Orientador: Marcelo Magalhães Bulhões / Banca: Rogério Ferraraz / Banca: Mauro de Souza Ventura / Resumo: A diversidade de suportes e mídias que povoam o mercado tecnológico atualmente desperta preocupações por parte dos produtores de conteúdo cultural comercial devido principalmente à necessidade de atender a um novo público que busca cada vez mais interagir com narrativas, com os produtores e com demais consumidores. A web, com suas ferramentas de interatividade e construção coletiva de conhecimento, se destaca como ponto de união de interesses tanto de produtores, com a maior variabilidade de suas narrativas, quanto dos consumidores, com suas diversas formas de fruição de conteúdo. Partindo da hipótese de que as ferramentas da web interferem na forma de fruição, o objetivo da pesquisa se volta para a identificação dessas ferramentas e análise crítica de sua utilização na transmissão de conteúdo audiovisual na web. A pesquisa se debruça sobre um produto audiovisual, a série de TV Supernatural, buscando observar quais são as ferramentas envolvidas no processo de convergência midiática entre televisão e internet, mais especificamente, a apropriação feita pelo público do conteúdo audiovisual para sua transmissão na web, originalmente produzido para a TV. O objetivo é compreender criticamente esse deslocamento de conteúdo e qual a importância das características da web para essa dinâmica, buscando responder quais recursos midiáticos estão disponíveis para transmissão de conteúdo audiovisual. Esta observação se faz a partir da análise de três sites distintos, com formas diferentes de disponibilização do conteúdo de série Supernatural, buscando uma gama maior de ferramentas disponíveis próprias da web / Abstract: The diversity in media and supports which populate the technology market nowadays brings about some worry on the part of the producers of culturally commercial content due, mainly, to the need of catering to a new public who looks more and mor to interact with the narrative, with said producers and with other consumers of such media. The web, with its interactivity tools and collective construction of knowledge, comes across as union focus of of interests from the part of the producers, with a greater varibility of its narratives, and also from the part of the consumers, with its many ways of fruition of such content. Coming from the bypothesis that the web-tools interfere in the ways of fruition, the aim of this research is to turn is focus on the identification of these tools and on the critical analysis of its usage in the transmission of audiovisual content over the web. The research focu on an audiovisual product, the TV series Supernatural, aiming to observe what are the tools involved in the media convergence process between television and the internet, more specifically, the appropriation made by the public of the audiovisual content for its transmission on the web, originally produced for the TV. The goal is to critically understand such content displacement and what is the importance of the web characteristics for this dynamic, trying to answer what media resources are available for the transmission of audiovisual content. This observation is made by the analyses of three distinct websites, with different ways of release of the content of the series Supernatural, trying to achieve e bigger frame of reference on the tools available over the web / Mestre

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Les prétentions esthétiques de la série télévisée Les Soprano nous ont convaincu qu’elle s’inscrit dans une période significative de l’histoire des médias : la migration du cinéma et la de littérature vers la sérialité télévisée, avec tout ce que cela implique de transformations sociale, esthétiques et économiques fondamentales. Nous mettrons cette période en parallèle avec celle du cinéma du vingtième siècle et du roman du dix-neuvième siècle, afin de montrer que l’œuvre est habitée, de manière aussi bien volontaire qu’involontaire, par certaines contradictions multidimensionnelles inhérentes aux mutations de l’industrie culturelle. Ces contradictions impliquent la contamination pathologique du récit par l’interruption et la répétition, connotant une passivité fondamentale de l’Homme moderne. / The aesthetic pretensions of the television series The Sopranos have convinced us that it is part of a significant period in the history of the media: the migration of cinema and literature towards televised seriality with all that this implies of social, aesthetic and economic transformations. We will put this period in parallel with that of the twentieth century cinema and the nineteenth century novel to show that the work is inhabited, both voluntarily and involuntarily, by certain multidimensional contradictions inherent in the mutations cultural industry. These contradictions imply the pathological contamination of the story by interruption and repetition, which connotes a fundamental passivity of modern man.

The problem of this research is to discover viewer response to the television series, "Roots," as revealed through newspapers and magazines published from December, 1976, to June 20, 1977. Thirty-seven articles and 134 interviewee responses were analyzed. The responses with the highest frequency of occurrence in the sample provided eight major categories (listed in the order of highest to lowest frequency of response): inaccuracy/oversimplification, increased awareness, future race relations, white guilt, black anger, future prime time television programming, black pride, and sadness. The predominant appeal of "Roots" was to the emotions of the viewers. Despite the criticism of inaccuracy and/or oversimplification, "Roots" was a timely presentation relating to a current social concern with justice and heritage.

