Lorsqu'un solide est en contact avec un liquide, des phénomènes physico-chimiques conduisent à polariser l'interface. Deux zones de charge, de signe opposé, apparaissent à cette interface, une dans le solide et l'autre dans le liquide, formant ainsi la double couche électrique (DCE). Par rapport à la littérature existante, l’originalité de ce travail est de s’intéresser à la DCE à l’interface acier inoxydable 304L /film passif d’oxyde/ solution de NaCl (0.01M) en couplant des caractérisations électrochimiques, électriques et physiques. Une méthodologie de caractérisation par voie électrochimique en utilisant les méthodes de spectroscopie d’impédance (SIE) et de voltammétrie cyclique (CV) a été mise au point pour accéder à deux paramètres: la capacité effective et la densité surfacique de charge. Des modifications de la concentration de l'électrolyte, du potentiel appliqué et de l'état de surface ont ensuite été réalisées : la capacité effective de la DCE dépend principalement de la concentration et du potentiel et la densité surfacique de charge croît avec la concentration. Dans la gamme étudiée, la rugosité a une faible influence sur la capacité effective mesurée. Des analyses physico-chimiques de la surface ont permis de caractériser les films passifs formés sur l'acier, sans révéler de différences significatives entre les surfaces avant et après immersion. Un autre paramètre caractéristique de la DCE, la densité volumique de charge à la paroi, a été aussi déterminé par la méthode d'électrisation par écoulement du liquide. Les 3 méthodes de caractérisation (SIE, CV et électrisation) confirment l'influence de la concentration sur les caractéristiques de la DCE. / When a metal is immersed in an electrolyte, a charge distribution is created at the interface and a potential is set up across the two phases. The separation between charges give rise to what are known as electric double layers (EDL). Compared to the usual solid/liquid interfaces investigated in the literature, this study is dedicated to the EDL at the stainless steel 304L / passive film / NaCl (0.01M) interface by combining electrochemical, electrical and physical methods. First, a methodology has been set up to characterise the EDL by the electrochemical methods: Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Both the effective capacity and the surface charge density were evaluated. Then, several parameters were investigated such as the electrolyte concentration, the applied potential and the influence on the EDL of the surface preparation. The results showed that the double layer capacitance depends mainly on the concentration of the electrolyte and on the applied potential. The roughness seems to have a poor influence on the measured capacitance. Various physico-chemical analysis were performed in order to characterise the passive films formed at the surface: no significant difference could have been evidence between the surfaces before and after immersion. Finally, the volume charge density was also determined by the liquid flow electrification measurement. Whatever the characterization techniques used (EIS, CV or flow electrification), the same trend was observed with regard to the influence of the concentration on the characteristics of the EDL.

Magister Scientiae - MSc / Iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared using co-precipitation method in the presence and absence of beta-cyclodextrin β-CD). Such materials were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and chronoamperometry (CA). The TEM shows that the surface morphology has no difference between nanoparticles prepared in the presence and absence of beta-cyclodextrin β-CD), amorphous particles with high surface area and dimensions of about 100 nm by 500 nm. The amorphous states of nanoparticles are confirmed further by XRD. The ATR-FTIR analysis confirms inclusion complex between β-CD and nanoparticles. The nanoparticles synthesized were used to develop an electrochemical sensor for phenolic endocrine disruptors by modifying the surface area of glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Electrochemical characterization of the iron oxide β-CD nano-composites, studied