Den tekniska utvecklingen i samhället går fortare och fortare framåt. Idag är det inte ovanligt att mobiltelefonerna används för att göra bankärenden, hantera e-post och vara aktiv på sociala medier. Tekniker och lösningar som utvecklas ska vara kostnadseffektiva och användarvänliga, men är detta på bekostnad av informationssäkerheten? Frågeställningar som har besvarat handlar om vilka sårbarheter i tekniken som angripare kan utnyttja för att ta sig in i en telefon, hur det upptäcks och vilka proaktiva åtgärder som kan implementeras. Dessutom har det undersökts hur personer använder sina smarta telefoner och hur pass insatta personer är inom telefonernas säkerhet. På vilka sätt en mobiltelefon kan innebära en säkerhetsrisk i samhället har undersökts genom att en fallstudie utförts. Studien är kvantitativ då bland annat en enkät har skickats ut på ett socialt medie för att undersöka allmänhetens medvetenhet och kunskap gällande mobiltelefoners informationssäkerhet. I studien har hela 210 respondenter deltagit, av dessa är det exempelvis endast 17 % som tycker det är självklart att använda antivirusprogram på mobiltelefonen. Dessutom är det enbart 27 % som prioriterar säkerheten före pris, utseende och popularitet, när de ska ladda ner en app. Genom att räkna ut korrelationer mellan respondenternas svar så kunde flertalet samband fastställas, exempelvis påvisas det att personer som anser sig ha bra koll på informationssäkerhet inte använder anti-virus på sin smarttelefon. Allmänhetens insikt och beteende gällande informationssäkerhet är i många avseenden direkt avgörande när det kommer till tekniska lösningars säkerhet. Om en anslutning har säkerhetsbrister är det extra viktigt att enheter används på ett korrekt och skyddande sätt, så att inte informationsläckage uppstår. Resultatet av studien kan användas som underlag för vidare forskning inom arbetet med mobiltelefoners informationssäkerhet. Fallstudien har gjorts på uppdrag av två utvecklingsingenjörer, vilka har utvecklat Portiér, ett portlås som ska låsas upp med hjälp av användarens mobiltelefon. Informationssäkerheten i portlåset har undersökts på det sättet att riskidentifiering och konsekvensbedömning har sammansats till en riskanalys. Genom fallstudien kunde frågan kring huruvida smarttelefonen utgör en säkerhetsrisk i samhället eller inte besvaras. / The technical development of society goes faster and faster. Today it is not rare that we use mobile phones to make banking transactions, manage email and be active on social media. Technologies and solutions that are developed should be cost-effective and user-friendly, but is it at the expense of information security? It ́s important to consider how unauthorized persons can penetrate a mobile phone, how it ́s detected and what proactive measures can be implemented. Moreover, in this study it has been investigated how people use their smart phones and how familiar people are in the phones' security. In what ways a cell phone can cause a security issue in modern society has also been raised in a case study. This study performed a quantitative analysis where a questionnaire was sent via social media to examine public awareness regarding mobile phones information. In the study, 210 respondents participated, of these, for example, only 17% responded that it ́s obvious to use antivirus program on their mobile phone. Moreover, only 27% that prioritize safety before price, appearance and popularity, when considering downloading an app. By calculating correlations between respondents' answers, several pertience established. Among other things, demonstrated correlation between people who, although they claimed to have good eye of information security, they did not use anti-virus on your smart phone. Public awareness and behavior regarding information security is in many respects crucial when it comes to technical solutions, security. If a connection involves security flaws, it ́s especially important that the devices are used correctly and in protective manner, to avoid information leakage. The results of the study can be used as a basis for further research and work in the field of mobile phone information security. The case study has been conducted in collaboration with two development engineers, who have developed a modern door lock which can be unlocked using a mobile phone. The information security in the door lock has been investigated and analyzied in the way that risk identification and impact assessment has the same batch to a risk analysis. The question to be answered through the case study is the one regarding whether the smartphone constitute a security risk in the society or not.

