severe aphasia use augmentative and alternative communication strategies to assist them in getting their communication needs met in their everyday lives. The Blissymbol system is one of the graphic symbol systems that can be used to supplement existing communication and speech strategies of the individual with little or no speech. Although the use of AAC strategies is gaining momentum in its application to severe aphasia, however, there still remain questions on how best to help these individuals learn and retain such strategies. Not only are individuals with severe aphasia faced with a memory task when learning AAC strategies such as Blissymbols, additional complexity to AAC interventions is derived from clinical presentation of severe aphasia. The presence of extensive damage to the neural centers responsible for linguistic processing and semantic retrieval makes learning of new AAC strategies all the more complicated. Research studies have looked at whether individuals with severe aphasia can learn to recognise and retain Blissymbols. Although these studies have successfully shown that individuals with severe aphasia can learn Blissymbols, there is little information available regarding how these symbols can best be taught and retained over time individuals with severe aphasia. Recently the research that has looked at the application of symbol learning with persons presenting with severe aphasia using computer technology and sophisticated application software has highlighted the importance of therapeutic methods that may enhance the learning of such software. This study looks at the application of the self-generation effect as a viable method for enhancing the recognition of Blissymbols in persons presenting with severe aphasia. The self-generation effect is the finding of superior retention and recall for stimuli constructed or generated by an individual. Memory for stimuli such as words, numbers and pictures were found to be enhanced by the extent to which the individual was involved in its construction. Using a 2X2X3 factorial design, this study compared the recognition levels for Blissymbols taught using two treatment approaches which was the self-generation condition and the non self-generation condition. During three experimental sessions which included two withdrawal periods participants were taught using both treatments to recognise a set of Blissymbols. Recognition levels were tested during recognition probes and retention probes. The results from these probes were compared in order to identify which treatment produced superior recognition levels. The data analysis conducted showed that although there was no recognition advantage for the self-generation effect seen during the three recognition probes some advantage for the self-generation effect was seen during the retention probes conducted. The self-generation effect began to emerge by the final retention probe following a withdrawal period of seven days. The self-generation treatment showed better retention of symbol recognition over time. Previous studies have shown that the self-generation effect failed to emerge with stimuli that were new or unfamiliar. This trend was also seen in this study. The results provide support for a semantic-association theory for the self-generation effect. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Centre for Augmentative and Alternative Communication (CAAC) / unrestricted

ITC/USA 2009 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Fifth Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 26-29, 2009 / Riviera Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / Data-aided symbol synchronization for bursty communications utilizes a predetermined modulation sequence, i.e., a preamble, preceding the payload. For effective symbol synchronization, this preamble must be designed in accordance with the modulation format. In this paper, we analyze preambles for shaped offset quadrature phase-shift keying (SOQPSK) waveforms. We compare the performance of several preambles by deriving the Cram´er-Rao bound (CRB), and identify a desirable one for the Telemetry Group variant of SOQPSK. We also demonstrate, via simulation, that the maximum likelihood estimator with this preamble approaches the CRB at moderate signal-to-noise ratio.

The grounding of language in humanoid robots is a fundamental problem, especially in social scenarios which involve the interaction of robots with human beings. Indeed, natural language represents the most natural interface for humans to interact and exchange information about concrete entities like KNIFE, HAMMER and abstract concepts such as MAKE, USE. This research domain is very important not only for the advances that it can produce in the design of human-robot communication systems, but also for the implication that it can have on cognitive science. Abstract words are used in daily conversations among people to describe events and situations that occur in the environment. Many scholars have suggested that the distinction between concrete and abstract words is a continuum according to which all entities can be varied in their level of abstractness. The work presented herein aimed to ground abstract concepts, similarly to concrete ones, in perception and action systems. This permitted to investigate how different behavioural and cognitive capabilities can be integrated in a humanoid robot in order to bootstrap the development of higher-order skills such as the acquisition of abstract words. To this end, three neuro-robotics models were implemented. The first neuro-robotics experiment consisted in training a humanoid robot to perform a set of motor primitives (e.g. PUSH, PULL, etc.) that hierarchically combined led to the acquisition of higher-order words (e.g. ACCEPT, REJECT). The implementation of this model, based on a feed-forward artificial neural networks, permitted the assessment of the training methodology adopted for the grounding of language in humanoid robots. In the second experiment, the architecture used for carrying out the first study was reimplemented employing recurrent artificial neural networks that enabled the temporal specification of the action primitives to be executed by the robot. This permitted to increase the combinations of actions that can be taught to the robot for the generation of more complex movements. For the third experiment, a model based on recurrent neural networks that integrated multi-modal inputs (i.e. language, vision and proprioception) was implemented for the grounding of abstract action words (e.g. USE, MAKE). Abstract representations of actions ("one-hot" encoding) used in the other two experiments, were replaced with the joints values recorded from the iCub robot sensors. Experimental results showed that motor primitives have different activation patterns according to the action's sequence in which they are embedded. Furthermore, the performed simulations suggested that the acquisition of concepts related to abstract action words requires the reactivation of similar internal representations activated during the acquisition of the basic concepts, directly grounded in perceptual and sensorimotor knowledge, contained in the hierarchical structure of the words used to ground the abstract action words.