<p>Cilj ovog istraživanja je kreiranje algoritma za pobolj&scaron;anje spolja&scaron;njeg<br />termalnog komfora u velikim urbanim sredinama, uzimajući u obzir<br />određene geometrijske parametre izgrađenog okruženja, primenom<br />softverskih aplikacija za parametarsko modelovanje. Algoritam za<br />pobolj&scaron;anje spolja&scaron;njeg termalnog komfora ima opciju automatske<br />izmene lokacije čoveka, &scaron;to omogućava procenu termalnog komfora u<br />području velikih razmera, kao &scaron;to su bulevari, blokovski prostori, trgovi i<br />drugi. Takođe, algoritam za pobolj&scaron;anje spolja&scaron;njeg termalnog komfora<br />omogućava i automatsko menjanje visina zgrada u cilju postizanja<br />optimalnog urbanog dizajna koji podrazumeva najbolji spolja&scaron;nji termalni<br />komfor.</p> / <p>The aim of this research is to create an algorithm for improvement of<br />outdoor thermal comfort conditions in urban areas taking into account<br />certain geometrical parameters of built urban environment, applying<br />parametric modelling and different software packages. The algorithm<br />for improving the outdoor thermal comfort offers the option of<br />automated change of a man&rsquo;s location, which enables the evaluation<br />of outdoor thermal comfort in large-scale urban areas, such as<br />boulevards, courtyards, squares etc. In addition, the algorithm for<br />improving the outdoor thermal comfort also allows automatic<br />variations of building height in order to achieve the optimal urban<br />design which implies the best outdoor thermal comfort.</p>

Inomhusklimatet har en avgörande roll för människans hälsa och välmående då människor befinner sig inomhus i nästan halva sitt liv. Det finns flera aspekter till hur det ska erhållas ett bra inomhusklimat men de mer betydelsefulla aspekterna är både god luftkvalitet och termisk komfort. Samtidigt som innebörden av reducering av energianvändning har en viktig roll i dagens utveckling. Då det ständigt arbetas med att försöka reducera energianvändningen i syfte till att underlätta för miljö- belastningen, väcker det frågor om hur den termiska komforten påverkas av detta. Rapportens syfte kommer därmed ligga i identifikation av uppvärmningssystem för ett givet flerbostadshus i Stockholmsområdet med fokus på termisk komfort och energianvändning. Utvärderingen baseras på olika typer av inverkan från diverse system som har utförts med beräkningssprogrammet IDA ICE. Ett referensfall för ett flerbostadshus användes som underlag och modellerades enligt A- och K-ritningar samt indata enligt Sveby. Det kommer även att inkludera de miljöcertifieringar som används i störst utsträckning här i Sverige och både ange deras krav gällande den termiska komforten samt respektive fokusområde då olika miljöcertifieringar har olika bedömningskriterier.   Under denna studie visade det sig att det sällan tas hänsyn till den termiska komforten på motsvarande sätt som energianvändningen. Det har även visat sig att i de fall där krav gällande den termiska komforten finns, är den otillräckligt definierad för att ge en god uppfattning av komforten. Kraven tar, med andra ord, inte hänsyn till hur bra ett hus presterar under ett helt år utan fokuserar på ett momentant värde. Till simuleringen gjordes en känslighetsanalys som påvisade vikten och behovet av en tydlig standard för odefinierade variabler för att uttrycka människors bedömning av termisk komfort. Efter samtliga simuleringarna, granskades energiberäkningar efter erhållen granskningsmall från WSP Systems i syfte att utföra en egenkontroll samt ge ett underlag för rimlighetsbedömning. Från de erhållna resultaten visade det sig att golvvärme och ökad börvärde till 22 °C gav en ökad termisk komfort men samtidigt en ökning i energianvändningen medan FTX-systemet med radiatorer gav upphov till reducerad energianvändning med cirka en tredjedel samt en liten ökning av den termiska komforten. Det visade sig även vara att vid val av FTX-systemet gav högst årlig energibesparing men att det även bör tas hänsyn till installationskostnaderna för FTX-system och golvvärmesystemet till skillnad från om börvärdet ökas till 22 °C. Det blir då en kostnadsfråga och en avgörande parameter för val bland dessa tre systemen. / The indoor climate plays a crucial role in human health and well-being when people are indoors for nearly half their life. There are several aspects to how one should achieve good indoor climate, but the more significant aspects are both good air quality and thermal comfort. Simultaneously one must regard that the reduction of energy has an important role in today’s development. While trying to reduce energy consumption in order to facilitate the environmental load, it raises the questions whether the thermal comfort is affected by this.  