Esta dissertação reconstitui a trajetória da família de Nissim, Streia e Vivetta Eskenazy, judeus sefaraditas sérvios, sobreviventes da Segunda Guerra Mundial. A primeira parte da pesquisa (Raízes) traz a história de quatro famílias tipicamente sefaraditas, Eskenazy, Ozmo, Russo e Romano, os antepassados de Nissim e Streia, desde meados do século XIX até antes da Segunda Guerra Mundial. A segunda parte da pesquisa (Ruptura) procura esclarecer o processo histórico que deu origem à invasão nazista na Iugoslávia, a partir de seis de abril de 1941 e quais podem ter sido as ações e decisões dos Eskenazy nesse período. A terceira parte da pesquisa (Travessia ou Travessias?) traz o detalhamento dos percursos dos Eskenazy em busca de um porto-seguro durante a guerra. A quarta e última parte da pesquisa (Refúgio) detalha a busca de refúgio dos Eskenazy após a guerra e, finalmente, como chegaram ao Brasil. Além de colaborar com o arquivo de testemunhos do ArqShoah, da Universidade de São Paulo, nossa pesquisa é inédita em termos de língua portuguesa, pois o judaísmo e o Holocausto na Iugoslávia foram, até hoje, pouco estudados e debatidos para além das suas fronteiras e, em casos esporádicos, em Israel. Para colaborar com esse debate, além dos quatro capítulos centrais da dissertação, apresentamos em anexo uma história resumida do judaísmo na região. / This thesis reconstructs the trajectory of the family of Nissim, Streia and Vivetta Eskenazy, Serbian Sephardic Jews, survivors of Second World War. The first part of the document (Roots) tells the story of four typically Sephardic families, Eskenazy, Ozmo, Russo and Romano, the ancestors of Nissim and Streia, from the mid-19th century until Second World War eve. The second part of the document (Rupture) tries to clarify the historical process that gave rise to the Nazi invasion in Yugoslavia in April 6, 1941 and what may have been the actions and decisions of the Eskenazy in that period. The third part of the document (Crossing or Crossings?) details the Eskenazy routes in search of a safe haven during the war. The fourth and final part of the document (Refuge) details the Eskenazy search for refuge after the war, and finally how they arrived in Brazil. In addition to collaborating with the ArqShoah testimonial archive from Universidade de Sçao Paulo, our research is unprecedented in terms of Portuguese language, since Judaism and the Holocaust in Yugoslavia have until now been little studied and debated beyond its borders and, in sporadic cases, in Israel. To support this debate, in addition to the four central chapters of the thesis, we have attached a brief history of Judaism in the region.

Este trabalho pretende mostrar como Literatura, História, Memória e Testemunho se cruzam no percurso de Euclides da Cunha e Ferreira de Castro na Amazônia. A \"terra sem história\" e os homens sem voz se fazem presentes nos Ensaios Amazônicos (1905) e n\'A selva (1930); mais do que assuntos, são motivos da produção textual. Procura-se demonstrar como os dois autores, movidos por objetivos distintos acabam por apresentar semelhanças de abordagem. / This paper discusses the way Literature, History, Memory, and testimony intertwine as Euclides da Cunha and Ferreira de Castro explore the Amazon. The \"land with no history\" and the voiceless men feature prominently in Ensaios Amazônicos (1905) and in Jungle (1930). More than themes, these are motifs for textual production. This paper examines how Euclides da Cunha and Ferreira de Castro, aiming at different objectives, end up choosing similar approaches.

Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar o romance Em câmara lenta (1977), de Renato Tapajós, e suas relações com o contexto histórico da Ditadura Militar no Brasil (1964-1985), marcado pelo uso da violência extrema como mecanismo de repressão a manifestações artísticas e políticas contrárias ao poder autoritário. Considerando algumas abordagens teóricas sobre a configuração estética do romance moderno, bem como estudos sobre violência, suas ramificações e consequências para a constituição do sujeito, procuramos compreender o romance de Tapajós como produção literária que incorpora em sua elaboração formal os processos antagônicos de sua realidade histórica. / This thesis aims to analyze the Renato Tapajós novel Em câmara lenta (1977), and its relationships with the historical context in Brazil\'s military dictatorship (1964-1985), marked by the use of extreme violence as a mechanism of repression of artistic and political manifestations against the authoritarian power. Considering some theoretical approaches on the aesthetics of modern novel, as well as some studies on violence, its ramifications and consequences for the constitution of the self, we seek to understand the Tapajós novel as a literary production that incorporates in its formal structure some antagonistic processes of its historical reality.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-04-06T12:50:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Cibele Lopes Barbará.pdf: 986211 bytes, checksum: c808870da2403078adb589bac7258fe6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-06T12:50:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cibele Lopes Barbará.pdf: 986211 bytes, checksum: c808870da2403078adb589bac7258fe6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-28 / Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo - PUCSP / Testimony is not a term originally from psychoanalysis; it comes from several fields of knowledge, especially the legal and religious realms/domains. Over time, this term has participated more effectively in other areas, such as psychology, history, philosophy, sociology, arts and, finally, literature. Until the 19th century, what prevailed as a concept of testimony was much more a juridical sense, related to denouncement: an expression of an incontestable truth or its transgression. It was also linked to a way of asserting and attesting faith in a religious sense. According to scholars, the concept has changed and expanded from the moment humanity has experienced an imperious sequence of extreme and violent situations. Testimony, then, gained strength and became a way of resistance, treatment and possibility of transmission as violence, oppression and the decline of the public space became more and more conspicuous; confronting hegemonic discourses and truths. Thus, while studying this concept in various areas of knowledge, this paper proposes to investigate what testimony means for psychoanalysis. In order to obtain some answers to this question, some essential grounds were used: the notion of trauma and traumatic event; repetition and causality; speech act and truth / Testemunho não é um termo originado da psicanálise, mas sim de diversos campos do conhecimento, especialmente dos campos jurídico e religioso. Com o tempo, este termo vem participando de modo aproximado ou mais efetivo de outras áreas, como da psicologia, da história, da filosofia, da sociologia das artes e, finalmente, da literatura. Até o século XIX, o que prevalecia como conceito de testemunhos era muito mais o de sentido jurídico, ligado à denúncia, que era expressão de uma verdade incontestável ou a sua transgressão. Também estava ligado a uma forma de afirmar e atestar a fé no sentido religioso. Esse conceito se modificou e se ampliou, segundo estudiosos, a partir do momento em que a humanidade vivenciou uma sequência imperiosa de situações extremas e violentas. Conforme a violência, a opressão e a diminuição do espaço público tornaram-se cada vez mais flagrantes; o testemunho ganhou força e se tornou um modo de resistência, de tratamento e de possibilidade de transmissão diante de discursos e verdades hegemônicas. Assim, além de um percurso com este conceito nas várias áreas do conhecimento, este trabalho se propõe a investigar o que é um testemunho para a psicanálise. Para alcançar algumas respostas a esta questão, recorreu-se a alguns fundamentos essenciais: a noção de trauma e de acontecimento traumático; repetição e causalidade; e ato de fala e de verdade

