Hur en texts typografiska utformning påverkar hur enkel den blir att läsa är en fråga som har sysselsatt forskare under lång tid. Förhoppningen har varit att få en bättre förståelse för hur läsning går till och hur man bäst bör sätta text för att underlätta för läsaren. Ett problem har dock varit att skapa medvetenhet om forskningens resultat bland dem som arbetar med att sätta text. Tanken med detta examensarbete var att skapa en överblick av forskningen, med inriktning på hur mikrotypografin, det vill säga den typografi som berör detaljer i textens utformning, påverkar läsbarheten i brödtext. Efter litteratursökningar valdes tio vetenskapligt publicerade empiriska studier på detta område ut. Artiklarna beskrevs och diskuterades med hänsyn till deras metodik och deras resultat. Följande mikrotypografiska faktorer behandlades i studierna: skillnader i läsbarhet mellan typsnitt, x-höjdens och teckenavståndets inverkan på läsbarheten, skillnader i läsbarhet mellan gemener, versaler och kursiv text samt skillnader i läsbarhet mellan olika bokstavsformer. Slutsatsen var att forskningen kring läsbarhet ger intressanta inblickar i hur typografin inverkar på läsprocessen. Det begränsade antalet studier på varje område samt brist på studier utförda på svenska gör det dock svårt att skapa konkreta riktlinjer för hur text bör sättas. Vidare konstaterades att studier utförda i samarbete mellan forskare och typografiskt kunniga vore en möjlig metod att sprida kunskap till de typografiska yrkena och öka sannolikheten för praktisk tillämpning av forskningsresultaten. / How the typographic design of a document affects how easy it is to read is a subject that has long been of interest to researchers. The aim has been to reach a better understanding of the reading process, and to find an ideal way to design text for maximum legibility. However, the researchers have seemingly failed to raise awareness about their results in the typographic community. The aim of this thesis was to create an overview of the research into how microtypography – the typography concerned with individual letters and sentences – affects the legibility of running text. Ten empirical studies on this subject, published in scientific journals, were selected after literature searches. The methods and results of the studies were described and discussed. The studies were concerned with the following microtypographic factors: differences in legibility between typefaces, the role of x-height and letter spacing in, differences in legibility between lower case, upper case and italic letters as well as differences in legibility between specific letter shapes. The conclusion was that legibility research gives interesting insights into how typography can influence the reading process. However, the limited amount of studies found concerning each typographic factor, as well as the lack of studies concerning Swedish typography makes it hard to create typographic guidelines for Swedish typographers based on the research. It was also concluded that studies conducted in cooperation between researchers and typographers might be a way to raise awareness about the research and lead to greater practical application of research results.

The advent of digital typography has seen the printed letter permeate many aspects of our world, due to its function as the visual manifestation of verbal language. However, few scientific researchers have paid attention to these innocuous and ubiquitous characters. Furthermore, existing typeface research has generally been divided into two strands: For nearly ninety years, communicators (writing, marketing, business, and design professionals) have made attempts to investigate how typefaces of different classes and styles might indicate different personalities to the viewer, and explored the notion of typeface appropriateness. More recently, psychologists have taken advantage of word processing software to manipulate perceptual fluency by changing the fonts of different documents, finding several interesting effects. In this study, two experiments were conducted, with the aim of acknowledging and synthesizing both lines of inquiry. In Experiment 1, a restaurant menu was printed with either an easy-to-read, fluent font or a difficult-to-read, disfluent font. It was expected that reading the disfluent font would influence participants’ (n = 110) choices from the menu as well as certain judgments about the dishes. However, there was only one significant effect, whereby participants who read the disfluent font expected to enjoy their chosen dessert less than those who read the fluent font. In Experiment 2, participants (n = 94) judged a person of the opposite sex using the Big Five Inventory, a measure of human personality. The target photograph was paired with a name set in one of two fonts (familiar and unfamiliar). Female participants rated the target higher on the factor of Openness when the name was printed in the novel font. The results of the current study indicate that to some extent, document designers may safely continue selecting typefaces through intuition, and do not necessarily need the supplementation of additional empirical research.