The purpose of the report will lie in the identification of a heating system for a given apartment building in the Stockholm area, with a focus on thermal comfort and energy use. The evaluation is based on various types of impacts from various systems that have been computed in IDA ICE. A reference case for an apartment building was used as a basis and was modeled according to architectural and constructional drawings while input data was used according to Sveby. It will also include the environmental certifications used in Sweden and specify their requirements regarding the thermal comfort, and each focus area as various environmental certifications have different assessment criteria’s. During this study it was found that we rarely take into account the thermal comfort in the same way we do with the energy consumption. It has also been found that in cases where the requirements for the thermal comfort exist, it is often insufficiently defined to provide one with a good perception of comfort. The requirements do, in other words, not take into account how well a building performs during a whole year but instead focuses on one instantaneous value. For the simulation a sensitivity analysis was made that revealed the importance and necessity of a clear standard for undefined variables to express the people’s assessment of thermal comfort. After the simulation part, the energy calculations were examined according to a review template from WSP Systems. This provided a basis for fair consideration. From the obtained results it was shown that floor heating and increasing the setpoint to 22 °C gave an increased thermal comfort but at the same time an increase in energy use. An HVAC system with a heat exchanger and radiators resulted in reduced energy use by about a third from the reference case and a slight increase in current thermal comfort. It also proved that the choice of an HVAC system with heat exchanger produced the highest annual energy savings. However one must take into account installation costs for different types of systems as opposed to when the setpoint is increased to 22 °C. Thus it becomes a cost issue and a critical parameter for selecting among these three types of solutions.

This diploma thesis focuses on the evaluation of the thermal comfort of passengers at public transport stops, in the shelters of public transport, which are an integral part of urban technical equipment. This topic is gaining in importance especially with regard to climate change and related with increasing frequency of extreme weather events. First part of the diploma thesis is the theoretical part, dealing with public transport shelters from various theoretical points of view. The practical part of the diploma theses deals with experimental measurements of selected physical quantities in the interior and exterior of eleven public transport shelters in the city of Brno, during the six months of 2020 (cold and warm periods). The facts found by experimental measurements for individual shelters are compared and evaluated, with the final selection of the optimal model of the technical solution of the shelter.

The field of building services and the topic of interior user-centric climate has been gaining on importance in recent years. The pandemic of COVID-19 has resulted in an increased amount of time spent indoors, extensive energy usage in the built environment, and has also brought up the important issue of a pleasant interior climate. These two implications have become prominent on top of the ones resulting from the existent, persistently growing threat which is posed on our planet by climate change. Rising temperatures &amp; increasing amount of sunlight, extensive energy consumption due to higher demand for cooling and heating, especially in large buildings (i.e. office buildings) occupied by large amounts of people with different preferences and user habits - these are all challenges we now have to face. Considering these challenges, this thesis suggests how a holistic approach could protect against them, mitigate their further development and so prevent their future impact on us humans. The overarching goal of this thesis, the pursuit of the “ideal” interior climate in office buildings, is achieved through setting up scenarios where different variations of daylighting, thermal comfort and energy consumption will be experimented with. The “ideal” interior climate will then be determined through assessing these scenarios and their corresponding results, yielding a recommendation for building future office spaces - these will no longer be only functional and provide shelter, but will also support interior occupant comfort and be efficient while doing so.