in 0.1 M potassium chloride (KCl) using chronoamperometry,showed that the surface concentration of the adsorbed composite material was 8.5 x 10-8 mol/cm2. Sensor analysis of bisphenol A (BPA) was carried out using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) based on amperometric techniques which gave a linear range of 0.50 × 10-6 M to 50 × 10-6 M; limit of detection of 0.156 x 10-6 M and order of magnitude of linearity of 2.03. Hence, the sensor was further used to study 4-tert-octylphenol (TOP); the results showed that the sensitivity and the limit of detection were 11.31 nA L/mol and 0.249 x 10-6 M, respectively and order of magnitude of linearity of 2.00. / South Africa

Submitted by M?rden L?les (marden.inacio@ufvjm.edu.br) on 2016-07-14T23:55:27Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Bruno Regis Lyrio Ferraz.PDF: 3015137 bytes, checksum: d479e9335e2f200939b52075f9b84382 (MD5) / Rejected by Rodrigo Martins Cruz (rodrigo.cruz@ufvjm.edu.br), reason: Inserir ano em nota de tese. 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No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Bruno_Regis_Lyrio_Ferraz.PDF: 3015137 bytes, checksum: d479e9335e2f200939b52075f9b84382 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / Funda??o de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) / RESUMO Etionamida e pirazinamida s?o antibi?ticos ?teis no tratamento da tuberculose multirresistente. O presente trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento e valida??o de metodologias eletroanal?ticas para determina??o de etionamida e pirazinamida em formula??es farmac?uticas e em urina humana empregando um eletrodo de diamante dopado com boro e um eletrodo de carbono v?treo modificado comum filme de poli glicina. Durante o desenvolvimento de ambas as metodologias, a voltametria c?clica foi empregada para verificar a influ?ncia do pH, da velocidade de varredura e do eletr?lito suporte no comportamento eletroqu?mico de ambos os analitos, bem como foram calculados os n?meros de pr?tons e el?trons envolvidos em cada uma das rea??es eletroqu?micas. A voltametria de onda quadrada com os par?metros otimizados foi utilizada para construir curvas anal?ticas para a ETO e PZA. Para a ETO foi obtido um intervalo linear de 1,0 a 80,0 ?mol L?1, com LOD e LOQ iguais a 0,294 e 0,980 ?mol L?1, respectivamente. Para a PZA foi obtido um intervalo linear de 0,47 a 6,16 ?mol L?1, com LOD e LOQ iguais a 0,035 e 0,12 ?mol L?1, respectivamente. A precis?o foi avaliada pelo registro de voltamogramas no mesmo dia e em dias diferentes, obtendo-se desvios padr?es relativos, inferiores a 5,0% em ambos os m?todos. Os resultados dos estudos de interferentes mostraram que nenhuma das subst?ncias testadas interferiu de maneira significativa na determina??o de ambos os f?rmacos. Os m?todos desenvolvidos foram comparados estatisticamente com os protocolos oficiais da farmacopeia atrav?s do teste-t e do teste-F, e os resultados mostraram que os valores de t e F calculados foram menores do que os valores de t e F cr?ticos, indicando que n?o houve diferen?a estat?stica entre as m?dias. A exatid?o de ambos os m?todos foi avaliada tamb?m por estudos de adi??o e recupera??o, obtendo-se como resultados percentuais de recupera??o pr?ximos a 100% para ambos os m?todos. A valida??o das metodologias desenvolvidas foi realizada pela avalia??o dos par?metros anal?ticos como sensibilidade, seletividade, limite de detec??o, limite de quantifica??o, faixa linear, exatid?o e precis?o e os resultados obtidos foram satisfat?rios. Portanto, os m?todos desenvolvidos podem ser aplicados com sucesso na determina??o dos f?rmacos ETO e PZA em medicamentos e urina humana. / Disserta??o (Mestrado) ? Programa de P?s-gradua??o em Ci?ncias Farmac?uticas, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, 2016. / ABSTRACT Ethionamide and pyrazinamide antibiotics are useful in the treatment of multidrugresistant tuberculosis. This work describes the development and validation of electroanalytical methodologies for determination of ethionamide and pyrazinamide in pharmaceutical formulation and human urine using boron-doped diamond electrode and poly