Balancing water demand and supply in South Africa involves high levels of uncertainty. The Department of Water and Sanitation (DWS) is responsible for making decisions to either increase water supply or decrease water demand so as to ensure that sufficient water is available, when and where it is needed. However, no retrospective analyses of such decisions have been found. One way to assess such decisions is to evaluate the associated costs and benefits thereof. Therefore the primary aim of this study is to evaluate the costs and benefits of selected water supply options, and of the decision-making associated with those options. In order to achieve this purpose, four case studies were analysed within a mixed-methods research paradigm, which used both quantitative and qualitative methods, including unit reference value (URV) analysis, inter- and intra-case analysis and content analysis to examine the success of the decisions made. The four case studies were conducted on the Inyaka, Nandoni, Berg and De Hoop dams and their catchments. Firstly, estimated and actual project costs were compared using unit reference analysis and inter-case analyses. Secondly, the reduction of mean annual runoff (MAR) caused by invasive alien plants (IAPs) and the cost of clearing them in the dam catchments were evaluated using inter-case analyses. Information thus gathered was used together with data from DWS documentation and the results of interviews with ten key specialists, to analyse the decision-making process that led to the decision to build De Hoop Dam (the most recent case study). The rational decision-making model (RDMM) was used as a framework within which to analyse and evaluate this decision-making process. This study has also demonstrated how the RDMM can be used to assess decision-making associated with water supply development. The results of this study show that there is considerable variation of estimated costs (at the time that the decision to build the dam was taken) in relation to the actual costs of building the dams and that Ministers were not put in a position to understand the full long-term costs or the opportunity costs of the proposed dams. Furthermore, the most recent IAP data (2008) shows that the impact on water security by IAPs could not offset the water security resulting from building each of the four dams. However, if IAP management is not continued in these catchments, the projected reduction of MAR by IAPs will compromise water security within 45 years. Given the almost exponential spread and densification of IAPs, together with their long-term impact on MAR and increased costs of controlling them, it is clear that IAP management should have been factored into water supply decision-making from the outset. In the analysis of the decision to build the De Hoop Dam, the results show that while the decision-making process that culminated in the decision to build the dam did not follow the steps of the RDMM, DWS appears to have followed a somewhat similar approach. It was found that while there was a need for the provision of additional water in the Olifants catchment, this need was overstated and the resulting overestimation caused the scale and size of the dam to be larger than it could and probably should have been. Additionally, it appears that DWS‘s decision to build the De Hoop Dam themselves, rather than having it built by the private sector, may have been less than optimal. It is recommended that, in future decision-making, DWS needs to incorporate multiple alternative options into the same solution, and to ensure that decision-makers are put into a position to make informed decisions, including adequate consideration of externalities. Furthermore, DWS needs to employ decision-making models such as the RDMM to facilitate retrospective analyses to improve their institutional knowledge. Keywords: water resources management, dams, invasive alien plants, decision-making, unit reference values, rational decision-making model.