Esta tese tem como procedimento a montagem de uma maquinaria de pesquisa que envolve a coleta de cartas, o mergulho no universo prisional e o retorno, em busca de ar, à superfície da escrita. As missivas provêm intencionalmente de diferentes momentos históricos do cárcere: ditadura civil-militar e Estado de exceção atual. Colocando em atividade a engasgada máquina, a correspondência recolhida é tomada como dispositivo para produção de biografemas – biografias inventadas e fragmentárias – sem compromisso com dados e fatos comprováveis pelos grandes arquivos. Assim, os biografemas, de remetentes e destinatários das cartas, criam uma insólita realidade em que a escrita é performatizada como ato de testemunhar, dando luz a um passado que não está nos arquivos, mas no ato de retirar de sua poeira esquecida o que insiste. A pesquisa contenta-se em interrogar o próprio campo e assim criar uma ambiência noturna, sabidamente inabitável. Finda na proposição inútil de um cenário sem espetáculo. Efeito do método empregado, em que o texto é uma entidade viva, instala a barulhenta polifonia, própria da palavra. Para tanto, autores como Roland Barthes, Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault, Maurice Blanchot e Marcel Proust, em sua potência de ativar o pensamento, serão peças vitais da engrenagem. Tal maquinaria é montada visando a máxima proliferação imaginativa. Para que a sensibilidade alcance sua plenitude na montagem dos cenários construídos. Para que a língua não se resuma a um sistema de signos amorfos, esgote o possível e abra espaços ao impossível. Prolifere em um modelo ontológico de criação de seres, esquivando à representação inerte de um mundo terminado. / The process of this dissertation is the assemblage of a research machine which consists of the gathering of letters, an immersion into a carceral universe and the return to the surface of writing in search of air. The letters are drawn intentionally from various moments in the history of the prison-house: the civil-military dictatorship and the present Penal State. Firing up this faltering machine, the collected correspondence is subsumed as a dispositif towards the production of biographemes—fabricated and fragmentary biographies—unencumbered by facts or data corroborated in archives of high regard. Thus, the biographemes of senders and recipients of these letters create an unconventional reality where the writing is turned performance. This is as an act of testimony which brings to light a perduring past which arises not in the archives but in the removal of the dust overlying the forgotten bygone. The research is fulfilled by a questioning of the field itself thus creating a nocturnal ambiance, widely recognised as uninhabitable, and ends with the useless proposition of a stage without a spectacle. As an effect of the method used, a noisy polyphony proper to the word installs itself in which the text becomes a living entity. Hence, authors such as Roland Barthes, Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault, Maurice Blanchot and Marcel Proust, through their potential to activate thought, are vital elements of the assemblage. The machinery is set up aiming for maximal imaginative proliferation in order to exhaust the possible and to open spaces into the impossible; thus, sensibility can attain its plenitude in the montage of created scenarios; and language will not be reduced to a system of amorphous signs. Proliferating within an ontological model of creation of beings, we avoid the inert representation of a finished world.

Children who have developmental disorders that involve memorial deficits and impairments in social interaction and communication, such as Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), can present challenges to professionals seeking their testimony when they are victims or witnesses of a crime. Most forensic interviews involve long delays after an event, underscoring the importance of conducting experimental studies which consider the effect of delay on children's memory. In this research, fifty-nine children (age 6-15 years) with ASD (N=27) and without disabilities (N=32) were questioned about their participation in a set of activities after a two-week delay and again after a two-month delay, using the Revised National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Investigative Interview Protocol. A detailed coding scheme was designed to code and analyse the interviewers' utterances and the children's responses in 118 interviews. Transcripts were coded for completeness (with respect to the gist of the event), amount of narrative details, and accuracy. Results indicated that autistic children did not differ from typically developing (TD) peers on any dimensions of memory after both delays. Specifically, both groups of children provided equivalently complete accounts on both occasions. However, children in both groups provided significantly fewer narrative details about the event in the second interview, and the accuracy rates were lower. Recall prompts elicited more detailed and more accurate responses from children in both groups than recognition prompts. Although autistic children recalled fewer correct narrative details than TD peers when questioned using open-ended recall prompts, they were as accurate as TD peers in response to recognition prompts. The informativeness and accuracy of children's reports remained unchanged over time. Finally, social support was beneficial when children were interviewed for the first time but not after a longer delay. The findings indicate that autistic children can provide meaningful and reliable testimony about an event they personally experienced, but several aspects of their memory reports deteriorate over time.

Psychologists, legal practitioners and scholars share the knowledge that honest eyewitnesses can err in their attempts to identify the perpetrator of a crime. This thesis reports an experimental investigation of the extent to which expert evidence and judicial instruction can improve juror ability to discriminate between accurate and inaccurate identifications. Special attention is also paid to the logic of inferences which have been made by psychologists regarding the efficacy of expert evidence, and compares methodologies adopting direct measures of participant Sensitivity to Eyewitness Accuracy (SEA) with those that can only indirectly assess this construct. Study 1 surveys the knowledge and opinions of legal professionals regarding eyewitness identification issues (n = 35), showing that respondents expressed doubts that judicial instructions would exert an effect equivalent to that of eyewitness expert evidence. Accordingly, Experiments 1 to 4 (Experiment 1, n = 104; Experiment 2, n = 238; Experiment 3, n = 228; Experiment 4, n = 297) were conducted to directly assess the relative impacts of judicial instruction and expert evidence on participant juror SEA. The methodology utilised in these investigations incorporated the testimony of real eyewitnesses to a staged crime scenario in order to assess the impact of instruction on juror ability to discriminate between known accurate and known inaccurate eyewitnesses. Overall, little evidence was found to support the notion that expert evidence is more effective than judicial instruction, as no significant association was identified between instruction type and SEA. This result was found to hold irrespective of the objective quality of the expert?s testimony (accurate or erroneous). In light of the results from Experiments 1 to 4, Experiment 5 was designed to investigate why the experts were not able to improve the discrimination accuracy of the jurors. This study focused on the extent to which participants of varying levels of expertise could correctly classify eyewitness accuracy. The results of Experiment 5 (n = 145) suggest that experts were no better able to discriminate between accurate and inaccurate eyewitnesses than novice laypeople. Overall, the evidence reported in this thesis raises serious questions regarding the utility of eyewitness expertise in the completion of eyewitness discrimination tasks.

