Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:10:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PriscilaBorges.pdf: 4181803 bytes, checksum: 7650ed34e8951021bd4391cdf1691911 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-10-05 / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo / Taking typography as the construction of fonts and the arrangement of letters on any support, this work pretends to show that digital typography has changed the iconic characteristic of written alphabetic languages. The principal iconic trace of ideograms and the way Chinese written signify are shown in order to explain the iconic aspects of written alphabetic languages. Different digital typography are examined through the semiotic theory of Peirce to show that digital age has expanded the visual language of written alphabetic languages making it get similar to ideogramatic system. This comparison may show how the iconicicity of written alphabetic language works in the digital age. Besides Peirce´s semiotic, the studies done by Haroldo de Campos about ideograms, which he used in his concrete poems, are fundamental for this work. The concept of hybridism made by Canclini is used to show how the visual and the verbal languages are intersected. A little bit of written history is shown with Roger Chartier, Foucault and Geoffrey Sampson. Pierre Lévy and Manual Castells are references to explain how digital age works. Questions about the motivation and the arbitrariness of the words are also discussed, because the written alphabet seems to have increased the distance between word and image, creating a conventional and mostly arbitrary verbal language. The pos-modern world tends subtract language, messages have to be understood in a short time and probably this has increased the iconicity of written language because the icon is the most simple sign. In this situation, typography has grown its iconic side. The text is not considered any more as a sequence of letters that have meaning, but also, as a picture that have important imagetic information. Understanding the process of iconicity in written language may show where present communication is going. We could conclude that the flexibility of digital language creates a new perspective for typography. Digital fonts emphasizes the iconicity of written language in many degrees. There are even fonts that don`t use the current alphabet in favor of pictures, creating a very specific text. The digital typography has provided new forms of language hybridism. Letter and image seems to have a new relation in the written language. / Considerando por tipografia a construção de fontes e a disposição das letras num suporte, pretende-se mostrar, com essa pesquisa, que línguas escritas alfabéticas têm seu caráter icônico reconfigurado por meio da tipografia digital. Para entender a iconicidade das línguas escritas alfabéticas, são levantados os principais traços de iconicidade do ideograma procurando esclarecer como se dá a criação de significado na língua escrita chinesa. À luz da teoria semiótica de Peirce, são analisadas diferentes fontes tipográficas digitais para mostrar que o ambiente digital proporcionou o crescimento da linguagem visual na língua escrita alfabética, aproximando-as do sistema ideogramático. Com essa comparação, busca-se mostrar como a iconicidade da língua escrita alfabética comporta-se no ambiente digital. Além da teoria semiótica peirceana, são fundamentais os estudos acerca do ideograma, feitos por Haroldo de Campos e utilizados na construção dos poemas concretos. Para explicar o cruzamento entre as linguagens visual e verbal, é utilizado o conceito de hibridismo de Canclini. Um pouco da história da escrita é vista com Roger Chartier, Foucault e Geoffrey Sampson. Pierre Lévy e Manuel Castells são referências para entender o funcionamento da era digital. Questões acerca da motivação ou arbitrariedade das palavras também são abordadas, pois o alfabeto parece ter distanciado ainda mais a palavra da imagem, criando uma linguagem verbal convencional e predominantemente arbitrária. O mundo pós-moderno tem mostrado uma tendência à economia de linguagem, desta forma as mensagens devem ser compreendidas no menor tempo possível, o que pode ter levado à busca da iconicidade na língua escrita, pois essa é a mais simples relação sígnica. Neste ambiente, a tipografia tem seu caráter icônico evidenciado. O texto é visto não só como uma seqüência de letras que geram um sentido, mas como uma imagem, que à sua maneira também transmite informação. Entender o processo de iconicidade da língua escrita alfabética mostra um dos caminhos para onde segue a comunicação atual. Podemos perceber que a maleabilidade da linguagem digital deu novas perspectivas à tipografia. As fontes digitais trabalham o caráter icônico da escrita em diferentes graus, chegando à criação de fontes que descartam o uso do alfabeto em favor do uso de imagens, que geram um texto escrito com uma linguagem própria. A digitalização da tipografia possibilitou novos hibridismos de linguagem. Letra e imagem parecem relacionar-se de novas maneiras na língua escrita.