With the current implementation of the South African National Water Act (NWA) underway, comprehensive tools to assist in the efficient, fair and sustainable management of water resources are needed. Water footprints (WFs) are increasingly being recognised as a meaningful way to represent human appropriation of water resources and provide a framework for assessing the sustainability of water use. The study calculated blue, green and grey WFs for the lower Sundays River Valley (LSRV) citrus sector across dry, humid and long-term average climates for a number of cultivars. The sustainability of both the LSRV and the production process of citrus were examined through the adoption of a number of environmental, social and economic indicators. The study revealed that there was no water scarcity in the area because of an inter-basin transfer and that water pollution levels attributed to citrus production required a more comprehensive indicator than the grey WF. Results showed that navels, despite being the dominant cultivar, had the highest WF and the lowest water productivity and technical efficiency. It also provided lower benefits of income and employment in terms of water use in comparison to other cultivars. Conversely, cultivars such as lemons, which required a greater amount of water and fertiliser, were the most productive cultivar with the lowest blue, green and grey WF. The study demonstrated the complexity of decisions regarding water management and the need to assess accurately the environmental, social and economic implications of strategies to increase efficiency of water. The importance of incorporating local data and verifying WFs was also illustrated. The analysis highlighted that WF assessments could be useful for the South African government and agricultural sectors to assist in future water management decisions and promote increased collaboration between stakeholders. The study found that the adoption of local benchmarks could be useful in aiding the promotion of more efficient water use and could factor in sensitive economic and social attributes. WFs in conjunction with other economic and social indicators could also be used to evaluate the sustainability of current and future allocations pertaining to the implementation of the NWA. It was however noted that this requires vast amounts of accurate data.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T17:57:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcos Holanda_Diss.pdf: 1903157 bytes, checksum: 12aff14850e97e4c1b0c835c68b68342 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-04-25 / Brazil: a water country. This thought could take the people to forget about water conservation. Although Brazil has big watersheds, it also has regions that present serious water supply crisis. The amazon region, with only 5% of brazilian population, stores 80% of water volume of all national territory, while greater part of the population is concentrated in the big cities, needing, at times, a higher volume of water. The individual measurement in residential buildings is one of the most important ways to prevent water lavishness, also to control and to reduce the water consumption. This work tries to show the individual measurement of water as a fair system of price, which permits the control and the reduction on the water consumption. In the firs part, three buildings that had changed from global measurement system to individual measurement system were studied. By these cases, it was possible to show, in the buildings, the distribution of the apartments in classes of consumption, the percentage reduction and the economic feasibility to perform the modification in the measurement system. The second part of this work was to follow a telemetric measurement system in a residential building with individual water meters. The telemetric measurement allowed to know the profile of each consumer, individually, as an important way to plan actions to control and to reduce the water consumption. / Brasil, país das águas. Este é um pensamento que pode levar a uma despreocupação quanto à conservação da água. Sim, o Brasil possui grandes bacias hidrográficas, mas, por outro lado, possui também regiões que apresentam graves crises de abastecimento. A região amazônica, com apenas 5% da população brasileira, armazena 80% do volume de água de todo o território nacional, enquanto grande parte da população concentra-se nas grandes cidades, exigindo um volume de água cada vez maior. A medição individualizada em edifícios residenciais apresenta-se como um dos meios importantes para combater o desperdício, controlar e reduzir o consumo de água. Este trabalho procura mostrar a medição individualizada como um sistema justo que permite o controle e a redução de água. Numa primeira etapa, foram estudados três edifícios que sofreram reforma, passando do sistema com medição global para o sistema com medição individualizada. Através destes três estudos de casos, foi possível mostrar a distribuição dos apartamentos em classes de consumo, a redução percentual do consumo do edifício e a viabilidade econômica para a execução da reforma. A segunda etapa deste trabalho, compreendeu o acompanhamento da medição por telemetria, associada à medição individualizada, em um edifício residencial. A medição por telemetria permitiu o traçado do perfil de cada consumidor, individualmente, funcionando como uma ferramenta importante para o planejamento de ações que visem ao controle e a redução do consumo de água.