Cette thèse s’interroge sur les enjeux sociaux et commerciaux des politiques de genre. Par conséquent, elle considère la notion de Girl Power définie comme le pouvoir des filles et examine les discours renégociés autour du genre par l’examen d’héroïnes de séries des années 1990. Par contraste avec les séries des années 1970 qui relèvent du féminisme de la 2e vague, les séries des années 1990-2000 s’inscrivent davantage dans la mouvance du féminisme de la 3e vague. Ces séries ont suscité des polémiques autour des questions de féminisme et de violence télévisée et féminisée. Le corpus est principalement composé de deux séries Girl Power, Xena : Warrior Princess et Charmed, qui symbolisent le pouvoir féminin car les héroïnes d'action s’affichent en premier rôle. Ce sont des séries à succès, qui ont été diffusées pendant plusieurs saisons, dont les icônes continuent à circuler dans la culture populaire américaine. L’analyse de ces séries s’organise en deux temps principaux : une première partie considère les représentations du Girl Power et ses ambiguïtés tandis qu’une deuxième partie se concentre sur la négociation des discours de pouvoir et de genre. L'interprétation de ces symboles du pouvoir féminin n'est pas fixe et fluidifie les frontières du genre, notamment en mettant en crise la masculinité. Les séries sur les femmes violentes sont des produits commerciaux. Toutefois elles ont eu un impact sur la culture américaine en soulignant les contradictions et tensions entre les deux vagues du féminisme. Elles ont également eu un effet sur la vie des communautés de fans qui entretiennent des relations avec les séries à travers les sites web et les réseaux sociaux. / This thesis investigates the social and economic issues at play in the politics of gender. Hence it delves into the phenomenon of Girl Power, or the « power of girls », and examines the discourses renegotiated around gender through analysis of TV series’ heroines from the 1990s. In contrast with series from the 1970s, which were influenced by the second wave of feminism, the series from 1990-2000 inscribed themselves more in the sphere of influence of feminism’s third wave. These series have provoked debates about issues of televisual violence and feminism. The corpus is principally composed of two Girl Power series, Xena: Warrior Princess and Charmed, which symbolize women’s power because they are centered on action heroines. These were successful series that were broadcast for several seasons and whose icons continue to disseminate in American popular culture. The analysis of these series is organized into two parts: the first part examines respresentations of Girl Power and its ambiguities, while the second part focuses on the negotiation of discourses of power and gender. The interpretation of these symbols of women’s power is not fixed, and blurs gender borders, notably in showing masculinity in crisis. TV series about violent women are commercial products. Yet they have had an impact on American culture in underlining the contradictions and tensions between the two waves of feminism. They have also affected the lives of the communities of fans, who sustain relationships with the series through web sites and social networks.

Individuals who consider themselves both scholars and fans represent not only a subculture of fandom but also a subculture of academia. These liminal figures seem suspicious to many of their colleagues, yet they are particularly positioned not only to be conduits to engaged learning for students but also to transform the academy by chipping away at the stereotypes that support the symbolic walls of the Ivory Tower. Because they are growing in number and gaining influence in academia, the scholar-fans of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer (Buffy) and other texts by creator Joss Whedon are one focus of this dissertation. Though Buffy academics or Whedon scholars are not the only ones of their kind (e.g., academic- fan communities have cropped up around The Simpsons, The Matrix Trilogy, and the Harry Potter franchise), they have produced more literature and are more organized than any other academic-fan community. I approach all of my subjects—fandom, academia, fan-scholars, and scholar-fans—from a multidisciplinary perspective, employing various methodologies, including autoethnography and narrative inquiry. Taking several viewpoints and using mixed methods best allows me to begin identifying and articulating a rhetoric of scholar-fandom. Ultimately, I claim that Whedon academic-fans employ a discourse marked by intimacy, community, reciprocity, and transformation. In other words, the rhetoric of Whedon scholar-fandom promotes an epistemology—a way of knowing—that in Parker J. Palmer’s paradigm is personal, communal, reciprocal, and transformational.