Bakgrund: Hot och våld riktat mot vårdpersonal är idag ett växande problem över hela världen. Vårdpersonal tillhör en av de yrkeskategorier där det föreligger en ökad risk att bli utsatt för hot och våld från patienter. Vårdpersonal är de som står för omvårdnaden av patienterna och forskning visar att om personalen blir utsatta för hot och våld kan det uppstå konsekvenser för både vårdpersonal och patienter. Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att belysa upplevelsen av hot och våld hos vårdpersonal inom hälso- och sjukvården. Metod: I litteraturstudien har 8 vetenskapliga, kvalitativa artiklar sammanställts och analyserats med kvalitativ innehållsanalys med induktiv ansats. Artikelsökning har skett i databaserna Cinahl, PsycINFO, PubMed och Scopus. Resultat: Resultatet visar att upplevelsen av att utsättas för hot och våld leder till en mängd starka känslor hos den som blivit utsatt. Känslorna är för det mesta av negativ karaktär och kan handla om känslan av att uppleva sig vara hotad och rädd, att känna både subjektiv ilska samt ilska riktad mot patienterna, känna maktlöshet och att känna hopplöshet och nedstämdhet. Hot och våld leder till konsekvenser för personalen. Det omfattar bland annat att motivationen sänks, personalen “tar med sig jobbet hem” och privatlivet drabbas. Det uttrycktes en stark önskan av stöd, kunskap och utbildning. Slutsats: Litteraturstudiens resultat visar att upplevelsen av att bli utsatt för hot och våld leder till många svåra konsekvenser för de som blir drabbade. För att förbättra hanteringen av konsekvenserna krävs utbildning och stöd till vårdpersonalen samt vidare forskning inom området både för att förebygga och hjälpa personal som blivit utsatt. / Background: Threats and violence against healthcare workers is today a growing problem worldwide. Healthcare personnel are at an increased risk of being subjected to threats and violence by their patients. Health workers are caregivers and advocates for their patients and if they become subject to threats or violence, previous research has shown that the consequences can be many both for caregivers and patients. Aim: The aim of this study was to illuminate the experiences of threat and violence by patients on healthcare personnel. Method: This literature review study included 8 scientific, qualitative articles compiled and analyzed with a description of qualitative content analysis with inductive approach. Article search was performed in the databases Cinahl, PsycINFO, PubMed and Scopus. Results: The results show that the experience of being subjected to threats and violence leads to a lot of strong feelings for the victimized health care worker. Feelings are, for the most part, of negative character and include feeling of threatened and afraid, feeling both anger in general and anger directed toward patients, feeling powerless and feeling hopelessness and depression. Threats and violence also lead to other negative consequences for the staff. These include, among other things, that motivation is lowered, and that workers find themselves “taking their work home with them”, which affects their private lives, often in detrimental ways. Affected workers also expressed a strong desire for support for victims, and knowledge and training for coping skills and tactics for dealing with difficult patients. Conclusion: The results of the literature review study shows that the experience of being subjected to threats and violence leads to many serious consequences for those who are affected. In order to improve the management of the consequences, education and support for healthcare personnel and further research in the area, to be able to prevent further incidents and help the healthcare workers who have been subjected, are required.

Centaurea tchihatcheffii Fisch. &amp / Mey. is a critically endangered annual plant species with a narrow distribution in G&ouml / lbaSi, Ankara. The aim of this study is to understand the population dynamics of the species to help find the best way to conserve species for long term viability. The two healthiest subpopulations containing more than 1.5 million individuals were studied to estimate demographic parameters i.e. survival and reproduction rates by monitoring marked individuals, to identify pollinators, dispersers and pollen &amp / seed predators and to investigate population status, natural threats and their effects. The species is considered a weed in cereal plantations, showing adaptations of ruderal habit: High population densities (~18.5-63.2 individuals/0.5 m2), persistent seed bank with many viable seeds (~20,000/m2), rapid growth matching favorable weather conditions (almost 15 weeks from rosette to flowering), high survival with premature deaths making up only 2-20% of natural deaths mostly at rosette stage, no density dependent mortality, seed production by selfing and crossing via generalist pollinators, high reproduction rates (1200-7000 seeds/m2) and promotion of growth on aerated soil whereas inhibition with herbicides. Insect and avian predators do not cause an important damage to population. Absence of mutualists aiding in pollination (honeybee) and dispersal (ants) is out of question. There is no natural limitation on population persistence. The major threats are anthropogenic, i.e. cereal cultivation, construction and collection of individuals from natural populations. Conservation of remaining subpopulations as a reserve and alternative methods in cereal cultivation like reduced or no herbicide application should be considered as high priority conservation strategies.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Aberdeen University, 2009. / Title from web page (viewed on Oct. 5, 2009). Includes bibliographical references.

<p>The purpose of this study was to investigate how social services workers describe, the risk of being exposed to threats and violence in their profession. Six social services workers were interviewed, four from the Welfare Office in a major city and two from the Child and Family Services in a minor city. Results showed that the majority of social services workers consider themselves exposed in their profession, meaning that they feel there's a risk of a violent or threatening situation occurring in their work situation. All interviewees had experiences from some sort of threat or violence in a work related context and they attested that non-personal assaults, such as threats made through telephone, email and answering machines are more common than verbal assaults made in personal meetings. Being prepared and listening to ones intuition is a way of dealing with exposure when meeting with a client. By working in pairs you can decrease the risk of being exposed in a violent/threatening situation. Several of the interviewees pointed out that they are more tolerant to certain clients in order to cope with their work situation.</p>

Thesis (doctoral)--Universiẗat Passau, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 295-310).