Tipos móveis de metal da Funtimod: contribuições para história tipográfica brasileira A fundição de tipos móveis de metal foi uma atividade primordial para o funcionamento das artes gráficas desde seu desenvolvimento, no século 15, até meados do século 20. Entretanto, as primeiras casas fundidoras foram instaladas no Brasil apenas no começo dos anos oitocentistas - quando a técnica ainda era realizada com procedimentos manuais -, poucos anos depois da corte portuguesa ter permitido a reprodução de impressos em território nacional. Inovações tecnológicas do século 19, principalmente máquinas fundidoras e equipamentos para gravar punções e matrizes, transformaram as oficinas de fundição em indústrias. Dentro deste contexto industrial, a Funtimod, objeto de estudo desta pesquisa de doutorado, operou durante quase todo o século 20. A empresa, que pode ser considerada a maior fundição de tipos brasileira, foi fundada na cidade de São Paulo, em 1932, por uma colaboração entre os alemães Karl H. Klingspor e Josef Tscherkassky, a empresa alemã-brasileira Sociedade Técnica Bremensis e a fundição suíça Haas, que estava representando a fundição alemã D. Stempel. Com filiais em Belo Horizonte, Curitiba, Porto Alegre, Recife e Rio de Janeiro, a Funtimod serviu a indústria gráfica nos quatro cantos do País, comercializando máquinas e todo tipo de material tipográfico. Embora os tipos móveis de metal fundidos pela empresa sejam o foco desta investigação, o estudo de caso Funtimod também abordou sua trajetória histórica e a fábrica de tipos, por intermédio de coleta de dados em cinco fontes de evidência diferentes: registros, documentos, entrevistas, observações não-participantes e artefatos físicos. Desse modo, foi possível salientar a dependência de empresas alemãs para o desenvolvimento dos negócios no que tange aos produtos comercializados. Se a Funtimod estava aparelhada, nos moldes das fundições europeias, para manufaturar um tipo desde o desenho até a fundição, definitivamente, o design das faces não foi uma etapa valorizada. Grande parte dos tipos encontrados em nove catálogos da Funtimod, com repertórios tipográficos diferentes, foi identificada como sendo de origem alemã, principalmente das firmas D. Stempel e Klingspor. E, apesar de algumas faces não terem sido identificadas em outras fundições brasileiras ou estrangeiras, não foram encontradas evidências de que a Funtimod tenha lançado no Brasil alguma face com desenho original. A coleção de tipos Funtimod, por outro lado, é formada por faces representativas do começo do século 20, como Futura, Kabel, Memphis e Mondial, assim como revivals da Bodoni e Garamond. Análises comparativas dos tipos móveis de metal da Funtimod revelaram práticas singulares realizadas na fábrica de tipos brasileira. No meio de designs internacionalmente conhecidos, por exemplo, alguns caracteres, em especial os conjugados com os diacríticos til e cedilha, apresentam variações de forma, posicionamento, peso e tamanho na mesma face. As considerações desta investigação contribuem para a história tipográfica brasileira de uma forma particular, numa relação intrínseca com a Alemanha, que, sobretudo, levaram-me a questionar o quão brasileira a Funtimod realmente foi. / Type founding was one of the most important activities for the graphic arts since its beginning in the fifteenth century until the middle of twentieth century. However, the first type foundries were only installed in Brazil in the beginning of 1800s a few years after the Portuguese Court allowed printing in Brazilian lands, and when the technique was still performed with manual methods. Technical innovations developed in the nineteenth century, mainly, typecasting machines and pantograph punchcutting machines, which transformed type foundries into industries. Within this industrial context, Funtimod, the subject of this doctoral research and the largest Brazilian type foundry, operated during almost the entire twentieth century. Funtimod was founded in 1932 in São Paulo by a collaboration of two Germans (Karl H. Klingspor and Josef Tscherkassky), the German-Brazilian company Sociedade Técnica Bremensis, and the Swiss type foundry Haas. With branches in Belo Horizonte, Curitiba, Porto Alegre, Recife e Rio de Janeiro, Funtimod supplied the graphic industry across the four corners of the country, selling all kinds of typographic materials as well as machines. Although the movable metal types cast by the company were the focus of this investigation, the case study of Funtimod also explored its historic development and the factory, through data gathered from multiple sources: specimens, documents, interviews, non-participant observations, and physical artefacts. Thereby, the evidence suggests Funtimod\'s reliance on German companies for its business development in respect to the products manufactured in Brazil. Seeing that Funtimod was equipped, like European foundries, to manufacture types from the design until the casting phases, definitely, the originality of the typeface\'s design was not considered valuable by the factory. The majority of faces, which were found in nine specimens with different typographic collections, were