The dissertation focuses on the incentives and economic effects of gross receipts taxes (GRTs) versus corporate income taxes (CITs). Conventional wisdom holds that GRTs are very poor tax instruments; however, several states have shown renewed interest in GRTs since 2002. An interesting question to ask is why states are reconsidering GRTs in spite of all criticisms. Are GRTs really as bad as what conventional wisdom says? There is little rigorous theoretical or empirical work on GRTs. My dissertation aims to help fill this gap by providing both theoretical and empirical analysis on the comparative advantages and disadvantages of GRTs versus CITs. Essay one provides the first systematic theoretical analysis to compare and contrast the incentives and economic effects of gross receipts taxes versus corporate income taxes. Specifically, it focuses on the incentives for vertical integration in the sense of make-or-buy decisions, the effects on profit shifting between out-of-state and in-state firms, the incentives to change organizational form for tax purposes, and the incentives for cost-saving innovation under each tax system. Several results contradict conventional wisdom and deepen our understanding of GRTs. Based on Essay one, Essay two empirically tests the theoretical prediction that GRTs eliminate the distortion on organizational form choice, increasing the chance for a firm to incorporate. The analysis uses state-industry panel data from Nonemployer Statistics during the period 2002- 2008. The results show that states with a GRT have a higher share of corporate firms. Further, by replacing the CIT with a GRT, states may promote the real activity of C corporations.

This thesis consists of three independent papers, ordered chronologically with respect to when they were initiated. Empirical research has established that there are large and persistent productivity differences among firms in narrowly defined industries (Bartelsman and Doms, 2000). Other studies, in particular Bernard and Jensen (1999), have shown the existence of a causal link running from ex-ante firm productivity to export decisions. Furthermore, exposure to trade has been found to enhance growth opportunities only for some firms, reallocating market shares and resources toward the more productive ones and contributing thus to aggregate productivity growth (Clerides, Lach and Tybout, 1998; Bernard and Jensen, 2004). These findings have led to the development of new theoretical models emphasizing the interaction between firm heterogeneity and fixed market entry costs in generating international trade and inducing aggregate productivity growth. The first and third chapters of this thesis extend the framework developed by Melitz (2003) to analyze the implications of  firm heterogeneity for old and new issues in international trade. The first paper studies the effect of trade liberalization between countries that differ in their relative endowment of skilled workers when growth-promoting R&D activities are skill intensive with respect to goods production. In particular, the analysis focuses on the changes that falling trade costs induce on consumer welfare and on the number of firms active in the different markets. The third paper uses the heterogeneous firm framework to study the interaction between financial constraints and the market entry behavior of firms. It also analyzes whether the impact of trade liberalization on average firm productivity and on individual welfare is affected by the presence of credit frictions. The second chapter presents an empirical work that contributes to the recent but fast growing literature that studies how different institutions and their level of development affect countries comparative advantage. The analysis presented in this paper focuses on the role of legal and financial institution in driving the specialization in contract-intensive goods and on how the degree of institutional development interacts with the propensity of firms to vertical integrate with their suppliers. / Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, 2011

Abstract Prepainted steel is a new material developed after the year of 1960. It owns mainly advantages accompanied with corrosion resistance, long-life using, beautiful color and shape, easy utilization, and also keep the original strength of the steel. All these characteristics make it appropriate to be used on the wall, roof, and decoration of gym or any big construction and buildings. It can also be seen in the field of vehicles, many electrical appliances, computer shells, etc. Prepainted steel is the downstream product of steel enterprises. It comes manly from Galvanized steel coils, and a little portion of it from cold-rolled steel coils. There are now seven production companies in Taiwan at the annual production of 1.17 million tons. According to statistics, the local consumption of last year is 310,000 tons. It is fortunate that Mainland China has a mass need for it during these years. In 2002, Mainland china imported 1.02 million tons, and in 2003, 1.54 million tons. We need huge export to digest our production. My study case is an medium enterprise with the annual production 300,000 tons of prepainted steel, and without the production line of Galvanized steel with which prepainted steel can be done. This study mainly discusses how an enterprise construct its own competitive advantage and strategy through the outside environment analysis and management ability, then make the best choice of stragtegy which is appropriate to its business model before evaluating the strategy efficiency by theory. The first chapter is about its background and motive of the study, and contents and limits of the study are also included. The second chapter, from the theory basis of documents, try to understand the definition and relative meaning of following issues: vertical integration, strategic alliance, resources leveling and value chains¡Ketc. The third chapter of this study is about the marketing supply and demand situation of prepainted steel local and abroad, and it talks about on what kind of location that prepainted steel enterprise stands. This chapter also goes further introducing these important enterprises in Taiwan which earns prepainted steel, and make an analysis on enterprise environment and five forces analysis. The fourth chapter has an introduction of this study case and its cooperators and opponents. Moreover, a SWOT analysis of this study case is offered. Futher, there has a discussion on its strategy on competitive advantage ¡V strategic alliance, resources leveling,, value chains, vertical integration, business field¡Ketc. And a proof on the basic of the strategy and an evaluation on these strategic efficiency are made. At last, there will be a deep thinking on fast-changing environment and future strategies. We hope the ending can be used for the reference of this enterprise.