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In this thesis, I will examine the connected representations of religion and gender in the context of contemporary American telefantasy (a term for science fiction, fantasy, and horror television genres) programs that include characters who experience fantastic visions that can be explained as originating from either divine or medically materialist origins. The fantastic mode, facilitated by telefantasy’s non-verisimilitudinous genre, presents these visions in a liminal space in which religious and gender representations can potentially subvert or challenge patriarchal and hegemonic representational norms. I analyze Battlestar Galactica (Sci-Fi 2003-2009), Eli Stone (ABC 2008-2009), and Wonderfalls (FOX 2004) for their formal presentation of visions, representations of visionary characters, and the religious representations that form the context for the visions and visionaries. I focus on visionary characters that are directly implicated by the television text as being potential prophets: Laura Roslin and Gaius Baltar on Battlestar Galactica, Eli Stone on Eli Stone, and Jaye Tyler on Wonderfalls. Though each visionary character explores the possibility of subverting patriarchal religious norms, Roslin, Baltar, and Stone’s prophetic roles ultimately privilege patriarchal readings of their narratives, but Jaye, by avoiding the language-symbol systems of traditional religions, maintains the fantastic liminal space and thus the potential for subversion, even if it is only a possibility in the narrative. This thesis seeks to contribute to the scholarship of religious representations in fictional television, with a special emphasis on telefantasy. / text

Individuals who consider themselves both scholars and fans represent not only a subculture of fandom but also a subculture of academia. These liminal figures seem suspicious to many of their colleagues, yet they are particularly positioned not only to be conduits to engaged learning for students but also to transform the academy by chipping away at the stereotypes that support the symbolic walls of the Ivory Tower. Because they are growing in number and gaining influence in academia, the scholar-fans of the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer (Buffy) and other texts by creator Joss Whedon are one focus of this dissertation. Though Buffy academics or Whedon scholars are not the only ones of their kind (e.g., academic- fan communities have cropped up around The Simpsons, The Matrix Trilogy, and the Harry Potter franchise), they have produced more literature and are more organized than any other academic-fan community. I approach all of my subjects—fandom, academia, fan-scholars, and scholar-fans—from a multidisciplinary perspective, employing various methodologies, including autoethnography and narrative inquiry. Taking several viewpoints and using mixed methods best allows me to begin identifying and articulating a rhetoric of scholar-fandom. Ultimately, I claim that Whedon academic-fans employ a discourse marked by intimacy, community, reciprocity, and transformation. In other words, the rhetoric of Whedon scholar-fandom promotes an epistemology—a way of knowing—that in Parker J. Palmer’s paradigm is personal, communal, reciprocal, and transformational.

En 1963, le mangaka Osamu Tezuka crée la première série d'animation télévisée de l'histoire. Pour y parvenir, l'équipe du studio Mushi production a tenté de procéder à la refonte des méthodes de fabrication traditionnelles du dessin animé, elles-mêmes tout juste entrevues à travers le modèle américain.Cette recherche consiste à analyser les expérimentations plastiques qui ont donné naissance à cette nouvelle forme d’animation, à en dégager le caractère innovant et à analyser les répercussions techniques, esthétiques et scénaristiques, à l’époque de l’avènement de l’animation à la télévision au Japon.La thèse soutient l'idée que l'oeuvre filmique d'Osamu Tezuka invite à balayer la traditionnelle opposition entre les approches expérimentales et industrielles en art.Même si les productions étudiées inaugurèrent une nouvelle tradition du flm d'animation, Tezuka est-il réellement l'artisan de cette systématisation ? Par quels mécanismes ses fictions se sont-elles imposées comme le symbole de l'essor de l'industrie du divertissement au Japon ? Peut-on y lire les tourments d'une civilisation en mal de valeurs politiques ? Cet aspect serait-il de nature à refondre également les contenus et les structures poétiques du dessin animé ? / In 1963, mangaka Osamu Tezuka created the first animated television series in history. To achieve it, the Mushi production team tried to recast traditional cartoon-making methods, poorly known through the American model.This research propose to explore the experiments which made this new form of animation, to detail its innovative aspect, and to analyse the technical and esthetical impact in the television boom period in Japan.The text argues that Osamu Tezuka's film work encourages us to sweep the traditional opposition between the experimental and industrial approaches. Indeed, Tezuka's work marks the beginning of a new tradition of animation. But is this artist really the architect of this systematization? How did his fictions become the symbol of the boom in the entertainment industry? Do they convey the torments of a civilization missing political values? Do they allow reconsidering the contents of the poetic structures of cartoons?Key-words: Osamu Tezuka, animation, Japanese animation, Japanimation, cel-animation, cartoons, television series, made-for-television animation, art and industry, manga, entertainment, entertainment industry.