identified as being German, especially from D. Stempel and Klingspor foundries. Moreover, although some of the faces have not been identified in other foundries, evidence was not found that Funtimod had released in Brazil any face cast with an original design. Funtimod type collection, on the other hand, is composed with representative faces from the beginning of the twentieth century, such as Futura, Kabel, Memphis, Mondial, as well as revivals of Bodoni and Garamond. Comparative analysis of movable metal types from Funtimod revealed that singular practices were performed at the Brazilian type foundry. Among internationally well-known faces, for instance, some characters, especially the ones joined with the tilde and cedilla diacritics, presented variations in form, position, weight and size. The findings of this investigation contribute to the Brazilian typographic history in a particular way, in a intrinsic relationship with Germany, that, above all, led me to question how Brazilian Funtimod really was.

Os livros destinados à leitura contínua, como romances, apresentam, em sua maioria, leiautes simples. São livros funcionais, destinados basicamente à leitura e que raramente chamam atenção para seu design. Obras simples como essas poderiam, em uma primeira análise, ser concebidas como \"invisíveis\", de acordo com os conceitos apresentados no ensaio The Crystal Goblet or Printing Should be Invisible, de Beatrice Warde, de 1930. O ideal da invisibilidade se refere ao design transparente, que não oculta o conteúdo (texto) e é baseado em etiquetas de composição que asseguram sua qualidade. Em oposição a essa abordagem \"invisível\", observa-se, tanto hoje como desde o início da produção de livros impressos, livros de literatura com uma abordagem \"visível\", isto é, que apresentam vinhetas, capitulares, ornamentações, ilustrações e até experimentos tipográficos. Esta tese, a partir de exemplos encontrados em bibliotecas especializadas em edições raras, contempla estas duas abordagens em cinco séculos do livro impresso. A pesquisa privilegia o estudo de dois momentos históricos em que essas duas abordagens são evidentes: as primeiras décadas do século XX, em que ao mesmo tempo em que se defendia o livro \"invisível\" eram produzidos diversos livros especiais e ilustrados na Europa e nos Estados Unidos, e o segundo momento, o atual, em que se observa que a maioria das obras são simples e produzidas a partir de templates e em que, como alternativa \"visível\", temos o surgimento de editoras como Cosac Naify (Brasil), Visual Editions (Inglaterra), Almadía (México) e Libros del Zorro Rojo (Argentina e Espanha), que trazem elementos visuais para seus livros. A presente pesquisa busca investigar a \"invisibilidade\" e a \"visibilidade\" no design do livro impresso de literatura (prosa), de forma a promover o debate sobre estas duas categorias e testar a hipótese de que a visibilidade dos livros contemporâneos é resultado de uma integração entre projeto gráfico e texto literário, cujo resultado são livros que apresentam tanto uma função estética quanto semântica, além da funcional, que é a da leitura. / Books intended for continuous reading as novels present mainly simple layouts. They are functional but aimed basically to reading and rarely drawing attention to its design. Simple projects like these, in a first analysis could be conceived as \"invisible\", accordingly to the concepts presented in Beatrice Warde\'s essay \"The Crystal Goblet\" or \"Printing Should Be Invisible\" from 1930. The idea of invisibility refers to the transparent design that doesn\'t hide the content (text) and it is based in composition labels that ensure quality. In opposition to this \"invisible\" approach, we see, nowadays and also in the beginning of the production of print books, literature books with a \"visible\" approach, that is, that present vignettes, capitulars, ornamentations, illustrations and also typographic experiments. This thesis, starting from examples found in specialized libraries, discuss these two approaches in five centuries of print books. The research privileges the study of two historical moments, in which these approaches are evident: The first decades of the 20th century, in which at the same time the \"invisible\" book was defended and there was also a production of many special and illustrated books in Europe and United States. The second moment, nowadays, in which we see most part of the works produced starting from templates and in which, as a \"visible\" alternative, we see the appearance of publishing houses like Cosac Naify (Brazil), Visual Editions (England), Almadía (Mexico) and Libros del Zorro Rojo (Argentina and Spain), which bring visual elements to their books. This research focuses on how to investigate the \"invisibility\" and the \"visibility\" at the design of press book literature (prose) as a way to promote the debate of these two categories and test the hypothesis that visibility in contemporary books is the result of an integration between graphic project and the literary text, what results in books that present an aesthetics function and also a semantical one, beyond the functional reading.