Submitted by Mariana Pereira do Rego null (mari_rego@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-01-16T20:18:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Mariana_Pereira_Rego.pdf: 4943487 bytes, checksum: 68ba15599a9a9ea2ef69bfd9006ecf39 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Claudia Adriana Spindola null (claudia@fct.unesp.br) on 2018-01-17T12:39:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 rego_mp_me_prud.pdf: 4943487 bytes, checksum: 68ba15599a9a9ea2ef69bfd9006ecf39 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-17T12:39:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 rego_mp_me_prud.pdf: 4943487 bytes, checksum: 68ba15599a9a9ea2ef69bfd9006ecf39 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-02 / A interpretação de um mapa é facilitada com a utilização de textos, os quais facilitam a comunicação do mapa. Os mapas de Sistema de Navegação e Guia de Rota em Automóvel (SINGRA) utilizam textos na área mapeada com a finalidade de auxiliar o motorista na tarefa de navegação. Os nomes de vias são um dos elementos mais importantes no uso como informação de guia de rota. A literatura na área da Cartografia apresenta recomendações para rotular feições cartográficas em mapas estáticos. Porém, os mapas exibidos em SINGRA são dinâmicos e apresentados em um esquema de referência egocêntrica. Então, é questionado se as indicações propostas pela literatura podem ser generalizadas para esse tipo de representação. Este trabalho avalia o tempo de leitura de nomes de vias em mapas de SINGRA, levando-se em consideração diferentes posicionamentos da toponímia de via em mapas com diferentes padrões de malha viária. Para esta avaliação foram projetados 16 mapas, oito com padrão de malha viária regular e oito com padrão de malha viária irregular. Um conjunto apresentou nomes de vias com posicionamento alinhado horizontalmente e outro com os nomes seguindo a via. A concepção dos mapas foi baseada em princípios de agrupamento perceptível, segregação de figura-fundo, bem como em técnicas de tipografia, uso de tipos na cartografia e, também, na análise de mapas de sistemas de navegação de ampla utilização no mercado. A avaliação foi realizada com 20 motoristas novos. O experimento ocorreu dentro de um automóvel estacionado. A tarefa do participante foi buscar um nome de via no mapa exibido em uma tela de pequenas dimensões, bem como falar em voz alta o nome da via solicitada pelo pesquisador. A duração do tempo de leitura foi extraída e analisada. Em mapa com padrão de malha viária regular, a análise estatística mostrou que não houve diferença significativa no tempo de leitura entre os diferentes posicionamentos do texto, tanto para o nome da via em que se encontra quanto para o nome da via em que irá entrar. Por outro lado, em mapa com padrão de malha viária irregular e nome com o posicionamento alinhado horizontalmente, a análise estatística dos dados revelou que o tempo de leitura do nome da via em que o motorista irá entrar é significativamente mais rápido do que a leitura do nome da via em que se encontra. Maiores implicações são apresentadas e discutidas. / Reading a map is facilitated by using texts, which facilitate the communication of the map. InCar Route Guidance and Navigation System maps (RGNS) use texts in the map to assist drivers in the navigation task. Road names are one of the most important elements in the use as route guidance information. The literature in the Cartography field presents recommendations for labeling cartographic features in static maps. However, maps showed in RGNS are dynamic and presented in an egocentric reference. Thus, it is questioned whether those results can be generalized to this kind of representation. This work evaluates the time in which drivers start reading road names in maps of RGNS, taking into account different positions for the road toponymy in maps with different road network patterns. For this evaluation, 16 maps were designed; eight with road pattern similar to a regular-grid network and eight with road pattern similar to an irregular-grid network. Half of the maps were designed with names aligned horizontally and the other half with names following the road. Creating maps was based on principles of perceptual grouping, figure-ground segregation, as well techniques of typography, use of types in Cartography and, also, in the analysis of some maps of navigation systems with high acceptance in the market. The evaluation was performed with 20 drivers aged between 20 and 30 years. The experiment took place inside a car parked. The task of the participant was looking for a street name showed in a small screen and speech in a loud voice the name requested by the researcher. The time took to start reading was gathered an analyzed. For maps with road pattern similar to a regular-grid network the analysis showed no significant difference in the time in which drivers start reading road names among different text positioning, both for road name where they are located and for road name where they will turn. On the other hands, for maps with road pattern similar to an irregular road network and name aligned horizontally, the statistical analysis revealed the reading time for the name in which drivers will turn is significantly faster than reading time for the name in which drivers are located. More implications are presented and discussed.

