Mock juror perception of institutional elder neglect (IEN) was investigated in a civil court context. Participants (N=148) read a fictional IEN civil trial summary in which an alleged elderly female victim filed a lawsuit against her nursing home for failure to provide adequate care but died prior to trial. Participants read a version in which (a) previously recorded video testimony from the alleged victim was presented, (b) the alleged victim’s floor-mate testified about witnessing the neglect, or (c) no witness testimony was presented. An ageism scale was completed, and participants indicated the amount of time they spend with elders. Results indicated that there were no main effects of testimony or ageism on likelihood of ruling for the alleged victim, but recorded victim testimony had an indirect effect on ruling through overall plaintiff’s case credibility and pro-victim ratings. Participants who typically had more contact with elders were more likely to rule for the plaintiff and have pro-victim ratings. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of juror attitudes towards elderly people in IEN cases.

Psychologists, legal practitioners and scholars share the knowledge that honest eyewitnesses can err in their attempts to identify the perpetrator of a crime. This thesis reports an experimental investigation of the extent to which expert evidence and judicial instruction can improve juror ability to discriminate between accurate and inaccurate identifications. Special attention is also paid to the logic of inferences which have been made by psychologists regarding the efficacy of expert evidence, and compares methodologies adopting direct measures of participant Sensitivity to Eyewitness Accuracy (SEA) with those that can only indirectly assess this construct. Study 1 surveys the knowledge and opinions of legal professionals regarding eyewitness identification issues (n = 35), showing that respondents expressed doubts that judicial instructions would exert an effect equivalent to that of eyewitness expert evidence. Accordingly, Experiments 1 to 4 (Experiment 1, n = 104; Experiment 2, n = 238; Experiment 3, n = 228; Experiment 4, n = 297) were conducted to directly assess the relative impacts of judicial instruction and expert evidence on participant juror SEA. The methodology utilised in these investigations incorporated the testimony of real eyewitnesses to a staged crime scenario in order to assess the impact of instruction on juror ability to discriminate between known accurate and known inaccurate eyewitnesses. Overall, little evidence was found to support the notion that expert evidence is more effective than judicial instruction, as no significant association was identified between instruction type and SEA. This result was found to hold irrespective of the objective quality of the expert?s testimony (accurate or erroneous). In light of the results from Experiments 1 to 4, Experiment 5 was designed to investigate why the experts were not able to improve the discrimination accuracy of the jurors. This study focused on the extent to which participants of varying levels of expertise could correctly classify eyewitness accuracy. The results of Experiment 5 (n = 145) suggest that experts were no better able to discriminate between accurate and inaccurate eyewitnesses than novice laypeople. Overall, the evidence reported in this thesis raises serious questions regarding the utility of eyewitness expertise in the completion of eyewitness discrimination tasks.

Many traditional accounts of moral development posit that children actively construct moral beliefs by reasoning about the distress they directly perceive in the aftermath of harmful or unjust actions. However, these accounts cannot straightforwardly explain the development of moral beliefs about harmless but tabooed actions. For cases such as these, when no negative behavioral consequences are apparent, top-down socialization processes (e.g., verbal instruction or "testimony" from adults) may instead influence moral development, as well as emotional reactions such as disgust. The present research consists of four studies that empirically examine the mechanisms leading to the formation of moral values involving victimless actions. Seven-year-old children were recruited as participants in this research. They were shown pictures of anthropomorphic aliens engaged in novel body-focused or environment-focused actions, all of which were harmless. After being exposed to one of various experimental manipulations, children were asked to judge whether the depicted actions were "wrong" or "OK". It was hypothesized that participants would readily acquire new moral beliefs upon being exposed to each of the experimental manipulations that were employed, even though none invoked suffering or harm. Study 1 (N = 64) found that information about unnaturalness and the invocation of disgust each elevated moralization, and that their independent effects were compounded when these manipulations were presented jointly. Study 2 (N = 90) demonstrated that verbally presented testimony about disgust, but not the induced emotional experience of disgust, was an effective mechanism for moralization, particularly for children who were more disgust sensitive. Study 3 (N = 30) found that children responded to testimony about anger with similar patterns of moralization as when given testimony about disgust, but that anger-based testimony was especially effective for children who were more highly prone to anger. Study 4 (N = 28) found that children's moral beliefs were retained after a prolonged time delay. In sum, across four studies, children were found to rapidly form new moral beliefs about victimless actions, particularly upon exposure to emotionally laden testimony. Overall, this research demonstrates that children are susceptible to swiftly acquiring moral beliefs even in the absence of obvious adverse outcomes.