Le dictionnaire étymologique du français de Walther von Wartburg, le Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (FEW), est en cours d’informatisation. Ses 25 volumes, répartis sur plus de 16000 pages, sont saisis puis jalonnés de balises sémantiques XML par une série d’algorithmes afin de permettre la mise en place d’un FEW électronique et son interaction avec différentes ressources extérieures. Or, l’encodage des données saisies ainsi que leur affichage dépendent directement de polices de caractères qui soient en mesure de formater l’ensemble du contenu du FEW, notamment une série de caractères inédits utilisés pour la notation de transcriptions phonétiques.L’objet de cette thèse consiste dans l’étude de la réalisation matérielle du FEW, en particulier sa typographie, des premières publications d’articles en 1922 jusqu’à leur diffusion actuelle sous une forme uniquement numérique. L’étude s’appuie pour cela sur une analyse des évolutions de la présentation du dictionnaire en abordant ses changements, d’ordre lexicographique mais aussi technique. Cette analyse est complétée par l’observation d’une série d’autres dictionnaires dont la mise en forme typographique est remarquable. La thèse participe ainsi à mettre en évidence la manière dont le FEW est un objet lexicographique unique.Le résultat concret de la thèse correspond à la création d’une famille de caractères adaptée aux usages du FEW. Ces polices sont exploitées au sein de deux interfaces: la première accompagne les rédacteurs du FEW lors de l’élaboration de nouveaux articles, la seconde permet aux utilisateurs de consulter et d’interagir avec la base de données du FEW informatisé. Issue d’une collaboration entre linguistes, informaticiens et designers, cette thèse propose un modèle d’intégration du design typographique au sein des humanités numériques / The etymological dictionary of the French language by Walther von Wartburg, entitled Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (FEW), is being digitalized. Its 25 volumes spread over 16,000 pages are currently being typed and tagged with semantical XML language using a series of algorithms, in order to create a computerized FEW, able to interact with several external resources. However, the encoding and the display of the data requires appropriate fonts to typeset the whole dictionary, including a series of specific characters for phonetic transcriptions.The purpose of this thesis is to study the material realization of the FEW, and more specifically its typography, starting from the publication of the first articles in 1922 up to their current circulation as an exclusively digital content. The study is based on an analysis of the evolution of the dictionary's layout, taking into account lexicographical but also technical changes. This analysis is completed by a study of a selection of other dictionaries whose typesetting is remarkable. This thesis hence contributes to highlighting the extent to which the FEW is a unique lexicographic object.The concrete result of this thesis consists in a typeface family tailored to the needs of FEW users. These fonts are implemented in two interfaces: the first one is used by FEW editors to structure and write new articles, the second one enables users to consult and interact with the database of the computerized FEW.The result of a collaboration between linguists, computer scientists and designers, this thesis proposes a new model for integrating typographic design within digital humanities

Orientador: Milton Jose de Almeida / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2019-01-04T15:17:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigues_UbirajaraAlencar_M.pdf: 90714835 bytes, checksum: 3a881fbca943a7ba06c7c2e7fcb234a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Esse texto é uma introdução ao livro "Hypnerotomachia Poliphili", de autoria do dominicano Francesco Colonna, publicado em 1499 pelo editor Aldo Manuzio. É também uma introdução às técnicas da impressão xilográfica utilizadas nas ilustrações desse livro, e à história da tipografia veneziana em fins do século XV. A concepção gráfica e visual desse livro famoso são modelares e persistem até hoje / Abstract: This is an introduction to the book "Hypnerotomachia Poliphili", from dominican Francesco Colonna, and published by Aldo Manuzio, in 1499. It's also na introduction to the techniques of xylography printing used to illustrate this book, and the history of venetian typography at the end of the 15th century. The graphic tradition and visual approach of this remarkable book persist as model up to now / Mestrado / Educação, Conhecimento, Linguagem e Arte / Mestre em Educação