Augmented Reality (AR), a concept where the real word is being enhanced with computer generated objects and text, has evolved and become a popular tool to communicate information through. Research on how the technique can be optimized regarding the technical aspects has been made, but not regarding how typography in three dimensions should be designed and used in AR applications. Therefore this master’s thesis investigates three different design attributes of typography in three dimensions. The three attributes are: typeface style, color, and weight including depth, and how they affect the visibility of the text in an indoor AR environment. A user study was conducted, both with regular users but also with users that were considered experts in the field of typography and design, to investigate differences of the visibility regarding the typography’s design attributes. The result shows noteworthy differences between two pairs of AR simulations containing different typography among the regular users. This along with a slight favoritism of bright colored text against dark colored text, even though no notable different could be seen regarding color alone. Discussions regarding the design attributes of the typography affect the legibility of the text, and what could have been done differently to achieve an even more conclusive result. To summarize this thesis, the objective resulted in design guidelines regarding typography for indoor mobile AR applications.

Syfte: Att utformning av logotyp har stor vikt för företagets identitet är allmän känt, men detär minst lika viktigt för ett företag att ha en logotyp som kan förmedla deras budskap ut tillkonsument. Syftet med detta arbete blev därmed att analysera hur de atmosfäriska stimulivariabler,färg, typografi och symbol, påverkar konsumentens uppfattning av logotypensavsedda kundbudskap inom tjänsteföretag. Metod: Detta arbete grundades på ”mixed methods”, vilket är en kombination av kvalitativoch kvantitativ forskningsmetod. Den empiriska undersökningen skedde genom fyra styckensemistrukturerade intervjuer och därefter genomfördes en webbaserad enkätundersökning.Informationen som framställdes från intervjuerna användes för att utformaenkätundersökningen, och den population enkätundersökningen omfattades uppgick tillungefär 5 695 respondenter. Sedan analyserades inkomna enkätsvar med hjälp av enkorrelationsanalys och en klusteranalys, som skapades i programmet SPSS, och jämfördesmed tidigare teori samt företagens intervjuer. Resultat & slutsats: Företag kan ha budskap med goda motiveringar bakom dem, men trotsdetta finns svårigheter för respondenter att uppfatta dessa budskap genom endast en logotyp.Det är därför mycket möjligt att mer än en ensam logotyp behövs för att dessa budskap ska nåhela vägen fram, exempelvis en symbol eller slogan. Respondenterna uppfattar en logotypsom lättare att komma ihåg de gånger som färgen sticker ut, typsnittet är “utöver det vanliga”eller när logotypen innehåller en symbol. Examensarbetets bidrag: Undersökningens genomförande har tillfört både praktiska ochteoretiska bidrag, framförallt inom forskning som berör färg och typografi i logotypen. Bland annat har undersökningen visat att företag med god eftertanke och välmotiverade val kanförmedla flera budskap och deras affärsidé ut till konsument. Detta visar på att det inte endastär företags fysiska agerande som är av betydelse, utan lika stor del av konsumentensuppfattning om företaget ligger i företagets grafiska marknadsföring utåt. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: Ytterligare forskning kring de atmosfäriska stimulivariablernafärg, typografi och symboler i den grafiska profilen behövs. Att då undersökavilka färger som klassificeras som varma, kalla och neutrala inom olika områden, såsomSverige, Norden, Skandinavien och Europa, hade varit relevant. Likaså hade undersökning avi vilken utsträckning typsnitt med normal tjocklek och fet tjocklek påverkar läsbarheten varitintressant. / Aim: The design of a logo is of great importance to the company's identity, but it is equallyimportant for a company to have a logo that can convey their