Amorphous silicon photovoltaic windows intend to not only improve thethermal bridge that windows represent but also to collect energy from theradiation incident on the windows themselves. This kind of windows can beapplied anywhere, however to maximize the benefit these can bring it isrecommended for sun-oriented façades. This research aims to investigate theimpacts that this type of windows can have on the energy performance andthermal comfort of a three-story historical stone building in the cold climateof Sweden using the simulation software IDA ICE. The model used for thesimulations had previously been developed and tested in other researches thatinvolved this same building. This research shows that the yearly energyconsumption for the townhall can be reduced down to 280000 kWh,representing a reduction of 5000 kWh compared to the base model, if theHigh transparency windows are applied, representing a reduction of 1,7%.The use of any of the four proposed windows has shown to increase thepercentage of best comfort hours by at least 5% and lowers the percentage ofunacceptable comfort hours at least by a 10%, even having cases with 0 hoursat this comfort level. The upper level of the South façade would be able toprovide the building with 800 kWh yearly, being the level with the highestenergy collection due to having more windows. Approximately every windowcould collect around 90 kWh yearly, which represents 20% of what a solarpanel of the same area correctly oriented could obtain in the same period oftime. Thus, the amorphous silicon photovoltaic windows do not seem to bethe best change despite offering a very promising thermal comfort. Theeconomical viability of this project is what prevents it from being feasiblesince the energy saving/obtaining characteristics are not of great magnitude.

More than 50 % of EU’s yearly energy demand is spent on heating and cooling systems with which most of its source is generated from non-renewable fossil fuel [1]. Furthermore, half of the EU buildings are heated with a non-efficient boiler of about 60% or less efficiency [1]. The report released by EU from 1990 to 2007 revealed that fuel combustion and fugitive emission contribute to about 79.3% of total greenhouse gas emissions in CO2 equivalents [1]. The EU-EBPD long-term renovation strategy is to improve the energy performance of all residential and non-residential buildings in its member countries through supporting the renovation of the existing buildings into highly energy efficient and decarbonised buildings [2]. Despite all these EU policies and efforts to replace these non-efficient heating systems, the main challenge is price comparison of different solutions and their efficiency in retrofitting of the heating old systems together with the lack of information about the functioning of those old systems [1]. Thus, the development of an easy to install heating system in retrofitting with low exergy heat supply is a significant contribution to a sustainable solution in minimizing energy resources depletion and environmental emission. Furthermore, efficient system control of these easy to install heating systems, hybrids combinations solution for retrofitting building could be a sustainable solution for the preservation of the existing building. The main objective of this work was to design an easy to install hybrid low-temperature floor heating system in retrofitting buildings and compare its results on energy performance, thermal comfort and indoor air quality with other conventional heating mainly used in the Mediterranean climate. This study was performed in two existing radiators heated buildings located in Sant Cugat del vallès in Catalonia, Spain.The results showed that the hybrid low-temperature heating system has the highest energy performance and energy saving of 48 % and 52% compared to that of existing radiator heating and all air heating, respectively. However, hybrid low-temperature floor heating showed a slow heating response, and consequently, it showed lower operative temperature compared to others even though it was within the recommended standards limits. The hybrid low-temperature heating system with demand-controlled ventilation also showed a better indoor air quality, while as existing radiator with its natural ventilation showed the worst indoor air quality. All three compared heating systems showed a better coefficient of performance with low-temperature heat supply and were able to