glycine modified glassy carbon electrode, respectively. During the development of both methodologies, cyclic voltammetry was used to investigate the influence of pH, scan rate and the supporting electrolyte on the electrochemical behavior of both analytes, as well as the numbers of protons and electrons involved in each of the electrochemical reactions were calculated. Square wave voltammetry with optimized parameters were used to construct standard curves for ETO and PZA. For ETO a linear range from 1.0 to 80.0 ?mol L?1 was obtained with LOD and LOQ equal to 0.294 and 0.980 ?mol L?1, respectively. For PZA a linear range from 0.47 to 6.16 ?mol L?1was obtained with LOD and LOQ equal to 0.035 and 0.12 ?mol L?1, respectively. The precision was evaluated by voltammograms record on the same day and on different days, obtaining relative standard deviation less than 5.0% in both methods. The results of interfering studies showed that none of the tested substance interferes significantly in the determination of both drugs. The developed methods were statistically compared with the pharmacopoeia official protocols through the t-test and F-test, and the results showed that the calculated t and F values were lower than the critical t and F values indicating that there was no statistical difference between the averages. The accuracy of both methods was also evaluated by addition and recovery studies, obtaining results as percentage recovery close to 100% for both methods. The validation of the developed methodologies was carried out by the evaluation of analytical parameters such as sensitivity, selectivity, detection limit, quantification limit, linear range, accuracy and precision and the obtained results were satisfactory. Therefore, the developed methods can be applied successfully in the determination of ETO and PZA drugs in pharmaceuticals and human urine.

Magister Scientiae - MSc / The toxicity of microcystin is associated with the inhibition of serine/threonine protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, which can lead to hepatocyte necrosis and haemorrhage. Analysis of microcystin is most commonly carried out using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic methods (HPLC) combined with ultra-violet (UV) detection .The ability of these techniques to identify unknown microcystin in environmental samples is also restricted by the lack of standard reference materials for the toxins. Highly specific recognition molecules such as antibodies and molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been employed in the pre-concentration of trace levels of microcystin from water and show great potential for the clean-up of complex samples for subsequent analysis. New biosensor technologies are also becoming available, with sufficient sensitivity and specificity to enable rapid ‗on-site‘ screening without the need for sample processing. In this work we constructed a Protein phosphatase biosensor for detection of microcystin-LR in aqueous medium, onto polyamic acid/graphene oxide (PAA: GO) composite electrochemically synthesised in our laboratory. The composites were synthesised at three different ratios i.e. 50:50, 80:20 and 20:80 to evaluate the effect of each component in the search to produce highly conductive mediator platforms. The electrochemistries of the three different composites were evaluated using CV and SWV to study interfacial kinetics of the materials as thin films at the glassy carbon electrode. The phosphatase biosensor parameters were evaluated using CV, SWV, EIS and Uv-vis spectroscopy. The affinity binding of the microcystin-LR to protein phosphatase 2A was investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy which is a highly sensitive method for measuring interfacial kinetics of biosensor systems.