El enfoque experimental es el corazón de algunos de los desarrollos más interesantes de la economía. Básicamente, los experimentos se utilizan para generar datos controlados. El término "datos controlados" se refiere al hecho de que la mayoría de los factores en los que influyen las conductas se mantienen constantes, y solo un factor de interés (el "tratamiento'') cambia a la vez. Este es el punto crítico para hacer una inferencia causal. A veces, este proceso de generación ocurre de forma natural (es decir, un "experimento natural''). Sin embargo, la mayoría de las veces, el investigador es el encargado de desarrollar y controlar el proceso de generación. Todas las áreas de la ciencia (incluida la economía) deben considerar todas las metodologías que se pueden aplicar. La teoría, los experimentos de laboratorio, los experimentos de campo, los experimentos online, la neuroeconomía, la investigación observacional y social, las encuestas y más, contribuyen a nuestra comprensión del mundo. En el primer capítulo de a tesis, se presentan resultados experimentales sobre subastas. Se consideran dos tratamientos experimentales: si el comprador prefiere más la calidad a la dimensión del precio, o si este último importa más que la calidad. Los participantes se asignan al azar a uno de estos dos tratamientos y se emparejan en grupos de cinco. Juegan una subasta de períodos múltiples, donde la calidad es exógena asignada en cada ronda y los sujetos presentan una rebaja al precio base anunciado. Las pujas se transforman en puntuaciones que combinan la calidad exógena y la rebaja. El vendedor con la puntuación más alta gana la subasta. Los resultados sugieren que, cuando el peso de la rebaja es mayor, los participantes pujan más cerca del equilibrio. Sin embargo, la probabilidad de obtener un resultado eficiente es mayor cuando se pone más peso en la calidad. En el segundo capítulo analizo los resultados de un experimento en línea en el que los sujetos juegan cuatro versiones del juego Stag-Hunt. Hay tres tratamientos: línea de base, retraso de tiempo y retraso motivado. En el segundo, los sujetos deben esperar 40 segundos antes de elegir una decisión. En el tercero, deben esperar 40 segundos y escribir un texto para motivar sus decisiones. Al final del juego, los participantes informan sobre creencias, preferencias de riesgo y una medida de confianza. El resultado principal es que los sujetos optan por colaborar menos cuando deliberan más. La explicación es que este tratamiento ayuda a los sujetos a comprender que esta es la opción más segura. En el tercer capítulo, los autores estiman el impacto de un programa educativo basado en juegos destinado a promover el uso sostenible del agua. Esto se hizo en la ciudad de Lucca, con miles de alumnos de 2º a 4º de primaria. Los hallazgos indican que los estudiantes del grupo de tratamiento (participantes del programa) mostraron una mayor conciencia sobre el consumo de agua respecto a aquellos estudiantes que no participaron en el programa. Además, encuentran que el efecto positivo aún se observa después de seis meses, lo que sugiere que los programas educativos basados en juegos pueden ser un instrumento eficaz para promover comportamientos prosociales en el consumo de agua.

This diploma thesis deals with the analysis of the time series of drains from the water reservoir and evaluation of the minimum night flow in the water supply network of the town of Valašské Meziříčí. In the theoretical part of this thesis were elaborated research of Czech and foreign literature focusing on drinking water consumption analysis, measurement and evaluation of minimum night flow and methods of determination of water losses in distribution systems. The practical part includes analysis of water outflows from reservoirs, evaluation of minimum night flow and determination of basic water loss indicators for selected district metered areas of the network. The above-mentioned water supply network is operated by the Vak Vsetín, a.s.

Anxiety / Introducción: El distrito de Santiago de Surco pertenece al DIRIS Lima sur, con una población de 344.242 Habitantes. Se registró como principal causa de morbilidad y mortalidad las infecciones agudas de vías respiratorias. Actualmente el principal problema de salud identificado es el aumento de mortalidad y morbilidad por el virus Sars CoV 2. Se identificó que no existía una manera adecuada para prevenir el contagio de este virus. Así mismo se identificó la ausencia de prácticas saludables como estilo de vida. Descripción del proyecto: El proyecto tuvo como objetivo general promover prácticas saludables para mejorar la salud física y mental. El total de participantes fueron dos y en un grupo mixto de edades. Así mismo se establecieron objetivos específicos sobre: actividad física, actividades recreacionales, adecuado consumo de agua y protocolos de bioseguridad y desinfección frente al COVID-19. Se realizó la elaboración de sesiones educativas, talleres prácticos y demostrativos, implementación de horarios, cronogramas y afiches, junto a cuestionarios y listas de cotejo para los objetivos propuestos. Resultados: Para las actividades programadas, se logró el 100% de los indicadores de eficacia y cobertura en las sesiones educativas sobre actividades