message to the consumer aswell. The purpose of this paper was thus to analyze how the atmospheric stimuli-variables,colour, typography and symbol affect the customer's perception of the logo's intendedcustomer messages within service companies. Method: This work was based on “mixed methods”, which is a combination of qualitativeand quantitative research methods. The empirical survey was conducted through foursemistructured interviews and an online survey was conducted. The information obtainedfrom the interviews was used to design the survey, and the population that the survey coveredamounted to approximately 5,695 respondents. Then, surveyed questionnaires were analyzedusing a correlation analysis and a cluster analysis, created in the SPSS-program, compared toprevious theory and corporate interviews. Result & Conclusions: Companies can have messages with good motivations behind them,but despite that it is difficult for respondents to perceive them through just one logo. Therefore, it is possible that more than a single logo is needed for these messages to reach allthe way, for example with a symbol or slogan. Respondents perceive a logo as easier toremember the times the colour stands out, the font is "beyond the usual" or when the logocontains a symbol. Contribution of the thesis: The study's implementation has added both practical andtheoretical contributions, especially in research related to colour and typography in logotypes.Among other things, the survey has shown that companies with good reflection and wellmotivatedchoices can convey several messages and their business idea to consumers. Thisshows that it is not only corporate physical activity that is important, but as much is perceivedin the company's graphic marketing towards consumers. Suggestions for future research: To carry out further studies on the atmospheric stimulivariables colour, typography and symbols in the graphic profile is needed. To investigatewhich colours classified as warm, cold and neutral in different areas, such as Sweden, Nordiccountries, Scandinavia and Europe, would been relevant. Similarly, examination of the extentto which fonts of normal thickness and fat thickness affect readability would be interesting.

This thesis consists of two parts ? theoretical and practical. The theoretical part is focused on the topics of beautiful book ? i.e. bibliophilia, artist?s book, illustration, and overall literary art. The basis for the practical part of this thesis is figure and work, namely ?The Day of the Triffids? by John Wyndham, as well as meaning and place of science fiction in the world of art. The practical part consists of set of illustrations, a cover design and a typographical solution of the book ?The Day of the Triffids? The aim of this work was to create a book, which could be classified as valuable literature, not only by its contents, but by its appearance as well.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Esta pesquisa se propôs investigar como surgiu e vem se constituindo o campo profissional do design brasileiro de tipos digitais. Foi estabelecido um mapeamento aberto desse processo, identificando os marcos, os agentes e as relações que os conectam na consolidação dessa área de atuação. São, inicialmente, abordadas delimitações e categorias relativas à tipografia e ao design de tipos em geral, e as particularidades desse campo frente ao paradigma das tecnologias digitais. Em seguida são abordadas as condições tecnológicas e sócioeconômicas que possibilitaram o crescimento da atividade em âmbito internacional e seu surgimento no Brasil, bem como os modos de colocação dos projetos na esfera de mercado e algumas tendências projetuais/estilísticas contemporâneas. São também indicados os eventos de promoção da atividade no Brasil a partir do início da década de 2000, bem como as principais publicações nacionais dedicadas ao assunto. São, então, apresentados os projetos identificados como mais relevantes dos designers de tipos brasileiros, a partir de meados da década de 1980 até o ano de 2009. Nessa etapa da pesquisa foram utilizadas referências bibliográficas já disponíveis sobre