My dissertation, Pen and Printing-Block: William Morris and the Resurrection of Medieval Paratextuality, considers William Morris’s influence on the rise of paratextual awareness, his negotiation strategies for Victorian England’s social identity, and his rhetorical construction of an idealized past through textual artifacts. The effect of Morris’s growing social awareness on his transition from illumination to print is reframed by considering his calligraphy as paratextual experiments, based on medieval examples, in combining graphic and discursive meanings with rhetorical and social dimensions. The varied and less ambitious agendas of those printers who followed Morris’s Kelmscott Press, however, limited Morris’s legacy in the book arts. The full significance of his illuminations’ meaningful interplay between text and image, and the social intent of these innovations applications in print, has received little critical attention. The opening chapter frames Morris’s visual work in light of his philosophies and introduces the major concerns of material art, the role of history, the limits of language, and the question of meaningful labour. The second chapter surveys select predecessors of Morris’s developing conception of the Gothic, the significance of architecture as its defining form, and the irreplaceability of the physical past. The third chapter considers the role of the illuminated manuscript in Pre-Raphaelite art, tracing Morris’s calligraphic experiments chronologically while identifying medieval inspirations and examining his artistic development. These experiments led to his final collaborative manuscript, the illuminated Æneid which is the fourth chapter’s focus. The sophistication of its paratextual elements is discussed in light of its unique physicality and limitations. The fifth chapter asserts the Kelmscott Press’s role in balancing craftsmanship and aesthetic paratextual strategies with reproducible models. The Kelmscott Chaucer is the culmination of these strategies, and it is compared to the visual rhetoric of its predecessors. The final chapter compares the philosophies and calligraphic elements of major private presses that followed Kelmscott’s legacy. This evolution of aesthetic, social, and practical considerations is also identified in the work of selected Canadian printers, and a final note considers the implications of the rise of immaterial digital text (radiant textuality) for the continuation of material paratextuality’s role in the future.

My dissertation, Pen and Printing-Block: William Morris and the Resurrection of Medieval Paratextuality, considers William Morris’s influence on the rise of paratextual awareness, his negotiation strategies for Victorian England’s social identity, and his rhetorical construction of an idealized past through textual artifacts. The effect of Morris’s growing social awareness on his transition from illumination to print is reframed by considering his calligraphy as paratextual experiments, based on medieval examples, in combining graphic and discursive meanings with rhetorical and social dimensions. The varied and less ambitious agendas of those printers who followed Morris’s Kelmscott Press, however, limited Morris’s legacy in the book arts. The full significance of his illuminations’ meaningful interplay between text and image, and the social intent of these innovations applications in print, has received little critical attention. The opening chapter frames Morris’s visual work in light of his philosophies and introduces the major concerns of material art, the role of history, the limits of language, and the question of meaningful labour. The second chapter surveys select predecessors of Morris’s developing conception of the Gothic, the significance of architecture as its defining form, and the irreplaceability of the physical past. The third chapter considers the role of the illuminated manuscript in Pre-Raphaelite art, tracing Morris’s calligraphic experiments chronologically while identifying medieval inspirations and examining his artistic development. These experiments led to his final collaborative manuscript, the illuminated Æneid which is the fourth chapter’s focus. The sophistication of its paratextual elements is discussed in light of its unique physicality and limitations. The fifth chapter asserts the Kelmscott Press’s role in balancing craftsmanship and aesthetic paratextual strategies with reproducible models. The Kelmscott Chaucer is the culmination of these strategies, and it is compared to the visual rhetoric of its predecessors. The final chapter compares the philosophies and calligraphic elements of major private presses that followed Kelmscott’s legacy. This evolution of aesthetic, social, and practical considerations is also identified in the work of selected Canadian printers, and a final note considers the implications of the rise of immaterial digital text (radiant textuality) for the continuation of material paratextuality’s role in the future.