The research presented in this doctoral dissertation introduces a developmental path to realize micro coaxial transmission lines for wafer-level microwave and millimeter wave circuits. The micro coax lines conceptualized in this research are three-dimensional, with a uniquely low vertical profile of 20 mu m. They are distinguishable from other transmission line topologies due to frequency limitless, cross-talk free performance in high density circuits resulting from the totally shielded construction. Design and optimization was done using equations and electromagnetic simulations. Extensive process development has been carried out to fabricate these devices on CMOS grade silicon wafers using processes amenable to the IC manufacturing industry. Micro coax lines of three different core types including air, semi-dielectric and all-dielectric cores were designed, fabricated and analyzed from 1 - 40 GHz with respect to line impedance and the volume of polyimide (dielectric) in the micro coax cavity. The insertion loss of the lines was found to vary from 2 to 9 dB/cm depending on the width the center conductor, total cross-sectional area and core type. The versatility of the micro coax technology developed in the earlier part of this research has been successfully integrated with RF MEMS to embed a MEM varactor inside the micro coax cavity capable of achieving a capacitance ratio around 7 with an actuation voltage of 40 - 60V. The vertical integration capability of the micro coax was demonstrated by locating a millimeter wave slot antenna on the top side shield of a rectangular micro coax line, also acting as the electromagnetically coupled feed for the antenna. The antenna was designed to operate in the full range of the unlicensed 57 - 64 GHz spectrum capable of Gbps data rates. A 15 dB bandwidth of 17% and a hemispherical radiation pattern was achieved. Lastly, a diversified application involving the application of an integrated micro coax probe-microfluidic chamber approach to detect bacteria through impedance measurements has been introduced. In summary, the development and implementation of micro coax technology on a large scale is bound to create a paradigm shift in the development of high density microwave and millimeter wave circuits for RF MEMS and integrated antennas.

Essay 1: An Examination of the Efficiency, Foreclosure, and Collusion Rationales for Vertical Takeovers We investigate the efficiency, foreclosure, and collusion rationales for vertical integration using a large sample of vertical takeovers. The efficiency rationale posits that vertical integration prevents future holdup between non-integrated suppliers and customers. In contrast, the foreclosure and collusion rationales suggest that vertical integration harms competition. To distinguish between these hypotheses, we examine the wealth effects of the merging firms, acquirer rivals, target rivals, and corporate customers on announcement of vertical takeovers. Our univariate and cross-sectional results suggest that firms alter their vertical boundaries in a manner that is consistent with the efficiency rationale. Our tests do not find evidence supportive of the anti-competitive rationales for vertical integration. Essay 2: Determinants of Firm Vertical Boundaries and Implications for Internal Capital Markets In this paper, we investigate the determinants of vertical relatedness between business segments of multi-segment firms and how vertical relatedness affects the internal allocation of capital. Consistent with theory, we observe a higher degree of vertical relatedness between segments in environments likely to involve contracting problems. Further, there is a greater tendency for investments to flow towards segments with better investment opportunities as the degree of vertical relatedness between business segments in the firm increases. This indicates that internal capital markets function better in the presence of significant vertical relatedness between segments. This finding supports the Stein (1997) model, which suggests that the headquarters is able to do a better job of “winner-picking” when firms operate in related lines of businesses.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 108-120). / Also available by subscription via World Wide Web / xi, 120 leaves, bound ill. 29 cm