o assunto, bem como entrevistas realizadas com designers de tipos brasileiros. Por fim, são apontados os principais caminhos seguidos, alguns dilemas do presente e algumas perspectivas que se desenham para o futuro. / This research explores the constitution of Brazilian digital type design as a professional field, from its earliest days till the latest developments. Through an open mapping process, milestones, agents and relationships are identified as important steps in its consolidation. Initially categories related to typography and type design in general are defined, demarcating the specific characteristics of this area faced by the paradigm of digital technologies. Then follows a survey of the technological, social and economic conditions underpinning the growth of this field worldwide and particularly in Brazil, as well as ways of placing new designs on the market and some contemporary trends in style and project. Considering the Brazilian context, events promoting digital type design during the 2000 decade are listed, together with the most important Brazilian publications in this field. This is followed by an overview of Brazilian type designs from the mid-1980s through to year-end 2009, based on references in the literature, as well as interviews with Brazilian type designers. The final section indicates the main paths followed in this field, outlining current dilemmas and offering glimpses of possible future scenarios.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Esta pesquisa se propôs investigar como surgiu e vem se constituindo o campo profissional do design brasileiro de tipos digitais. Foi estabelecido um mapeamento aberto desse processo, identificando os marcos, os agentes e as relações que os conectam na consolidação dessa área de atuação. São, inicialmente, abordadas delimitações e categorias relativas à tipografia e ao design de tipos em geral, e as particularidades desse campo frente ao paradigma das tecnologias digitais. Em seguida são abordadas as condições tecnológicas e sócioeconômicas que possibilitaram o crescimento da atividade em âmbito internacional e seu surgimento no Brasil, bem como os modos de colocação dos projetos na esfera de mercado e algumas tendências projetuais/estilísticas contemporâneas. São também indicados os eventos de promoção da atividade no Brasil a partir do início da década de 2000, bem como as principais publicações nacionais dedicadas ao assunto. São, então, apresentados os projetos identificados como mais relevantes dos designers de tipos brasileiros, a partir de meados da década de 1980 até o ano de 2009. Nessa etapa da pesquisa foram utilizadas referências bibliográficas já disponíveis sobre o assunto, bem como entrevistas realizadas com designers de tipos brasileiros. Por fim, são apontados os principais caminhos seguidos, alguns dilemas do presente e algumas perspectivas que se desenham para o futuro. / This research explores the constitution of Brazilian digital type design as a professional field, from its earliest days till the latest developments. Through an open mapping process, milestones, agents and relationships are identified as important steps in its consolidation. Initially categories related to typography and type design in general are defined, demarcating the specific characteristics of this area faced by the paradigm of digital technologies. Then follows a survey of the technological, social and economic conditions underpinning the growth of this field worldwide and particularly in Brazil, as well as ways of placing new designs on the market and some contemporary trends in style and project. Considering the Brazilian context, events promoting digital type design during the 2000 decade are listed, together with the most important Brazilian publications in this field. This is followed by an overview of Brazilian type designs from the mid-1980s through to year-end 2009, based on references in the literature, as well as interviews with Brazilian type designers. The final section indicates the main paths followed in this field, outlining current dilemmas and offering glimpses of possible future scenarios.