físicas, recreacionales, adecuado consumo de agua y protocolos de bioseguridad frente al COVID-19. De igual manera para los talleres prácticos y demostrativos. Se logró un resultado del 100% en los indicadores de eficacia y utilización, además se cumplió con la duración media preestablecida en todas las actividades del proyecto. Conclusiones: Se logró cumplir con lo propuesto en el objetivo general y objetivos específicos, promoviendo las practicas saludables como: actividad física, consumo de agua, implementación de actividades recreacionales, y reforzando los protocolos de bioseguridad y desinfección frente al COVID-19 en la familia “Gonzales Motta”. Se recomienda para futuras intervenciones tomar en cuenta las limitaciones y características del público objetivo del proyecto. / Introduction: The district of Santiago de Surco belongs to the DIRIS Lima south, with a population of 344,242 inhabitants. Acute respiratory tract infections were recorded as the main cause of morbidity and mortality. Currently the main health problem identified is the increase in mortality and morbidity due to the Sars CoV 2 virus. In this context, it was identified that there was no adequate way to prevent contagion. of this virus. Likewise, the absence of healthy practices as a lifestyle was identified. Project description: The general objective of the project was to promote healthy practices to improve physical and mental health. The total of participants were two and in a mixed age group. Likewise, specific objectives were established on physical activity, recreational activities, adequate water consumption, and biosafety and disinfection protocols against COVID-19. The development of educational sessions, practical and demonstrative workshops, implementation of schedules, schedules, and posters, along with questionnaires and checklists for the proposed objectives were carried out. Results: For the programmed activities, 100% of the efficacy and coverage indicators were achieved in the educational sessions on physical and recreational activities, adequate water consumption and biosecurity protocols against COVID-19. In the same way for practical and demonstrative workshops. A 100% result was achieved in the efficiency and utilization indicators, and the pre-established average duration was also met in all project activities. Conclusions: It was possible to comply with what was proposed in the general objective and specific objectives, promoting healthy practices such as: physical activity, water consumption, implementation of recreational activities, and reinforcing the biosecurity and disinfection protocols against COVID-19 in the family "Gonzales Motta". It is recommended for future interventions to consider the limitations and characteristics of the project's target audience. / Trabajo de investigación

Many citizens living in Old Havana, Cuba, do not have regular access to potable water in their homes. As a result, this thesis explores how the water infrastructure in Old Havana shapes the everyday lives of local residents. The empirical material in this study was collected during two months of minor field studies in Havana mainly through the qualitative research methods of interviews and diaries but also through observations. The results were analyzed through four main theoretical concepts: the social practice approach in technology, hydraulic citizenship, social practice theory and feminist theory. Results revealed that the local water infrastructure produces and reproduces social inequalities and domestic do-it-yourself practices. It was also revealed that women carry out most of the domestic water activities, largely due to prevailing machismo ideals and traditional gender norms. Consequently, women in Old Havana are generally more affected by water supply irregularities and malfunctioning infrastructure than men.

[pt] Em consequência de modificações econômicas, populacionais e nos padrões de consumo, a utilização de água doce aumentou significativamente nos últimos 100 anos. Notoriamente, a medição mostra-se primordial para estimular a conservação da água. Sendo assim, esta dissertação tem por intuito contribuir para o aprimoramento das tecnologias dos hidrômetros, mais especificamente para medição do volume de água escoado em uma tubulação de unidades autônomas em edifícios. Com isso, o presente estudo objetiva avaliar a aplicabilidade de um sensor resistivo de filme fino (bend sensor), com diferentes revestimentos e comprimentos, para implementação em sistemas de medição individualizada de água. Além disso, a motivação deste trabalho é propor um hidrômetro utilizando as válvulas de controle de fluxo que, normalmente, já estão presentes nas instalações hidráulicas condominiais, evitando, assim, a necessidade de obras maiores em prédios antigos, que possuem medição coletiva de consumo de água. Metodologicamente, apresenta-se o sistema desenvolvido para as caracterizações eletromecânica e térmica do sensor, a simulação computacional do sensor realizada por meio do software Ansys e do circuito eletrônico feita no software LTspice (marca registrada) , o treinamento de uma rede neural artificial e as estimativas de volume a partir de pulsos trapezoidais. Os resultados obtidos permitiram avaliar, levando em consideração o tipo de revestimento, que o sensor revestido com poliéster possui um melhor comportamento para o hidrômetro proposto. Além disso, esta avaliação permitiu concluir que o bend sensor demonstrou viabilidade para ser utilizado como transdutor deste medidor volumétrico, podendo ser facilmente inserido dentro de algum componente hidráulico, como uma válvula de controle de fluxo, por exemplo. / [en] As a result of economic, population, and consumption patterns changes, the use of freshwater has increased significantly in the last 100 years. Notably, measurement is essential to encourage water conservation. Therefore, this dissertation aims to contribute to the advancement of water meter technologies, specifically for measuring the volume of water drained in a pipeline of autonomous units in buildings. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the applicability of a thin-film resistive sensor (bend sensor) with different coatings and lengths for implementation in individualized water measurement systems. In addition, the motivation of this work is to propose a volumetric meter using flow control valves that, ordinarily, are already present in the buildings hydraulic installations, thus avoiding the need for large-scale works in old buildings, which have collective measurement of water consumption. Methodologically, it is presented the system developed for the electromechanical and thermal characterization of the sensor, the computational simulation of the sensor performed using the Ansys software, and of the electronic circuit designed in LTSpice (trademark) software, the training of artificial neural network and the volume estimates from trapezoidal pulses. The results obtained allowed us to assess that, taking into account the type of coating, the sensor coated with polyester has better behavior for the proposed hydrometer. In addition, this evaluation allowed to conclude that the bend sensor demonstrated the feasibility to be used as a transducer of this volumetric meter and can be easily inserted inside a hydraulic component, as a flow control valve, for example.

Магистерская диссертация: 121 с., 20 рис., 18 табл., 53 источника, 2 приложения. Тема исследования является актуальной, так как с 2014 года законодательная база государственного регулирования деятельности по обращению с отходами в РФ претерпевает серьезные изменения, которые в значительной степени коснулись области обращения с ТКО. Целью работы является разработка программы аудита соответствия деятельности МУП МО «Город Первоуральск» ПервоуральскРемСервис» требованиям природоохранного законодательства в области обращения с отходами. Объект исследования – предприятие МУП МО «Город Первоуральск» ПервоуральскРемСервис». Предмет исследования – Система обращения с отходами МУП МО «Город Первоуральск» ПервоуральскРемСервис». В рамках диссертационной работы была разработана универсальная Программа-схема аудита соответствия требованиям природоохранного законодательства в области обращения с отходами производства и потребления, путем деления деятельности на составляющие ее процессы. Применение предложенной программы-схемы является универсальным инструментом для проведения аудитов деятельности в области обращения с отходами производства и потребления на любом предприятии. Кроме того, позволяет детализировать, проверить и обновить всю необходимую информацию для разработки Проекта нормативов обращения с отходами и лимитов на их размещение. Экономическая эффективность проведения аудита деятельности по обращению с отходами МУП МО «Город Первоуральск» «ПервоуральскРемСервис» составляет 178%, на основании чего можно сделать вывод о необходимости проведения экологического аудита деятельности по обращению с отходами. / Master's thesis: 121 pp., 20 images, 18 tables, 53 sources, 2 applications. The research topic is relevant, since since 2014 the legislative reform in the field of human rights protection. The purpose of the work is the development of audit compliance programs for the Municipal Unitary Enterprise "City of Pervouralsk" PervouralskRemServis "requires environmental protection legislation in the field of waste management. The object of the research is the enterprise of MUP MO "Pervouralsk City" PervouralskRemServis. " The subject of the study is the Waste Management System of Municipal Unitary Enterprise "Pervouralsk City" PervouralskRemServis ". As part of the thesis, a universal program was developed to audit the compliance with the requirements of environmental legislation in the field of handling waste production and consumption, by dividing activities into its constituent processes. The application of the proposed program scheme is a universal tool for conducting audits of activities in the field of waste management of production and consumption in any enterprise. In addition, it allows to detail, check and update all the necessary information for the development of the Draft Waste Management Standards and limits on their placement. The economic efficiency of the audit of the waste management activities of Municipal Unitary Enterprise "City of Pervouralsk" PervouralskRemServis is 178%, which leads to the conclusion that it is necessary to conduct an environmental audit of waste management activities.

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