Esta tese tem como procedimento a montagem de uma maquinaria de pesquisa que envolve a coleta de cartas, o mergulho no universo prisional e o retorno, em busca de ar, à superfície da escrita. As missivas provêm intencionalmente de diferentes momentos históricos do cárcere: ditadura civil-militar e Estado de exceção atual. Colocando em atividade a engasgada máquina, a correspondência recolhida é tomada como dispositivo para produção de biografemas – biografias inventadas e fragmentárias – sem compromisso com dados e fatos comprováveis pelos grandes arquivos. Assim, os biografemas, de remetentes e destinatários das cartas, criam uma insólita realidade em que a escrita é performatizada como ato de testemunhar, dando luz a um passado que não está nos arquivos, mas no ato de retirar de sua poeira esquecida o que insiste. A pesquisa contenta-se em interrogar o próprio campo e assim criar uma ambiência noturna, sabidamente inabitável. Finda na proposição inútil de um cenário sem espetáculo. Efeito do método empregado, em que o texto é uma entidade viva, instala a barulhenta polifonia, própria da palavra. Para tanto, autores como Roland Barthes, Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault, Maurice Blanchot e Marcel Proust, em sua potência de ativar o pensamento, serão peças vitais da engrenagem. Tal maquinaria é montada visando a máxima proliferação imaginativa. Para que a sensibilidade alcance sua plenitude na montagem dos cenários construídos. Para que a língua não se resuma a um sistema de signos amorfos, esgote o possível e abra espaços ao impossível. Prolifere em um modelo ontológico de criação de seres, esquivando à representação inerte de um mundo terminado. / The process of this dissertation is the assemblage of a research machine which consists of the gathering of letters, an immersion into a carceral universe and the return to the surface of writing in search of air. The letters are drawn intentionally from various moments in the history of the prison-house: the civil-military dictatorship and the present Penal State. Firing up this faltering machine, the collected correspondence is subsumed as a dispositif towards the production of biographemes—fabricated and fragmentary biographies—unencumbered by facts or data corroborated in archives of high regard. Thus, the biographemes of senders and recipients of these letters create an unconventional reality where the writing is turned performance. This is as an act of testimony which brings to light a perduring past which arises not in the archives but in the removal of the dust overlying the forgotten bygone. The research is fulfilled by a questioning of the field itself thus creating a nocturnal ambiance, widely recognised as uninhabitable, and ends with the useless proposition of a stage without a spectacle. As an effect of the method used, a noisy polyphony proper to the word installs itself in which the text becomes a living entity. Hence, authors such as Roland Barthes, Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault, Maurice Blanchot and Marcel Proust, through their potential to activate thought, are vital elements of the assemblage. The machinery is set up aiming for maximal imaginative proliferation in order to exhaust the possible and to open spaces into the impossible; thus, sensibility can attain its plenitude in the montage of created scenarios; and language will not be reduced to a system of amorphous signs. Proliferating within an ontological model of creation of beings, we avoid the inert representation of a finished world.