Esta dissertação investiga os procedimentos e métodos empregados por designers de tipos para a concepção e o desenvolvimento de fontes digitais customizadas, associadas exclusivamente a sistemas de identidades visuais corporativos, explorando o potencial expressivo dessas tipografias, procurando identificar seus atributos conotativos, históricos, culturais e emocionais, assim como os possíveis significados e interpretações que estas formas podem evocar, com atenção especial para a tipografia contemporânea. Fontes digitais são elementos centrais para a consolidação de uma identidade visual, além do importante papel em muitas outras especia- lidades do design gráfico. O objetivo prático desse estudo é delinear as decisões adotadas no processo do design e da estrutura formal de seis fontes digitais personalizadas, para uso corporativo exclusivo, baseando-se em informações coletadas diretamente dos designers envolvidos, em textos publicados e análises próprias. Em um sentido mais amplo, o estudo visa colaborar com designers e contratantes de serviços de design tipográfico, sobre a necessidade de uma atenção mais ponderada no momento da escolha ou adoção dos tipos que compõem uma deter-minada identidade visual, considerando a tipografia um agente consolidador de uma identidade autêntica, por meio das qualidades formais, expressivas e conotativas dos tipos. Apesar da subjetividade nas avaliações que o tema envolve, o resultado observado é que a tipografia tem condições de carregar e transmitir a identidade de uma instituição, até mesmo nas situações em que a própria marca está ausente, assumindo o papel de transportar, juntamente com o conteúdo da mensagem, valores, comportamentos e personalidade. Neste contexto, a tipografia corporativa customizada, ou seja, aquela desenvolvida e adaptada especialmente para este fim, desempenha um importante papel, o que esta dissertação busca elucidar. / This work studies the procedures and methods used by type designers for conceiving and developing custom digital fonts used exclusively in corporate identity systems. By exploring the expressive potential of these fonts and with regard to contemporary typography, the nvestigation tried to recognize their connotative, historical, cultural and emotional attributes as well as possible meanings and interpretations these shapes may evoke. Besides playing an important role in many graphic design areas, digital fonts are key elements to corporate identities. This study\'s goal is to outline the decisions adopted in the process of designing and creating the formal structures of six custom digital corporate fonts, based on nformation from their designers, in published texts and the author\'s own analyzes. In a broader sense, the study draws attention of designers and clients who hire type design services, on the need for a more careful choice and or adoption of fonts that make up a particular corporate dentity. Thereby, the typography should be considered as an authentic agent for consolidating that identity through its formal, expressive and connotative qualities. Despite the subjectivity in the evaluation, the outcome is that the typography is able to carry and transmit the identity of a company or nstitution even when the the logo is absent. Along with the content of the message, it takes on the role of carrying the values, behavior and personality of the brand. In this sense, the customized corporate font, that s, the font specially developed or adapted for that purpose is believed to play a fundamental role which this study sought to find out.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T12:52:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao-DavidsonLimaBarros.pdf: 4509908 bytes, checksum: fdc875b41875c783f79986c67e089b7e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-03 / In recent decades Distance Education (DE) has proven an important tool to meet the needs of the information society and knowledge. For this, it has made constant use of online education to achieve more effectively a larger number of people. In this context, the aim of this study is to analyze how the graphic elements of design are being structured in the creation of E-books in Virtual Learning Environments in education distance mode in Maranhão. Therefore, it is important to recognize these elements and how they are applied, and to investigate the role of the graphic designer in interdisciplinary teams responsible for teaching materials for distance learning. To achieve this goal is adopted as a methodological procedure exploratory qualitative research, which uses the systematic literature review. From this research, it will be identified which are the professionals involved and how they are being planned and developed the graphic elements of e-books in distance education projects from the design perspective. / Nas últimas décadas a Educação a Distância (EaD) tem se mostrado uma ferramenta importante para atender as necessidades da sociedade da informação e do conhecimento. Para isso, ela tem feito uso constante da educação on-line para atingir de modo mais eficiente um número maior de pessoas. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar como os elementos gráficos do design estão sendo estruturados na criação de E-books em Ambientes Virtuais de Aprendizagem na modalidade de ensino a distância no Maranhão. Para tanto, é importante reconhecer esses elementos e de que forma são aplicados, além de investigar a participação do designer gráfico em equipes interdisciplinares responsáveis pelos materiais didáticos para EAD. Para atingir esse objetivo adota-se como procedimento metodológico a investigação qualitativa, de caráter exploratório que se utiliza da revisão sistemática da literatura. A partir dessa pesquisa, será identificado quais são os profissionais envolvidos e como estão sendo planejados e desenvolvidos os elementos gráficos dos E-books em projetos de Educação a Distância sob a perspectiva do design.