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Sulphur compounds can interfere with product quality of the wine, since they have a characteristic undesirable odor. The ethanethiol is considered an interesting compound from the electrochemical point of view, since it can become oxidized or reduced and thus, it can be studied both on polarized electrode surfaces and redox solutions. Therefore, the present work was divided in the study of reaction mechanism of ethanethiol on polarized electrode (gold electrode) and the study of the ethanethiol behavior in the redox system in solution (wine). The first part was developed by applying techniques such as cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse and atomic force microscopy. This allowed a complete characterization of ethanethiol on electrochemical gold electrode in alkaline medium with respect to its reaction mechanism, and also a large morphological characterization of the gold electrode. In the second part of the work a study about the ethanethiol influence on the antioxidant activity of compounds present in wine (resveratrol and gallic acid) and its influence in the antioxidant activity and in the concentration of phenolic compounds in wine was carried out. The wines were: Cabernet Suavignon Cabernet (2012 and 2006), Merlot (2012 and 2008), Pinot noir red and rose (2012) and Chardonnay (2011). Moreover, the electroanalytical determination of the ethanethiol (representing the class of low molecular weight thiols), inorganic sulfide and sulfite, using the stripping voltammetry and cathodic electrode mercury drop in acid medium, was carried out. / Compostos de enxofre podem interferir na qualidade do produto final do vinho, uma vez que apresentam odor indesejável característico. O etanotiol é considerado um composto interessante do ponto de vista eletroquímico, uma vez que pode se oxidar ou se reduzir podendo então ser estudado tanto em superfícies de eletrodos polarizados quanto em uma solução redox. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho foi dividido no estudo do mecanismo reacional do etanotiol em eletrodo polarizado (eletrodo de ouro) e o estudo do comportamento do etanotiol frente a sistema redox em solução (vinho). A primeira parte foi desenvolvida aplicando-se técnicas como voltametria cíclica, de pulso diferencial e microscopia de força atômica. Isto possibilitou obter uma completa caracterização eletroquímica do etanotiol no eletrodo de ouro em meio alcalino, no que se refere ao mecanismo reacional do mesmo, e também uma ampla caracterização morfológica do eletrodo de ouro. Na segunda parte do trabalho realizou-se o estudo da influência do etanotiol na atividade antioxidante de compostos presentes no vinho (resveratrol e ácido gálico), assim como sua influência na atividade antioxidante e na concentração de fenóis totais no vinho. Os vinhos estudados foram: Cabernet Suavignon safras 2012 e 2006, Merlot safras 2012 e 2008, Pinot noir tinto e rose safra 2012, Chardonnay safra 2011. Além disso, realizou-se a determinação eletroanalítica de etanotiol (representando a classe de tióis de baixo peso molecular), sulfeto inorgânico e sulfito, utilizando-se a voltametria de redissolução catódica e eletrodo de mercúrio de gota pendente em meio ácido.

Os setores sul e norte do complexo estuarino lagunar de Cananéia-Iguape, sujeitos a diferentes pressões antrópicas, foram estudados quanto às características hidrológicas e hidroquímicas das águas de superfície e fundo, com ênfase às concentrações de zinco, cádmio e chumbo dissolvidos. A amostragem contou com coletas espaciais e temporais, em dois períodos sazonais (outono e primavera) de 2007. Os metais estudados foram: o zinco, devido ação tóxica ou como micronutriente, dependendo de sua concentração, o cádmio e o chumbo, considerados sem função biológica positiva conhecida e com alto grau de toxicidade para a biota. A metodologia utilizada na determinação da concentração dos metais traço foi a voltametria por redissolução anódica. No setor sul, a variação da salinidade foi característica de um sistema estuarino não impactado. Os teores dos metais traço encontrados sofreram variação entre 0,040 e 0,509 ?g L-1 para o zinco, 0,001 e 0,024 ?g L-1 para o cádmio e entre 0, 030 e 0,175 ?g L-1 para o chumbo. No setor norte, a variação salinidade mostrou forte influência de água doce. O zinco sofreu variação entre 0,097 e 0,257 ?g L-1, o cádmio entre 0,004 e 0,024 ?g L-1 e o chumbo 0,033 e 0,259 ?g L-1. Nos dois setores, as concentrações dos metais traço estiveram sempre abaixo dos limites