Esta tese tem como procedimento a montagem de uma maquinaria de pesquisa que envolve a coleta de cartas, o mergulho no universo prisional e o retorno, em busca de ar, à superfície da escrita. As missivas provêm intencionalmente de diferentes momentos históricos do cárcere: ditadura civil-militar e Estado de exceção atual. Colocando em atividade a engasgada máquina, a correspondência recolhida é tomada como dispositivo para produção de biografemas – biografias inventadas e fragmentárias – sem compromisso com dados e fatos comprováveis pelos grandes arquivos. Assim, os biografemas, de remetentes e destinatários das cartas, criam uma insólita realidade em que a escrita é performatizada como ato de testemunhar, dando luz a um passado que não está nos arquivos, mas no ato de retirar de sua poeira esquecida o que insiste. A pesquisa contenta-se em interrogar o próprio campo e assim criar uma ambiência noturna, sabidamente inabitável. Finda na proposição inútil de um cenário sem espetáculo. Efeito do método empregado, em que o texto é uma entidade viva, instala a barulhenta polifonia, própria da palavra. Para tanto, autores como Roland Barthes, Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault, Maurice Blanchot e Marcel Proust, em sua potência de ativar o pensamento, serão peças vitais da engrenagem. Tal maquinaria é montada visando a máxima proliferação imaginativa. Para que a sensibilidade alcance sua plenitude na montagem dos cenários construídos. Para que a língua não se resuma a um sistema de signos amorfos, esgote o possível e abra espaços ao impossível. Prolifere em um modelo ontológico de criação de seres, esquivando à representação inerte de um mundo terminado. / The process of this dissertation is the assemblage of a research machine which consists of the gathering of letters, an immersion into a carceral universe and the return to the surface of writing in search of air. The letters are drawn intentionally from various moments in the history of the prison-house: the civil-military dictatorship and the present Penal State. Firing up this faltering machine, the collected correspondence is subsumed as a dispositif towards the production of biographemes—fabricated and fragmentary biographies—unencumbered by facts or data corroborated in archives of high regard. Thus, the biographemes of senders and recipients of these letters create an unconventional reality where the writing is turned performance. This is as an act of testimony which brings to light a perduring past which arises not in the archives but in the removal of the dust overlying the forgotten bygone. The research is fulfilled by a questioning of the field itself thus creating a nocturnal ambiance, widely recognised as uninhabitable, and ends with the useless proposition of a stage without a spectacle. As an effect of the method used, a noisy polyphony proper to the word installs itself in which the text becomes a living entity. Hence, authors such as Roland Barthes, Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault, Maurice Blanchot and Marcel Proust, through their potential to activate thought, are vital elements of the assemblage. The machinery is set up aiming for maximal imaginative proliferation in order to exhaust the possible and to open spaces into the impossible; thus, sensibility can attain its plenitude in the montage of created scenarios; and language will not be reduced to a system of amorphous signs. Proliferating within an ontological model of creation of beings, we avoid the inert representation of a finished world.

Este trabalho pretende mostrar como Literatura, História, Memória e Testemunho se cruzam no percurso de Euclides da Cunha e Ferreira de Castro na Amazônia. A \"terra sem história\" e os homens sem voz se fazem presentes nos Ensaios Amazônicos (1905) e n\'A selva (1930); mais do que assuntos, são motivos da produção textual. Procura-se demonstrar como os dois autores, movidos por objetivos distintos acabam por apresentar semelhanças de abordagem. / This paper discusses the way Literature, History, Memory, and testimony intertwine as Euclides da Cunha and Ferreira de Castro explore the Amazon. The \"land with no history\" and the voiceless men feature prominently in Ensaios Amazônicos (1905) and in Jungle (1930). More than themes, these are motifs for textual production. This paper examines how Euclides da Cunha and Ferreira de Castro, aiming at different objectives, end up choosing similar approaches.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar o romance Em câmara lenta (1977), de Renato Tapajós, e suas relações com o contexto histórico da Ditadura Militar no Brasil (1964-1985), marcado pelo uso da violência extrema como mecanismo de repressão a manifestações artísticas e políticas contrárias ao poder autoritário. Considerando algumas abordagens teóricas sobre a configuração estética do romance moderno, bem como estudos sobre violência, suas ramificações e consequências para a constituição do sujeito, procuramos compreender o romance de Tapajós como produção literária que incorpora em sua elaboração formal os processos antagônicos de sua realidade histórica. / This thesis aims to analyze the Renato Tapajós novel Em câmara lenta (1977), and its relationships with the historical context in Brazil\'s military dictatorship (1964-1985), marked by the use of extreme violence as a mechanism of repression of artistic and political manifestations against the authoritarian power. Considering some theoretical approaches on the aesthetics of modern novel, as well as some studies on violence, its ramifications and consequences for the constitution of the self, we seek to understand the Tapajós novel as a literary production that incorporates in its formal structure some antagonistic processes of its historical reality.

The purpose of my thesis is to explore and discuss interrogation tactics. Interrogation tactics is a concept that includes various methods used by interrogators to reach the goal of the interrogation, which is true and full testimony. Considering the extent of the topic, I am focusing more closely on the techniques used for the purpose of overcoming false testimony. The thesis is composed of nine chapters. In the opening chapters I explain the concept of interrogation from three perspectives - from the perspective of criminology, psychology and law. These chapters also describe different types of interrogation, as well as the process of documentation and the process of formation of testimony. The fifth chapter recognizes the issues of the preparation phase and its division into analytic and synthetic part. In this chapter I also emphasize the importance of expert and thorough preparation in order to ensure a successful interrogation. The sixth chapter presents three consecutive phases of interrogation, which are the initial phase and the phases of monologue and dialogue. This is the construction of interrogation that affects individual tactical methods. The dialogue phase in particular is related to the seventh chapter, in which I analyze the psychological effects that are imposed on the person...

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