operate with low-temperature heat supply. / Mer än 50% av EU:s årliga energibehov spenderas på värme- och kylsystem där de flesta av deras källor genereras från icke-förnybart fossilt bränsle [1]. Dessutom värms hälften av EU:s byggnader upp med en ineffektiv panna med cirka 60% eller mindre effektivitet [1]. EU:s rapport från 1990 till 2007 avslöjade att bränsleförbränning och flyktiga utsläpp bidrar till cirka 79% av de totala utsläppen av växthusgaser i koldioxidekvivalenter [1]. EU:s och EBPD:s långsiktiga renoveringsstrategi är att förbättra energiprestanda för alla bostäder och andra byggnader i dess medlemsländer genom att stödja renovering av befintliga byggnader till mycket energieffektiva byggnader [2].Trots alla dessa EU-policyer och ansträngningar för att ersätta dessa ineffektiva värmesystem, är den största utmaningen prisjämförelse av olika lösningar och deras effektivitet i renovering av de gamla värmesystemen tillsammans med bristen på information om hur de gamla systemen fungerar [1]. Därför är utvecklingen av ett installationsenkelt värmesystem med låg värmeförsörjning av exergi ett viktigt bidrag till en hållbar lösning för att minimera energiresurser och miljöutsläpp. Dessutom kan effektiv systemkontroll av dessa värmesystem med olika kombinationslösningar för renovering av byggnaden vara en hållbar lösning för att bevara den befintliga byggnaden.Huvudsyftet med detta arbete var att utforma ett lågtemperaturgolvvärmesystem att använda vid renovering av byggnader och jämföra dess resultat på energiprestanda, termisk komfort och inomhusluftkvalitet med annan konventionell uppvärmning som huvudsakligen används i medelhavsklimat. Denna studie utfördes i två befintliga radiatoruppvärmda byggnadet i Sant Cugat del vallès i Katalonien, Spanien. Resultaten visade att hybridsystemet med låg temperatur har den högsta energiprestandan och energibesparingen på 48% och 52% för den befintliga radiatorvärme respektive luftvärme. Emellertid visade lågtemperaturgolvvärme ett långsamt uppvärmningssvar, och följaktligen visade det lägre driftstemperatur jämfört med de andra systemen trots att det låg inom de rekommenderade standardgränserna. Lågtemperaturvärmesystem med efterfrågningsstyrd ventilation visade också en bättre inomhusluftkvalitet, medan befintliga radiatorer med sin naturliga ventilation visade den sämsta inomhusluftkvaliteten. Alla tre jämförda värmesystemen visade bättre prestanda med lågtemperaturvärmeförsörjning och kunde fungera med lågtemperaturvärmeförsörjning.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第24908号 / 農博第2571号 / 新制||農||1102(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻 / (主査)教授 柴田 昌三, 教授 北島 薫, 教授 小杉 賢一朗 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Retrofitting measures in old buildings aimed at reducing energy consumption has become a widespread subject and an urgent matter to counteract the effects of climate change and GHGs emissions. The globe has reaffirmed its agreement taken in COP21 to reduce emissions in COP26. The building sector is one of the culprits with a 70 % future energy consumption forecasted by 2050 i.e., the year certain countries aim to carbon neutral (e.g., Sweden). An old building with a severe problem of energy leakage has been studied under the influence of multiple parameters such as building orientation, shading systems, location, Low-E film and an alternative energy supply (GHP). The original building’s EnU amounted to 194.5 kWh/m2•yr; the parameters were applied and orientation of 90⁰ worked best, if the building was being designed, contrary to this case. However, energy reductions, compared to the base model, were actually achieved with the application of Low-E (5%) films and when substituting the heating demand with a GHP (57.5%), LEF-GHP reached (59.2%) and a corresponding decrease in CO2 emissions. Thermal comfort was best achieved with models that had the highest energy consumption such as LEF and ES making it counterproductive in fulfilling the aim of reducing GHG footprint of Rådhuset. The economic feasibility study showed that the installation of a GHP with at least the COP of 4.0 would lead to a shorter payback period than solely applying LEF. A tailored solution of a change in the energy source such as electrified heat supply from renewables combined with LEFs would reduce the energy and emission impact of any building; this would help the building sector reach the envisioned goal of carbon neutrality in 2050.

