This paper addresses the question about what role typography plays in the interpretation of a text. From three different handbooks in typography arguments are gathered and categorized in to three categories: roman types, san serif and others. Interviews with people from the graphic design area are also a part of the paper and are accounted for in the discussion part of the paper. Areas of theory are a broad hermeneutic view based on Hans-Georg Gadamers thoughts, which have sub categories such as: Michel Foucault’s theory about discourses, John Swales genre theory and Anders Björkvall’s thoughts on typography and multi-modal texts. The result of the paper is that all typography, even the one often called the invisible typography, is interpreted by the reader who gathers it’s pre-knowledge from genre, history, culture and discourses. This means that typography plays an important role in the interpretation of a text. Key words: typography, interpretation, hermeneutic, Hans- Georg Gadamer, discourse, Michel Foucault, genre analysis, John Swales, Multi- modal, Anders Björkvall, semiotic. / Denna uppsats behandlar frågan om vilken roll typografin spelar för tolkningen av en text. Från tre olika handböcker i typografi samlas argument in och kategoriseras i tre kategorier: antikva, sanserif och övriga. Även intervjuer med personer yrkesverksamma i det grafiska fältet genomförs och redovisas sedan i diskussionen. Teoretisk utgångspunkt hämtas från Hans-Georg Gadamers tankar om hermeneutik, på vilken följande underkategorier av teorier följer: Michel Foucaults diskursteori, John Swales genreteori och Anders Björkvalls tankar om typografi och multimodala texter. Resultatet pekar mot att all typografi, även den som ofta kallas för den osynliga typografin, tolkas av mottagaren som i sin tur samlat sina förkunskaper från genre, historia, kultur och diskurs. Detta innebär att typografi spelar en viktig roll i tolkningen av en text. Nyckelord: typografi, tolkning, hermeneutik, Hans-Georg Gadamer, diskurs, Michel Foucault, genreanalys, Johan Swales, multimodalitet, Anders Björkvall, semiotik.

Successivement veuve de Berthold Rembolt et de Claude Chevallon, Charlotte Guillard hérite en 1537 du plus ancien atelier typographique français, le Soleil d'Or, dont elle conduit l'activité durant près de vingt années. Sous sa direction, l'atelier parvient à accaparer deux marchés spécifiques : textes de droit savant et ouvrages des Pères de l'Église. La thèse vise à interroger les conditions de réalisation de ce programme éditorial. On y présente les modalités matérielles de production et de commercialisation des ouvrages. On met ainsi en évidence la forte implication de la parentèle de Charlotte Guillard à tous les niveaux de la chaîne éditoriale, et la coexistence de réseaux de collaborateurs qui, en dépit de motivations intellectuelles et idéologiques parfois divergentes, parviennent à faire œuvre commune. À travers une enquête mobilisant à la fois les sources archivistiques, l'analyse matérielle des ouvrages imprimés et la lecture des préfaces et épîtres liminaires, la monographie permet d'écrire une histoire concrète de l'activité intellectuelle qui tienne compte des conditions idéologiques, sociales et économiques de sa mise en œuvre / Widow of Berthold Rembolt first, then of Claude Chevallon, Charlotte Guillard became in 1537 heiress of France's oldest typography workshop. With Charlotte Guillard at its head, the Soleil d'Or managed to monopolise two specific markets, the law texts and the works of the Church Fathers. The purpose of our thesis is to investigate the practical conditions which made these publications possible. It will highlight the material arrangements of the production and selling of those books, and focus at the people who stayed at Charlotte Guillard's side. This will allow us to demonstrate the importance of her relatives at every step of the process, and to show the coexistence of various networks of collaborators who manage to work on a common basis despite, at times, opposite intellectual and ideological motivations. Calling on manuscript archives, physical bibliography, and an analysis of the prefaces and liminary epistles, this monograph allows us to write a holistic history of the intellectual endeavour, taking into account all the ideological, social and economic conditions entering in its construction