propostos pela legislação ambiental brasileira (CONAMA) e norte-americana (EPAUSA). O presente estudo mostrou um maior do impacto antrópico na região norte, com potencial de exportação para o setor sul e plataforma. As maiores concentrações dos metais traço estudados ocorreram nas águas de fundo, mais próximas à interface com o sedimento. O setor sul, sujeito a uma variação da salinidade mais definida, mostrou maior potencial para a remobilização dos metais traço para a coluna de água com o movimento de maré. O estudo dos ciclos biogeoquímicos dos metais traço deve ser incentivado no monitoramento ambiental da região. / The south and north regions of Cananeia-Iguape estuarine-lagoon system submitted to different anthropic pressures were studied to evaluate their hydrological and hydrochemical characteristics mainly considering the concentrations of dissolved zinc, cadmium and lead. The sampling included spatial and temporal samples obtained in two seasons (autumn and spring) of 2007. The metals studied were zinc as a toxic agent and micronutrient depending on the concentration and cadmium and lead with no biological positive relevance and high toxicity to the biota. The methodology used in the trace metals determination was anodic stripping voltammetry. In the south portion the salinity variation was characteristic of non-impacted estuaries. The zinc concentrations ranged from 0,040 to 0,509 ?g L-1. The cadmium ranged from 0,001 to 0,024 ?g L-1. The lead content ranged from 0,030 to 0,175 ?g L-1. In the north portion, the salinity variation showed high influence of fresh water. The zinc concentrations ranged from 0,097 to 0,257 ?g L-1. The cadmium concentrations ranged from 0,004 to 0,024 ?g L-1. The lead values ranged from 0,033 to 0,259 ?g L-1. The concentration of trace metals on both portions were below the limits proposed by the Brazilian environmental law (CONAMA) and North American (EPAUSA) legislation. The present study revealed higher anthropic impact in the north region with exporting potential to the south and to the continental shelf. Higher trace metals concentrations were observed in the bottom waters near to the sediment interface. The south region, submitted to most defined tide movements, showed an important potential for trace metals remobilization to the water column. The trace metals biogeochemistry cycles study should be enhanced for better environmental monitoring.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-05-11T12:53:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 6105657 bytes, checksum: 8404a0fcb54e3893c95fdfb017f0ac96 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-11T12:53:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 6105657 bytes, checksum: 8404a0fcb54e3893c95fdfb017f0ac96 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-26 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Triclocarban (TCC) is a bactericide and fungicide widely used in personal care products, while carbendazim (MBC) is a fungicide widely used in cereal crops and a variety of fruits and vegetables, both are considered environmental contaminants. In this paper, propose the study of oxidation and determination of TCC using glassy carbon electrode (ECV) and the use of a carbon paste electrode modified with carbon nanotubes functionalized multi walled (EPC-NTCPMF) to determine MBC. Electrochemical detection of TCC and MBC was studied using different voltammetric techniques on a wide range of pH and the determination was performed on samples of soaps, only the TCC and drinking water at low concentrations, for both contaminants. For TCC, various oxidation processes were observed, however the peak P1 had greater sensitivity and selectivity in acetate buffer, pH 5.4 and was therefore used for the development of voltammetric methods, direct VOQ and adsorptive stripping voltammetry. For adsorptive stripping voltammetry, the linear response range was from 1.8 to 21 × 10-9 mol L-1 with a detection limit (LD) of 3.2 × 10-10 mol L-1, 1,000 times smaller than the LD obtained by direct VOQ. The method of adsorptive stripping voltammetry showed satisfactory levels of repeatability, 4.1% and reproducibility, 