A daily newspaper’s main purpose is to inform its readers without creating noise. Theimportance of the visual presentation is therefore of weight for an effectivecommunication process. This study informs about the importance of typography inthe visual decoding process. The study includes the Swedish newspaper DagensNyheter’s transition from printed media to digital media adapted to an Ipad. It alsoincludes what changes this transition has resulted in for the communication process. The study has been conducted through a qualitative content analysis, where acomparative process of the selected medias has occurred. The theories we have beenusing in the study were mainly from a typographic point of view focusing onreadability. Other than that we have made use of theories about visual communicationand theories of the digital media's impact on society. Our study shows that the transition from printed newspaper to digital newspaperadapted to an Ipad has taken typographical aspects into consideration whenpresenting the material. The convergence between printed media and digitalizedmedia has created a basis for interaction that makes the reader involved in theprocess. The former one-way communication has been replaced with a moreinteractive two-way communication where the user is more than just a receiver.

How can you create new letterforms using sound as input? In Sound meets Type, have I studied the form generating qualities of sound as input for a new typography. Through history the technological development has provoked new approaches to type design, which in turn has evolved letterforms. By using generative systems to search for letterforms in a contemporary and technological context, I have created a customized software that uses the data inherent in sound as a form generator for possible new letterforms. The software is developed by using a language called Javascript.  The thesis consist of a written part and a creative part. The creative part is documented within this thesis.

My dissertation, Pen and Printing-Block: William Morris and the Resurrection of Medieval Paratextuality, considers William Morris’s influence on the rise of paratextual awareness, his negotiation strategies for Victorian England’s social identity, and his rhetorical construction of an idealized past through textual artifacts. The effect of Morris’s growing social awareness on his transition from illumination to print is reframed by considering his calligraphy as paratextual experiments, based on medieval examples, in combining graphic and discursive meanings with rhetorical and social dimensions. The varied and less ambitious agendas of those printers who followed Morris’s Kelmscott Press, however, limited Morris’s legacy in the book arts. The full significance of his illuminations’ meaningful interplay between text and image, and the social intent of these innovations applications in print, has received little critical attention. The opening chapter frames Morris’s visual work in light of his philosophies and introduces the major concerns of material art, the role of history, the limits of language, and the question of meaningful labour. The second chapter surveys select predecessors of Morris’s developing conception of the Gothic, the significance of architecture as its defining form, and the irreplaceability of the physical past. The third chapter considers the role of the illuminated manuscript in Pre-Raphaelite art, tracing Morris’s calligraphic experiments chronologically while identifying medieval inspirations and examining his artistic development. These experiments led to his final collaborative manuscript, the illuminated Æneid which is the fourth chapter’s focus. The sophistication of its paratextual elements is discussed in light of its unique physicality and limitations. The fifth chapter asserts the Kelmscott Press’s role in balancing craftsmanship and aesthetic paratextual strategies with reproducible models. The Kelmscott Chaucer is the culmination of these strategies, and it is compared to the visual rhetoric of its predecessors. The final chapter compares the philosophies and calligraphic elements of major private presses that followed Kelmscott’s legacy. This evolution of aesthetic, social, and practical considerations is also identified in the work of selected Canadian printers, and a final note considers the implications of the rise of immaterial digital text (radiant textuality) for the continuation of material paratextuality’s role in the future.