Jan Tschichold (1902-1974), typographe et théoricien de la typographie, est célèbre pour la rupture qui scinde son travail en deux corpus en apparence inconciliables selon les catégories traditionnelles de l’histoire de l’art : modernisme et traditionalisme. Dans les années 1920, il est en Allemagne, l’un des défenseurs de la « Nouvelle Typographie », conception avant-gardiste de la discipline influencée notamment par le Bauhaus. Après avoir émigré en Suisse suite à l’arrivée au pouvoir des nazis, il devient à partir de la fin des années 1930, un érudit de l’histoire de l’imprimerie, replaçant la forme traditionnelle du livre au centre de ses préoccupations. Comment expliquer cette rupture ? Nous proposons de répondre à cette question en décentrant notre regard des travaux de conception de Tschichold pour s’attacher à ses pratiques de lecture et d’écriture. Cela permet d’envisager son activité comme celle d’un professionnel intégré contraint de s’adapter à la mécanisation et l’automatisation de processus de travail autrefois artisanaux, en décalage avec l’image du créateur avant-gardiste franc-tireur dont il jouit parfois. En superposant aux outils conceptuels de l’histoire de l’art, les grilles d’analyse des historiens du livre, de l’industrialisation ou des sociologues, nous tentons d’apporter de nouveaux éléments de compréhension, non seulement concernant Tschichold, mais également le courant de la Nouvelle Typographie. De manière plus générale, nos recherches questionnent les notions de « typographie » et de « typographe », ainsi que les relations qu’entretiennent typographie, design graphique et publicitaire, peinture, photographie et architecture au XXe siècle. / Jan Tschichold (1902-1974), typographer and theorist of typography, is famous for the break that divides its work into two apparently irreconcilable corpora in the traditional categories of art history: modernism and traditionalism. In the 1920s, he is in Germany, one of the “New Typography” advocates, avant-garde design discipline particularly influenced by the Bauhaus. After immigrating to Switzerland (after the Nazis came to power), he became from the late 1930s, a scholar of the history of printing, replacing the traditional form of the book at the center of its concerns. How to explain this failure? We propose to answer this question by offsetting our view of Tschichold design work to focus on practices of reading and writing. This allows considering its work like a professional forced to adapt a craft to mechanization and automation, stepping out with the legend of the avant-gardist artist who is propagated by many books on the history of graphic design. By superimposing on the conceptual tools of art history, the analysis grids of the historians of book and printing, of the industrial revolution or the tolls of sociologists, we try to bring new elements of understanding, not only for Tschicholds career, but also the “artistic” movement of the New Typography. More generally, our work questions the notions of “typography” and "typographer" and the relationship between typography, graphic and advertising design, painting, photography and architecture in the twentieth century.

Abstract Literary criticism lost its connection with textual criticism as formalist theories gained ground after the 1950s. The formalist conceptions of the autonomy of the literary work, however, have been subsequently questioned while the relationship between literary and textual criticism has remained distant. The present study searches for the historical reasons for this, and with the help of literary philosophy strives to revive the vanished relationship by demonstrating the essential signification of textual criticism to literary criticism. In the Anglo-American context the literary critics’ disinterest in textual criticism has been explained away as a vestige of New Critical literary theory. The present study brings a new interdisciplinary viewpoint to this discussion by showing that Analytic Aesthetics has had a central role in maintaining the separation of textual criticism and literary criticism. By examining prominent theories of the ontology of the literary work the study reveals a tradition of a monolithic conception of the literary work within Analytic Aesthetics that considers the literary work to have only one stable text. In this tradition different phenomena of textual variation