5.4% and was applied to determine TCC in soaps samples and an average recovery of 95.3% and drinking water with an average recovery apparent 95.4%. The MBC peaked main oxidation, almost reversible; the better sensitivity was achieved in H2SO4, pH 1.0 on the EPC-NTCPMF using VOQ. The linear response range is between 3 and 150 × 10-10 mol L-1 to LD 1.1 × 10-11 mol L-1. The method developed showed acceptable levels of repeatability, 4.6% and reproducibility, 6.2% and was applied for MBC determination in drinking water samples obtained average apparent recovery of 95.6%. The results obtained in the development of methods for determination of TCC and MBC showed excellent applicability for the studied samples, in addition to having advantages such as low cost instrumentation, analytical fast response, high sensitivity and selectivity. / Triclocarban (TCC) é um bactericida e fungicida amplamente utilizado em produtos de higiene pessoal, enquanto que o carbendazim (MBC) é um fungicida muito utilizado em culturas de cereais e numa grande variedade de frutas e vegetais, e ambos são considerados contaminantes ambientais. Nesse trabalho, propõe-se o estudo da oxidação e determinação do TCC utilizando eletrodo de carbono vítreo (ECV) e o uso de um eletrodo de pasta de carbono modificado com nanotubos de carbono de múltiplas paredes funcionalizado (EPC-NTCPMF) para determinação de MBC. A detecção eletroquímica de TCC e MBC foi estudada utilizando diferentes técnicas voltamétricas sobre uma ampla faixa de pH e a determinação foi realizada em amostras de sabonetes para TCC e em água potável em baixas concentrações para os dois contaminantes. Para TCC, foram observados seis processos de oxidação, entretanto, o processo correspondente ao pico P1 apresentou maior sensibilidade e seletividade em tampão acetato pH 5,4, portanto, foi utilizado para o desenvolvimento das metodologias voltamétricas, VOQ direta e VOQ com redissolução adsortiva. Para a VOQ com redissolução adsortiva, a faixa de resposta linear foi de 1,8 a 21 × 10-9 mol L-1 com limite de detecção (LD) de 3,2 × 10-10 mol L-1, 1.000 vezes menor do que o LD obtido por VOQ direta. O método de redissolução adsortiva apresentou níveis satisfatórios de repetibilidade, 4,1% e reprodutibilidade, 5,4% e foi aplicado para determinação de TCC em amostras de sabonetes, obtendo uma recuperação média de 95,3% e água potável com uma média de recuperação aparente de 95,4%. O MBC apresentou um pico de oxidação principal, quase reversível e a maior sensibilidade foi alcançada em H2SO4, pH 1,0, sobre o EPC-NTCPMF, utilizando VOQ. A faixa de resposta linear está entre 3 e 150 × 10-10 mol L-1 com LD de 1,1 × 10-11 mol L-1. O método desenvolvido apresentou níveis satisfatórios de repetibilidade, 4,6% e reprodutibilidade, 6,2% e foi aplicado para determinação de MBC em amostras de água potável, obtendo-se valor médio de recuperação aparente de 95,6%. Os resultados obtidos no desenvolvimento dos métodos para determinação de TCC e MBC demonstraram excelente aplicabilidade para as amostras estudadas, além de apresentarem vantagens como instrumentação de baixo custo, rápida resposta analítica, elevada sensibilidade e seletividade.

Le domaine de la bioénérgétique traîte de la circulation et de la transformation de l’énergie dans et entre des organismes et leur environnement. Dans ce manuscrit de thèse, la respiration cellulaire et plus particulièrement la première enzyme de la chaîne respiratoire, la NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (Complexe I) ont été étudiées, dans l’objectif de clarifier sa fonction et son implication dans certaines maladies. Dans une première partie, la création d’une sonde impliquant l’enzyme immobilisée de façon biomimétique est décrite. La caractérisation de ce système est effectuée via spectroscopie infrarouge par exaltation de surface (SEIRAS) couplée à de l’électrochimie. Sa réponse à l’ajout de substrats et d’inhibiteurs est ensuite présentée. Dans une seconde partie, l’interaction du Complexe I avec des lipides et des inhibiteurs (Zn2+ et NADH-OH) ainsi que le rôle d’une Tyrosine située au site de fixation du NADH ont été étudiés par spectroscopies IR et UV-Vis