nÃo hà / A Sociedade em Conta de ParticipaÃÃo à um instituto experimentado, sobretudo, no segmento de construÃÃo civil. Todavia, suas aplicaÃÃes devem-se atualmente à conjugaÃÃo de negÃcios distintos, sem o enfoque tributÃrio para desoneraÃÃo tributÃria, refletindo-se, nesta pesquisa, esta viabilidade, a partir das aquisiÃÃes de bens e serviÃos, tomando-se por base os regimes de tributaÃÃo operantes entre fornecedores e adquirentes de bens e serviÃos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo demonstrar a potencial desoneraÃÃo tributÃria, mediante adoÃÃo da Sociedade em Conta de ParticipaÃÃo, prevista nos artigos 991 a 996 do CÃdigo Civil de 2002, entre empresas do segmento de telecomunicaÃÃes e seus fornecedores, com base na âquase integraÃÃo verticalâ (BLOIS, 1972), cujo elemento motivador consiste no aumento de lucro, atravÃs da mitigaÃÃo de custos de transaÃÃo e tributos, bem como atravÃs de legislaÃÃo pertinente e relacionada. A metodologia utilizada no presente trabalho consiste em uma pesquisa aplicada, qualitativa e exploratÃria, fundada em pesquisa documental, tendo como objeto o segmento de telecomunicaÃÃes nacional, sobretudo em razÃo deste segmento no Brasil, ter uma das maiores cargas tributÃrias do mundo, para tributos incidentes sobre o faturamento, que alcanÃa no Estado de RondÃnia o Ãndice de 67,08% da receita lÃquida, nÃo obstante a existÃncia de outros tributos cuja incidÃncia tem como fato gerador outros eventos econÃmicos. Conclui-se por meio do estudo, pela viabilidade de introduÃÃo da Sociedade em Conta de ParticipaÃÃo entre as empresas de telecomunicaÃÃes selecionadas e seus fornecedores para reduÃÃo da carga tributÃria nas aquisiÃÃes de bens e serviÃos e, consequente melhoria de resultados, aos valores mÃnimos e mÃximos evidenciados.

Submitted by Joana Azevedo (joanad@id.uff.br) on 2017-12-11T13:30:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Evandro La Macchia FINAL.pdf: 1170776 bytes, checksum: 3223965a754182f12b4331238d650924 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Biblioteca da Escola de Engenharia (bee@ndc.uff.br) on 2018-01-09T12:05:54Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Evandro La Macchia FINAL.pdf: 1170776 bytes, checksum: 3223965a754182f12b4331238d650924 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-09T12:05:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Evandro La Macchia FINAL.pdf: 1170776 bytes, checksum: 3223965a754182f12b4331238d650924 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-02 / Esta tese trata da questão da internacionalização da empresa de petróleo no Brasil. O tema ganha maiores dimensões nas discussões devido ao advento das descobertas nas áreas exploratórias do pré-sal. O expressivo tamanho das descobertas poderá colocar a indústria de petróleo brasileira e o seu quase único operador, a Petrobrás, na posição de grande exportador de óleo cru. O modelo exportador de matéria prima bruta não parece ser a melhor estratégia tanto para o país quanto para o maior ícone da indústria nacional de petróleo, a Petrobras.A partir de um estudo da indústria nacional de petróleo a tese formulará uma proposta de estratégia de gestão via a internacionalização verticalmente integrada para esta indústria, em particular para a grande empresa nacional. Também será feita uma análise comparativa de grandes empresas, suas estratégias e forma de operação, empresas de outras nacionalidades, de capital estatal, privado ou misto, internacionalizadas desde o seu nascimento ou em francos processos de internacionalização, onde a atuação em países diferentes das suas sedes é um objetivo estratégico. Finalmente será analisada uma iniciativa de internacionalização que foi a aquisição da empresa japonesa, NSS Nansei Sekiyu KK, pela Petrobras em 2008. A aquisição no Japão por empresa de capital latino-americano foi inédita na história daquele país. A metodologia utilizada é de uma pesquisa qualitativa. O estudo concluirá que existe uma tendência histórica da grande empresa de petróleo no uso de estratégia de internacionalização via integração vertical de suas operações e que tal estratégia poderia ser adotada pela empresa nacional, porém, em meio a tensões e dilemas de decisões influenciadas pelo político social e pelo pensamento empresarial. / This thesis addresses the issue of internationalization of companies in the oil company in Brazil. The subject analyzed gained ground in discussions of this industry, with the advent of new discoveries in the areas of exploration, the areas of presalt. A future seems to be approaching a future when new discoveries will bring the Brazilian oil industry, notably its highest representative and almost totally dominant one, Petrobras, to a position of net exporter of crude oil. The raw material export model does not seem to be the best strategy for both the country and the largest icon of the national oil industry, Petrobras. Through a study of the national oil industry, this thesis will propose a strategy of internationalization by operational vertical integration of the national industry. Analysis will also be made of other companies, strategies and mode of operation, companies from other countries, and state, private or private and state capital, internationalized since birth or going through internationalization processes, where the operations in different countries of these headquarters are the objective of their organizations. Finally one case of internationalization initiative will be studied, which was the acquisition of the Japanese company, NSS Nansei Sekiyu KK, by Petrobras in 2008. The acquisition of a company in Japan by a Latin American company was unprecedented in that country. The methodology for this theses is qualitative research. The study will conclude that there is a historical trend of the big petroleum company adopting the strategy of internationalization by vertical integration of its operations and that this strategy could be adopted by the national company.