are marginalised as inessential to the identity of the work. By the same token, textual criticism is cast out from the field of literary criticism as being aesthetically insignificant. The study criticises the monolithic tradition for its historically limited conception of the work, one that is grounded in the invention of print and the modern conception of the author. This conception does not take into account the historically and constantly changing media of production, recording and transmitting that affects the relationship between the concepts of work and text. The monolithic conception is wholly unsuitable for the thinking of the works of oral literature, medieval manuscript culture and contemporary hypertexts. Neither does it work well with printed literature. This study demonstrates how this conception of the work supports a blind faith approach to the stability of the printed text that gives a completely false impression of the historical nature of the literary work. According to this study literary criticism should be based on an aesthetic of suspicion that approaches every text with a critical attitude. The literary critic should examine the history of textual transmission of the work under study and only then determine and justify from the viewpoint of the given research frame the selection of which text versions the work’s interpretation is based on. By examining unpublished as well as published versions of Aaro Hellaakoski’s Me kaksi, the present study demonstrates in practice how taking textual variation into account produces interpretations of the work that would not otherwise be possible when working only with a single text version. / Tiivistelmä Kirjallisuudentutkimus kadotti yhteyden tekstikritiikkiin formalististen teorioiden yleistyessä 1950-luvun jälkeen. Sittemmin formalistiset käsitykset teoksen historiattomuudesta ja autonomisuudesta on kyseenalaistettu, mutta suhde tekstikritiikkiin on jäänyt etäiseksi. Käsillä olevassa tutkimuksessa etsitään historiallisia syitä tähän ja pyritään elvyttämään näiden tutkimusalojen vuorovaikutusta osoittamalla kirjallisuuden filosofian keinoin tekstikritiikin olennainen merkitys kirjallisuudentutkimukselle. Angloamerikkalaisessa kontekstissa kirjallisuudentutkijoiden välinpitämättömyyden tekstikritiikkiä kohtaan on selitetty periytyvän uuskriittisestä kirjallisuusteoriasta. Tämä tutkimus tuo keskusteluun uuden poikkitieteellisen näkökulman osoittamalla, että analyyttinen estetiikka on ollut keskeinen tekijä tekstikritiikin ja kirjallisuudentutkimuksen välisen erottelun ylläpitämisessä. Tarkastelemalla keskeisiä kirjallisen teoksen ontologian teorioita tutkimus paljastaa analyyttisessa estetiikassa vallitsevan monoliittisen teoskäsityksen tradition, jossa teoksella ajatellaan olevan vain yksi muuttumaton teksti. Tässä traditiossa erilaiset tekstuaalisen variaation ilmiöt marginalisoidaan teoksen identiteetin kannalta epäolennaisina. Samalla tekstikriittinen tutkimus rajataan pois kirjallisuudentutkimuksen alueelta esteettisesti merkityksettömänä. Tutkimus kritisoi monoliittisen tradition historiallisesti rajoittunutta teoskäsitystä, joka pohjautuu kirjapainotekniikkaan ja moderniin tekijäkäsitykseen. Tämä teoskäsitys ei huomioi teoksen historiallisesti muuttuvien tuottamisen, tallentamisen ja välittämisen välineiden vaikutusta teoksen ja tekstin suhteeseen. Monoliittinen teoskäsitys ei sovellu esimerkiksi suullisen runouden, keskiajan käsikirjoituskulttuurin tai nykyajan hypertekstien tekstuaalisuuden ajattelemiseen, muttei myöskään painetun kirjallisuuden tekstuaalisuuteen. Tutkimus osoittaa, miten tämä teoskäsitys ylläpitää sokeaa luottamusta painettuun tekstiin, joka antaa virheellisen kuvan kirjallisen teoksen historiallisesta luonteesta. Tutkimuksen mukaan kirjallisuudentutkimuksen tulisi perustua epäilyksen estetiikkaan, jossa jokaiseen tekstiin suhtaudutaan kriittisesti. Kirjallisuudentutkijan olisi selvitettävä tutkimansa teoksen tekstuaalisen transmission historia sekä määritettävä ja perusteltava tutkimusongelmansa näkökulmasta mihin teoksen tekstiversioihin hän perustaa tulkintansa. Tarkastelemalla Aaro Hellaakosken Me kaksi -runoelman julkaisemattomia ja julkaistuja versioita tutkimuksessa osoitetaan käytännössä, miten tekstuaalisen variaation huomioiminen tuottaa tulkintoja teoksesta, jotka eivät olisi mahdollisia yksittäisen tekstiversion pohjalta.