différentielles induites par électrochimie. L’exploration des résultats obtenus sous un angle structural a finalement permis de proposer un modèle pour le mécanisme de couplage entre la réduction d’ubiquinone et le pompage de protons par le Complexe I. / The field of bioenergetics deals with the flow and transformation of energy within and between living organisms and their environment. The work presented in this thesis report focuses on cellular respiration and more specifically on the first enzyme of the respiratory chain, NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (Complex I). This was done to clarify details about its function and its implication in disease. First, the creation of a sensor involving the biomimetically immobilized enzyme is presented and probed through a combination of surface enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS) and electrochemistry. This sensor is then tested against different substrates and inhibitors. In a second part, the interaction of Complex I with lipids, inhibitors (Zn2+ and NADH-OH) and the role of a Tyrosine residue situated in the NADH binding pocket are investigated through electrochemically induced UV-Vis and FTIR difference spectroscopies. The results gathered through these experiments are then explored under a structural perspective and a coupling mechanism between quinone reduction and proton translocation by Complex I is proposed.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:11:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Nusia Luisa Barbosa.pdf: 2056559 bytes, checksum: f824e285e4418fd90c2ef8f911077cde (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-28 / Parabens are antimicrobial preservatives widely used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. The alkyl side chain connected to the ester group defines some important physicochemical characteristics of these compounds, including the partitioning coefficient and redox properties. The voltammetry and computational analysis were carried out in order to evaluate the redox behavior of these compounds and other phenolic analogues. Correlations between chemical substituents inductive effects of parabens with potential shifts were observed. Using cyclic voltammetry and glassy carbon working electrode, in aqueous, only one single irreversible anodic peak was observed around 0.8 V for methylparaben (MP), etylparaben (EP), propylparaben (PP), butylparaben (BP), benzylparaben (BzP) and phenolic analogues. The positive inductive effect of alkyl groups was demonstrated by the anodic oxidation potential shift to lower values as the carbon number increases and, therefore the parabens (and other phenolic analogues) oxidation processes to the quinoninic forms showed great dependence of substituent pattern. It was further evaluated the influence of pH and composition of supporting electrolyte in voltammetric profile of parabens. / Os parabenos são conservantes antimicrobianos amplamente utilizados na indústria farmacêutica, cosmética e alimentícia. A cadeia alquílica, ligada ao grupo éster, define algumas características físico-químicas destes compostos, incluindo coeficiente de partição e propriedades redox. A voltametria e a análise computacional foram realizadas a fim de avaliar o comportamento redox desses compostos fenólicos e de outros análogos. Correlações entre as alterações de potenciais e os efeitos indutivos dos substituintes químicos dos parabenos foi observada. Usando voltametria cíclica e eletrodo de trabalho de carbono vítreo, em meio aquoso, apenas um único e irreversível pico anódico foi observado em torno de 0,8 V para metilparabeno (MP), etilparabeno (EP), propilparabeno (PP), butilparabeno (BP), benzilparabeno (BzP) e análogos fenólicos. O efeito indutivo positivo de grupos alquila foi demonstrado pela mudança do potencial de oxidação para valores mais baixos conforme o aumento do número de carbonos e, portanto, o processo de oxidação dos parabenos (e outros análogos fenólicos) às formas quinonínicas mostrou grande dependência do padrão de substituição. Foi também avaliada a influência do pH e da composição do eletrólito suporte no perfil voltamétrico dos parabenos.