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-05-24T20:10:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 NEILA LIDIANY RIBEIRO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2006..pdf: 12712674 bytes, checksum: 256a12bd01632a9502b9eb4794b1886d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-24T20:10:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NEILA LIDIANY RIBEIRO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEA 2006..pdf: 12712674 bytes, checksum: 256a12bd01632a9502b9eb4794b1886d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02 / Capes / O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar os índices de conforto térmico em instalações para ovinos e analisar os parâmetros fisiológicos e o grau de adaptabilidade de quatro grupos genéticos de ovinos, em São João do Cariri, PB. Foram utilizados 40 animais, 10 por grupo genético, que foram o Cariri, Morada Nova, Barriga Negra e Cara Curta, todos fêmeas, alojadas em 4 apriscos. Os dados ambientais analisados foram a temperatura do ar (TA), umidade relativa do ar (UR), velocidade do vento (Vv), temperatura de globo negro (Tgn), índice de temperatura do globo negro e umidade (ITGU), carga térmica de radiação (CTR). Os dados fisiológicos analisados foram: a frequência respiratória (FR), frequência cardíaca (FC), temperatura retal (TR) e temperatura superficial (TS), medidos nos horários das 9 e 15 h. O grau de adaptabilidade foi realizado através do teste de Baccari Júnior. A avaliação dos dados foi realizada por um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em um fatorial 4x2, sendo 4 grupos genéticos e dois turnos. Os índices ambientais, no período da tarde, foram superiores aos da manhã e tiveram seus valores, com exceção da UR e Vv, acima da faixa considerada normal. A TR, FR, FC e TS no turno da tarde estiveram mais elevados do que no turno da manhã, sendo que a TR esteve dentro da faixa normal e a FR e FC acima da recomendada. O índice de tolerância ao calor não apresentou diferença significativa entre os grupos genéticos e mostrou que os animais, mesmo elevando a FR e FC, apresentaram alta capacidade de adaptação a região. / The present work had the aim to determine thermal means at installation to ovines and analyse physiological parameters and way of life degree of 4 genetic groups, in the dry region of Paraíba. It had been used 40 animais, 10 per genetic group: Cariri, Morada Nova, Barriga Negra and Cara Curta ,all of them were female ,kept in 4 places by chance .Data were air temperature (TA), air relative humidity (UR), wind speed (Vv), dark block temperature (Tgn), humidity and dark block temperature (ITGU), radiation thermal support (CTR). Physiological data were respiratory frequency ( FR), heart frequency (FC), bottom temperature (TR) and superficial temperature (TS), evaluated for 9 and 15 h. Way of life degree was carried out by Baccari Júnior Test. Data evaluation was carried out in randomized sketching in 4x2, being 4 genetic groups and two periods Environmental means ,in the afternoon, were upper to the moming ones and had its values, with exception to UR and Vv, increased to the normal tax. TR, FR, FC and TS in the afternoon were higher than in the morning, but TR normally and FR and FC upper to the normal. ITC did not show significance difference among genetic groups and showed that the animais, with higher FR and FC showed high capacity to the region.

A human thermoregulation model has been adapted for predicting the thermal response of Typical Older Persons. The model known as the Older Persons Model predicts the core body temperature and regulatory responses of the older people in environmental exposures of cold, warm and hot. The model was developed by modifying an existing dynamic human thermoregulation model using anthropometric and thermo-physical properties of older people. The Model defines the body as two interrelating systems of the body structure (passive system) and the control system of the central nervous system (active system). The Older person's passive system of the model was developed by meticulously extracting relevant experimental data from selected published research works relating to anthropometric and thermo-physical properties of older people. The resultant body structure (passive system) is a multi-segmented representation of a Typical Older Person. The active system (central nervous system) was developed by the application of a novel optimization method based on the working principles of Genetic Algorithms. The use of Genetic Algorithm enables the complex characteristics of the central nervous system of the older persons to be well represented and evaluated based on available data. Active system control signal coefficients for sweating, shivering, vasodilation and vasoconstriction were explicitly derived based on experimental data sourced from literature. The Older Persons Model has been validated using independent experimental data and its results show good agreement with measured data. Furthermore, the Older Persons Model has been applied to several test cases extracted from published literature and its results show good agreement with published findings on the thermal behaviour of older persons. An interview study conducted as part of this research revealed that, professionals (built environment specialists) found the Older Persons Model useful in assisting to further understand the thermal response of the older persons. In conclusion, the adaptation of an existing human thermoregulation model has resulted in a new model, which allows improved prediction of heat and cold strain of the older person although there exist limitations.