L’objet de cette thèse est de définir un type de poésie visuelle moderne (XXe-XXIe), que nous avons nommé la poésie graphique et qui attache une importance considérable à l’expérimentation plastique du signe graphique, qui manifeste une conscience aiguë des ressources visuelles de la graphie et entend réaliser la poésie dans la matérialité des formes de l’écriture. La poésie graphique désigne une pratique de la poésie à caractère spécifiquement graphique, qui recouvre tant une peinture du signe qu’un travail typographique de la lettre pour élaborer le poème. Cette pratique graphique et plastique du poème s’inscrit dans la continuité, mais également dans un certain renouveau des avant-gardes poétiques et artistiques du XXe siècle, notamment du surréalisme. Les logogrammes de Christian Dotremont, les poèmes-estampes et les livres d’artistes (Éditions Erta) de Roland Giguère, les recueils de signes inventés et d’encres d’Henri Michaux et la typoésie de Jérôme Peignot constituent des formes de poésie graphique. Notre étude porte donc sur des œuvres francophones, issues des domaines belge, français et québécois, produites entre 1950 et 2004. Trois caractéristiques définissent principalement la poésie graphique : l’ambiguïté et le nomadisme du signe du poème par rapport aux ordres sémiotiques — scriptural, iconique et plastique —, la présence d’un rythme et d’un lyrisme graphiques, comme modalités de l’expression du sujet dans la matière graphique, et une remise en cause de la ligne de partage entre les arts autographiques et allographiques, nécessitant de nouveaux modes de perception et de lecture du poème et du livre, soit une « iconolecture » et une « tactilecture ». / The purpose of this thesis is to define a type of modern visual poetry (20th – 21st), that we called graphic poetry. The graphic poetry focuses on a plastic and visual experimentation of the graphic sign, demonstrates an important conscience of the visual potential of the written form and tries to produce poetry in the materiality of the writing shapes. The graphic poetry refers to a practice of poem which is specifically graphic and includes a painting of the sign as a typographic work of the letter in order to produce the poem. This artistic practice of poetry follows and also renews the poetic and plastic avant-gardes of the 20th century, more particularly surrealism. Christian Dotremont’s logograms, Roland Giguère’s artists’ books (Editions Erta) and prints-poems, Henri Michaux’s anthologies of invented painted signs and Jérôme Peignot’s typoems are some forms of graphic poetry. Our study focuses on francophone works, which come from Belgian, French and Quebec fields, published between 1950 and 2004. Three characteristics mainly define the graphic poetry : the ambiguity and the nomadism of the sign in relation to the semiotic systems (graphic, iconic and plastic), graphics rhythm and lyricism, as modalities of the expression of the subject in the graphic material, and a questioning of the distinction between autographic arts and allographic arts, requiring new ways of perception and reading of the poem and the book, that we called visual-reading and touch-reading.

The subject of this diploma thesis is Corporate Design (company style), integrated visual style, one of the basic elements of Corporate Identity and its application on the real company. The goal of the theoretical part is to explain the meaning and importance of Corporate Design, one of the main means of visual communication. Within this context, thesis is elucidating connections and relationships between different concepts of integrated visual style. Thesis is describing basic constants and evolved parts of Corporate Design and clarifying principles of its creation and reasons leading to change. The practical part is concentrating on the creation of new company style for real company. The goal here is to offer integrated visual style for company ASV Nachod, Ltd. and to create graphical manual, which contains definitions of different company style's applications. The main benefit of the thesis is comprehensive view on integrated visual style, explanation of Corporate Design importance with his constituents and contexts of Corporate Identity. Other benefit lies in the proposal of new integrated visual style for company ASV Nachod, Ltd. and creation of graphical manual. Principles and processes stated are very important not only for small and middle range businesses interested in integrated visual presentation.