Este trabalho desenvolve um modelo simples de ganhos de troca na presença custos de medida de atributos relevantes em uma transação econômica. Em particular, mostramos como o modelo pode ser utilizado para uma maior reflexão sobre os custos e benefícios da integração vertical, ou seja, mostramos que a integração vertical pode evitar custos de transação na forma de gastos em excesso de medida de atributos relevantes do insumo intermediário transacionado, não obstante os custos de monitoramento por parte do empresário da firma integrada. Em seguida, este trabalho desenvolve um modelo de escolha de padrões privados numa cadeia vertical, através de uma função de beneficio exclusive os custos de padronização. Finalmente, mostramos as condições em que a escolha do padrão pode ser uma variável do tipo complemento estratégico. / The present thesis develops a simple model of gains from trade when there are costs of measuring of relevant attributes in economic transactions.It´s shown how the model can be applied for the study of costs and benefits of vertical integration. In particular, it´s argued that vertical integration can avoid excessive transaction costs, in the form of costs of measure of intermediate outputs, although the costs of monitoring that the owner of the integrated firm must spend. Next, this thesis develops a model of choice of private standards in a vertical chain. Finally, it´s studied situations where the standards can be strategic complements.

Na região de Puno-Peru, existe suficiente recurso hídrico para a criação de trutas arco-íris, mas apesar do potencial não há suficiente exploração da atividade. Existem produtores agrupados dedicados empiricamente, que vêm desenvolvendo a indústria pesqueira, e para isso algumas estratégias industriais são adotadas pelos criadores, para viabilizar sustentabilidade. As estratégias industriais revisadas foram competitivas e cooperativas, de integração horizontal, de integração vertical, supply chain e economia de custos de transação. O método utilizado para desenvolver a pesquisa foi o exploratório, através do estudo de caso, envolvendo quatro empresas pertencentes a quatro agrupamentos, um de cada. Neste estudo constatou-se que os agrupamentos estão conformados por micro e pequenas empresas na sua maioria, cuja rentabilidade não é satisfatória, devido à falta de economias de escala e a escasso recurso financeiro, principalmente. Há relacionamento de parceria formal entre o produtor e o cliente atacadista nas áreas econômica, controle de qualidade e marketing, sob estrito parâmetro de responsabilidade; não há parceria formal com fornecedores de insumos, apenas relações comerciais guiadas pela cultura de responsabilidade e confiança entre os membros deste estágio. Quanto às estratégias competitivas e cooperativas, há como destaque diferenciação na pigmentação da carne e responsividade no atendimento ao cliente, sendo o mercado foco o intermediário regional e empresa exportadora. Ressalta-se a coordenação de atividades de compra e venda conjunta, ajuda mútua e empréstimos entre participantes dos agrupamentos. Foi identificado também apoio efetivo por uma organização não governamental, no processo de criação de peixes, porém falta incentivo por parte das instituições públicas. As informações coletadas permitiram contextualizar a estrutura industrial da truta nessa região. Finalmente, se propõe um modelo de estratégias de organização industrial baseado no relacionamento de agrupamentos de micro e pequenas empresas, como resultado das melhores estratégias utilizadas. Conclui-se que devem ser priorizados: relacionamentos horizontais entre os produtores, sob a filosofia de cooperação e competitividade, relacionamentos verticais com o fornecedor e cliente, em qualidade de parceiros, relacionamento com instituições públicas e privadas, como estratégias de suporte. / In the region of Puno-Peru, sufficient exists water resource for the creation of trouts rainbow, but although the potential does not have sufficient exploration of the activity. They exist empirically producing grouped dedicated, that they come developing the fishing industry, and for this some industrial strategies are adopted by the creators, to make possible support. The revised industrial strategies had been competitive and cooperative, of horizontal integration, of vertical integration, supply chain and economy of transaction costs. The used method to develop the research was the exploratory, through the case study, involving four pertaining companies four groupings, one of each. In this study it was evidenced mainly that the groupings are conformed by micron and small companies in its majority, whose yield is not satisfactory, due to lack of scale economies and the scarce financial resource. It has relationship of formal partnership between the producer and the wholesale customer in the areas economic, quality control and marketing, under strict parameter of responsibility; it does not have formal partnership with suppliers of inputs, only commercial relations guided by the responsibility culture and confidence enters the members of this period of training. How much to the competitive and cooperative strategies, it has as it has detached differentiation in the pigmentation of the meat and responsiveness in the attendance to the customer, having been the market focus the regional intermediary and exporting company. It is standed out coordination of activities of purchase and joint sales, mutual aid and loans between participants of the groupings. Effective support for a not governmental organization was also identified, in the process of creation of fish; however it lacks incentive on the part of the public institutions. As informações coletadas permitiram contextualizar a estrutura industrial da truta nessa região. Finally, if it considers a model of strategies of industrial organization based in the relationship of micron groupings and small companies, as resulted of the best used strategies. One concludes that they must be prioritized: horizontal relationships between the producers, under the philosophy of cooperation and vertical competitiveness, relationships with the supplier and customer, in quality of partners, relationship with public and private institutions, as support strategies.