This thesis uses the discourse analysis methods developed by T. Van Dijk and J. P. Gee to examine public debate over the Faith-Based and Community Initiatives in 2001 as it arose in testimony before the U. S. House of Representatives and related news articles published in the New York Times and Washington Post. In analyzing the language used in the congressional hearings and news articles printed between January 2001 and December 2004, Van Dijk‘s categories and related questions were methodologically combined with Gee‘s approach to provide a framework and method for analyzing the underlying discourse. While debate participants expressed strong beliefs in complex social ideals, many see America‘s social problems as intractable in nature, where key decisions about distributions of funds are based on political considerations, as opposed to merit or need.

A wealth of research has highlighted the susceptibility of eyewitnesses to verbal influence. However, considerably less attention has been paid to the role of nonverbal influence in police questioning. The purpose of this thesis was to evaluate the extent to which gestures can exert an influence on witnesses and skew their responses when questioned. Study 1 initially investigated this by presenting participants with an on-screen 'police' interviewer who accompanied his questions with gestures conveying either accurate or misleading information about a piece of video footage they had witnessed. Results showed that, for one question in particular, participants' responses concurred with the information conveyed to them in gesture; accurate gestures led more participants to giving correct responses and misleading gestures led more participants to giving fabricated responses. Study 2 built on this by examining whether gestures could also affect the confidence attributed to their responses in order to give insight into whether gestures were knowingly processed for information. It was found that, in some cases, gestures were able to increase confidence in both accurate and misled responses. Study 3 examined participants' awareness of gesture further by studying their attention to gesture during its performance and ability to identify it retrospectively on a recognition task. A new set of questions confirmed that gestures could influence the responses of participants (including those working in the legal profession) and revealed that the influence of gesture appears to be at its strongest when unnoticed by participants. Finally, study 4 considered whether the results of the previous studies could be replicated in a more ecologically valid interview scenario and confirmed that gestures continued to be influential when performed face-to-face. Overall, it was concluded that gestures can impact accurate eyewitness testimony and can be a powerful influential tool in police interviews.

This thesis examines what are for us two great sources or causes of error. The first arises from the influence of various cognitive biases upon our thinking, while the second emerges as a result of our wide-ranging dependence upon others for a vast amount of our beliefs about the world. Through both we can come to adopt false and harmful beliefs, a fact that naturally has both veridical and moral significance. One response is to suggest that we should increase our reliance upon experts in order to help us better acquire true beliefs and avoid false beliefs. By examining the historical, theoretical, psychological, and linguistic character of epistemic authorities and relationships, this avenue will be argued to be problematic. Scepticism in relation to epistemic authority is avoided in favour of an adoption of a critical attitude with respect to social sources of belief. The epistemology of testimony is next looked at, to see whether any lessons can be drawn from the nature of epistemic dependence to how we should epistemically approach others. Reductive versus non-reductive conceptions of the justification of testimony are explained, with the former conception being seen as naturally lending itself more to a critical treatment of social sources of belief. The question of why we should be rational at all is then examined. The positions of William K. Clifford and Karl Popper on the matter are explained, and my own views set forward. Finally, in light of the preceding groundwork, it is argued that there is a philosophical place and a social need for public education with respect to the broad epistemic situation in which we find ourselves.