Det finns studier som anger rekommendationer för att designa en väl utformad restaurangmeny. Syftet med rapporten är att undersöka om pizzeriapersonal och formgivare designar digitala pizzamenyer genom medvetna val utifrån de designprinciper och designrekommendationer som finns. Undersökningen är ett kvalitativt forskningsarbete där kartläggning har använts som strategi. Datainsamlingsmetoderna som har använts är litteratursökning, visuell innehållsanalys, gruppintervjuer och semistrukturerade intervjuer för att kunna besvara frågeställningarna. Resultaten från undersökningen påvisar bland annat att pizzeriapersonalen anser att deras menydesign inte överensstämmer med varumärket. Personalen och kunderna har även olika uppfattningar om vad varumärkena står för. Trots att pizzeriornas varumärke inte stämmer överens med designen uppfyller menyerna kundernas förväntan. Slutsatserna visar bland annat att det finns gemensamma och särskiljande grafiska element. De flesta lågprispizzerior har inte ett genomtänkt varumärke samt att det inte finns en medvetenhet angående de designprinciper och designrekommendationerna hos pizzeriapersonal eller formgivare. / For the creation of restaurant menus there are studies that show which recommendations you should use to achieve a well-designed menu. The purpose of the study is to investigate whether pizzeria personnel and designers create digital pizza menus consciously from the design recommendations that exists. This study is a qualitative research work and we have used a survey as strategy. Data collection methods that have been used to answer the study questions are literature search, a visual content analysis, group interviews and semi-structured interviews. One result from the interviews showed that the pizzeria personnel thinks that their menu design does not match their brand. The pizzeria personnel and customers have different perceptions about what the brand stands for. The group interviews show that the digital menus live up to customers expectation and their experience of the low-price pizza. The conclusions show that there are common and distinctive graphical elements. Most low-price pizzerias do not have a well thought out branding, although the pizzeria personnel and designers do not have consciousness regarding the design principles and recommendations.

Il primo secolo di storia della Franciscan Printing Press, tipografia francescana nata a Gerusalemme nel Convento di San Salvatore nel 1847, è stato suddiviso in quattro fasi, corrispondenti alle quattro parti della tesi di dottorato "Comunicare la fede: il fondamentale contributo della tipografia francescana di Gerusalemme (1847-1947). Un secolo di storia". La parte iniziale (che copre il triennio 1847-1850) è dedicata alle intricate vicende che hanno portato alla fondazione della stamperia, dal ristabilimento del Commissariato Generale di Vienna fino alla pubblicazione del primo vero volume, un Catechismo in arabo ed in italiano ad uso dei fedeli di Terra Santa del 1847. La seconda sezione si concentra su un periodo enormemente innovativo (1850-1879) e, al tempo stesso, gravemente critico. Dopo una ricognizione circa i nuovi strumenti in uso nell’officina (dal torchio d’accidente a quello litografico, passando per la creazione di un laboratorio per la fusione di caratteri tipografici), sono stati analizzati i nove anni (1865- 1874) più incerti della stamperia, in cui i francescani rischiarono a più riprese di perdere il possesso dell’officina. La terza sezione racconta una fase, quella tra 1879 e 1898, più tranquilla e stabile della precedente, ma non meno ricca di avvenimenti: tanti sono stati gli sforzi, in questo tempo, per disciplinare la FPP, uniformandola alle officine europee. I dati raccolti su questo periodo consentono anche una indagine della struttura sociale-culturale della Palestina di fine Ottocento. La quarta e ultima parte documenta, in fine, un periodo decisamente più lungo dei precedenti, che ha avuto inizio nel 1899 e si è concluso dopo la Seconda Guerra Mondiale, con la nascita dello Stato d’Israele. Cinquanta anni (o quasi), segnati da grandi e gravi sconvolgimenti politici, in cui la tipografia francescana è riuscita sempre a configurarsi come istituzione pacifica e costruttiva, mai polemica. Nel ricostruire i primi cento anni di attività di una tipografia che è casa editrice e insieme opera missionaria, e che ha anche il merito di essere stata la prima a stampare in arabo in tutta la Palestina, si può facilmente scadere nel racconto agiografico, nell’estremizzazione del lato sociologico. Contro il rischio di una lettura ideologica delle fonti si è quindi operata una scelta storiografica particolare, dettata dalla