Major railway stations in England and Wales are highly networked and open locations, frequently crowded, and are vulnerable to criminal and terrorist activities. Successive Government policies and agendas have sought to lessen this susceptibility, by promoting the understanding of and the application of resilience and security measures. Thus, the complex stakeholders are responsibilised (Garland, 1996) and urged to integrate and merge resilience, crime prevention and counter-terrorism measures into their governance, and operational policies and agendas. The aim of this research is to determine and examine the interdependencies and boundaries of the multiple stakeholders within St Pancras International Railway Station (SPIRS), and to analyse how their governance, operational and legislative requirements, and agendas influence current and future resilience of complex Category A railway stations to human malign security threats. Through a unique single case study of SPIRS, qualitative data was collected from thirty-two stakeholder participants, sampled for their expert opinion and experience. Data was also collected via documents and observations. SPIRS interconnected and complex stakeholders were represented using stakeholder analysis and mapping to create an original and innovative map highlighting those who can influence and impact the resilience of the space to human malign security threats. From the thematic analysis of the data, the overarching themes exposed the resilience within SPIRS operates in an uncertain legal space, competing with disparate institutional processes creating a gulf between reality and rhetoric of the responsibilisation of resilience and security strategies. The blurred boundaries of responsibility and understanding of the resilience and security agendas within SPIRS created tension between the national and local level stakeholders. The research adds an original and novel contribution to knowledge, as through contemporary empirical evidence it has established the political rhetoric of responsibilisation (Garland, 1996) for resilience and security policies are inconsistent and contradictory with the reality of how these transpire in an ambiguous operational and legal space such as SPIRS. Regardless of the mapped interdependencies between the multiple stakeholders and their interconnecting operational and legislative obligations, there is a definite absence of a clear and united approach to resilience, with concerns being dealt with by multiple stakeholders and policies. The research has revealed the complications and disparities the complex and multiple stakeholders face implementing policy and subsequently institutional changes in a cohesive manner. The findings of the research necessitate transformations in established organisational procedures, thus ensuring these interdependencies are dealt with now to make certain the effectual incorporation and integration of agendas and strategies are unified, and which maintain the resilience of Category A railway stations and SPIRS for future generations.

The human brain is sensitive to threat. Loss in Status, Certainty, Autonomy, Relatedness and Fairness – SCARF – is considered threatening. Threat creates a stress response and stress impairs cognitive functions as problem-solving, decision-making, learning and emotional control. The purpose was to identify differences between well-functioning and non-well-functioning change processes and their relation to SCARF. A total of 55 change processes were investigated. The result indicated a correlation between stress, productivity and quality. The result also showed that 20 out of 25 measured items had a significant mean value difference between “good” and “bad” processes. A multiple regressions analysis indicated that a high degree of Certainty predicts a high degree of Change Process Efficiency with 50 % of the variance possible to explain by the variance in Certainty. More research on SCARF factors and how to measure those in change processes is needed. The area is important since it can create more efficient change processes.

Most of the European citizen can today live their lives in relative security. At the same time our communities are faced with more and greater security threats than ever. Terrorism has risen to become one of the greatest security threats to the European union and its citizens and one can therefore ask the question; has the European Union view of terrorism changed over time or has the interpretation of the threat been constant?                       The purpose of this essay is thus to analyse how the European Union describe and see the threat of terrorism before and after the attack on the United States 2001. The analytical instrument of the essay consist of Buzan et al. (1998) Securitization Theory that enables extraordinary measures to be used in the name of security. Furthermore, the essay is a systematic study and the material consist of documents from the European Union.

In Sweden, threats and violence has become a serious psychosocial work environment problem within the workplaces of health and social care. Several studies show the need to pay attention to how the workers psychosocial work environment is affected by the risk of threats and violence. Women are more exposed of threats and violence because the professions were most women work, the threats and violence occur. The purpose of this study is to investigate what legal obligations the employer holds to prevent threats and violence in the working environment and what consequences it can have if the employer does not fulfill these obligations. For a deeper knowledge in threats and violence as a psychosocial work environment problem other factors that can affect are included. To fulfill the purpose and answer the research questions in this study the doctrinal method is used to describe, systematize and interpret the legislation, case law and literature.   The results of this study show that the legal actions that the employer is obliged to take is far-reaching. The preventive work is central considering the psychosocial work environment were threats and violence occur. If the employer fails to take the actions that is obliged there are different legal consequences depending on what type of actions the employer, deliberately or accidently, failed to take. Due to the extent of threats and violence in health and social care and some differences in the formulation of the legislation, future studies would be required to investigate if the legislation on this matter is enough.