Neste trabalho foram desenvolvidos e avaliados sistemas integrados de fotodegradação de material orgânico precedendo a determinação voltamétrica, em batch e em fluxo, de metais pesados em níveis de traço, em amostras de água e outras matrizes. Em particular, pela primeira vez, foi proposto, para a abertura das amostras, o método da degradação fotocatalítica mediada por TiO2 (Degussa P-25, via de regra 0,1% em peso) em suspensão. O quelato Cd(II)-EDTA atuou como sistema modelo nesta investigação baseada na recuperação do sinal voltamétrico do metal, inicialmente suprimido, através da parcial ou total destruição do ligante orgânico. Mostrou-se que a degradação fotocatalítica permite acelerar significativamente o processo, especialmente na presença de scavengers de elétrons, como O2 e a temperaturas acima da ambiente. Além disso, o maior aproveitamento da região próxima ao visível do espectro de emissão das lâmpadas, proporciona uma serie de vantagens práticas, como o uso de bobinas de PTFE, no lugar das de quartzo, para a exposição das amostras à radiação ou o emprego de lâmpadas de fluorescência no lugar das de vapor de mercúrio. Observou-se que a presença de partículas de TiO2 não afeta significativamente o sinal polarográfico (NPP) e voltamétrico (ASV) do Cd(II), apesar da deposição de certa quantidade deste óxido na superficie do eletrodo, ocasionando redução na sobretensão de H2 em meio ácido. Para metais com potencial redox menor que o Cd(II), a troca de eletrólito (em fluxo) representa uma elegante solução para contornar o problema. Já, fenômenos de adsorção do analito na superfície do TiO2, observado com Pb(II) mas não com Cd(II), puderam ser prevenidos no caso do Pb(II) com o uso de eletrólitos com pH<2. Examinou-se amplamente a operação em fluxo monosegmentado (MSFA), em sistemas integrados de injeção, fotodigestão, remoção de bolhas, desoxigenação, pré-concentração na superfície do EGPM e determinação, após eventual troca do eletrólito até níveis de Cd(II) da ordem de &#181;g L-1 e excessos de EDTA de até 1:500. Em particular, avaliou-se sistematicamente o uso de adaptadores FIA-EGPM. Estes estudos serviram de base para a idealização e a montagem de um sistema mecanizado prático e compacto, com operação de rotina controlado por software. Aplicações iniciais a alguns tipos de amostras ou matrizes reais (enriquecidas com padrão de Cd(II) e outros metais) que se seguiram ao aprofundado estudo do sistema modelo demonstraram a potencialidade da técnica, que passa a constituir atraente alternativa a ser considerada num leque de aplicações reais. / The present work aimed to develop and assess integrated devices for the photodegradation of organic matter prior to the voltammetric determination of trace heavy metals in water samples as well as in other matrixes, in batch and flowing systems. In particular, for the first time, for the sample digestion step a TiO2-mediated photocatalytic degradation method is proposed. This is based on the use of suspensions of Degussa P-25 TiO2, usually 0.1% w/w in the samples to be treated. The chelate Cd(II)-EDTA acted as a model system in investigations in which the voltammetric signal, suppressed at first, was recovered upon partial or total destruction of the organic ligand. Significant process enhancement speed is obtained with the photocatalytic degradation, especially in the presence of electron scavengers, such as dissolved O2, and at temperature above ambient values. In addition to this, thanks to this UV-TiO2-mediated method, it is possible not only to make use of a broader portion of the radiation but also to benefit from other advantages, such as the use of PTFE rather than quartz for the manufacture of the reactor coil and the utilisation of fluorescent lamps instead of mercury ones. It was observed that the presence of colloidal particles of TiO2 does not significantly affect the polarographic (NPP) nor the voltammetric (ASV) Cd(II) signal, even if a small amount is deposited onto the electrode surface. This causes the reduction of the H2 overvoltage in acidic medium. For metals with redox potential lower than cadmium\'s, the electrolyte exchange under flowing conditions represents an elegant way to overcome the problem. Phenomena of analyte adsorption on TiO2, observed for Pb(II) but not for Cd(II), were prevented in the case of Pb(II) bu operating at pH lower than 2. Monosegmented Flow Analysis systems (MSFA), integrating the injection, photodigestion, bubbles removal, degassing, preconcentration on the HMDE, determination and electrolyte exchange (as needed) steps, were thoroughly examined for Cd(II) levels of as little as few &#181;g L-1 in the presence of EDTA 1:500 (w/w). More notably, a number of FIA-MDE adaptors were systematically assessed. The investigations resulted in the design and construction of a practical and compact mechanised system, controlled by software, for routine analysis. Some applications on real samples or spiked real matrixes have shown the potentials of the technique which seems to represent an attractive alternative for a wider range of real applications.