volontà di far parlare in prima persona gli attori che hanno vissuto concretamente tutte le fasi della stamperia francescano-gerosolimitana nel suo primo secolo di attività. Per questo motivo, all’interno della tesi, viene dato ampio spazio a due tipi di documenti, librari e archivistici (che occupano pure un’appendice dedicata in fine di ogni sezione). Per rendere più agevole la fruizione degli argomenti trattati, che coniugano la ricerca storica secondo il proprium della storia del libro, si poi è scelto di accompagnare il testo con fotografie inedite di libri, documenti d’archivio e attrezzi di stampa originali della Franciscan Press, ritrovati (tanto fortunatamente quanto fortuitamente) in un deposito sotterraneo del Convento di San Salvatore. / The first century of history of the Franciscan Printing Press, a Franciscan printing house established in Jerusalem at St. Saviour's Convent in 1847, has been divided into four phases, corresponding to the four parts of the doctoral dissertation “Communicating the Faith: the fundamental contribution of the Franciscan Printing Press in Jerusalem (1847-1947). A Century of History”. The initial part (that covers the three-year period 1847-1850) is dedicated to the intricate events that led to the founding of the printing house, from the re-establishment of the General Commissariat in Vienna to the publication of the first volume, a Catechism in Arabic and Italian for the use of the worshippers of the Holy Land in 1847. The second section focuses on an enormously innovative and critical period (1850-1879). After a survey of new and old tools used in the typography, the section focuses on nine years (1865-1874), in which the Franciscans risked several times to lose the possession of their Franciscan Printing Press. The third section covers a less complicated period, between 1879 and 1898: many efforts were made during this time to discipline the FPP, bringing it into line with European workshops. The data collected also allow an investigation of the social-cultural structure of Palestine at the end of the Nineteenth Century. The fourth and last part is focused on a longer period, started in 1899 and ended after the Second World War, with the birth of the State of Israel. Fifty years marked by great political upheavals, in which the Franciscan printing house always managed to configure itself as a peaceful and constructive institution.

Illustration of Czech popular music sheet covers in the first half of the 20th century Abstract This diploma thesis focuses on the visual form of popular music sheet covers published in selected publishers in the first half of the 20th century, especially on small formats of the twenties to forties. Many Czech as well as several foreign artists influenced by various artistic tendencies took part in the artistic processing of the covers. The creation of a large part of them is closely connected with illustration, poster creation and advertising activities. Some artists have been creating covers systematically and we can find their work in several publishers, but for some this activity was only a short episode in their work. The resulting prints of music sheet covers obtained in the institutions that collect them are documented and evaluated here - especially the Music Department of the National Library and the Czech Museum of Music belonging to the National Museum in Prague. In some cases, this section also records the original illustrations stored in the Museum of Applied Arts in Prague, which were very helpful in identifying the artistic practices. It is clear from this diploma thesis that the illustrations of these sheet music, which have not been given space in the literature so far, are an important...

The thesis focuses on problem of authorship of the Internet content. It considers the question whether we can analyze the artwork purely as a closed structure of the symbols or whether it is necessary to take work as a broader structure. The first part of the thesis shows the Internet in general and its specifics it as a medium. The second part is devoted to the problem of authorship. It explains traditional view of Nelson Goodman, who examined the authenticity of artwork with regard to the internal arrangement of the elements structure of the object. The third part shows the later theories inconsistent with the views of Nelson Goodman, views of different contemporary authors who present the changes of authorship aspects in the environment which is under constant development, quickly sharing ideas and resources. New theories suggest to look beyond the authorship of the artwork domain, apply broader focous. The conclusion provides a synthesis of these views.