Ce travail de recherche doctoral en sciences de l'information et de la communication se propose de construire une problématique autour de la web télévision et d'y répondre en tenant compte des spécificités de cette innovation technologique. Notre recherche se base sur une approche diachronique qui consiste à saisir la façon dont, en moins d'un siècle et demi, la télévision a identifié le bon message devant les médias et le public, pour nous arrêter sur les caractéristiques d'une réalité émergente, la web TV. Nous cherchons à explorer en quoi ce nouveau média révolutionne les moyens de communication audiovisuelle. Depuis les années 1950 l'information et par extension les médias représentent un objet d'étude toujours en émergence. La télévision a été l'objet de nombreuses recherches qui visaient à connaître son impact sur la société, la manière dont elle pouvait être utilisée pour influencer, pour informer, pour divertir, pour consommer. Elle a vite fasciné le public tout d'abord avec cette possibilité d'assister à un certain nombre d'évènements, d'avoir un potentiel d'ubiquité, procurant la sensation de voir l'histoire se dérouler sous ses yeux. Actuellement suite au développement de la technologie numérique, la télévision, les médias de masse par excellence sont en train de subir un changement de nature qui n'est pas sans incidence sur ce que l'on a l'habitude d'appeler la «culture télévisuelle». La convergence en cours des médias, facilitée par l'universalité du langage binaire, provoque une évolution technique du média qui devient progressivement un nouvel objet high-tech. Cette évolution de la nature technique de l'objet présente nécessairement des conséquences dans plusieurs secteurs d'activités et de domaines de recherche: la production, la publicité, la législation, la recherche et le développement, l'industrie, la sociologie, la psychologie, l'analyse de contenu, l'éducation, etc. Historiquement, en sciences sociales, la recherche sur les médias aux Etats-Unis et en Europe s'est orientée dès les années 1930 vers des études sur le contenu dans la perspective d'une analyse des effets.Dans ce contexte, dans un premier temps, nous traitons les éléments spécifiques de la communication audiovisuelle sur le support numérique, visant à déterminer la quantité de fonctionnalités qu'un produit médiatique sur ce support doit combiner afin de pouvoir se déclarer web tv. Ensuite, en raison de la rapidité de l'évolution accélérée et du caractère expérimental des médias numériques, nous allons traiter l'identification de la substance commune qui a un degré de résilience en termes de pratiques journalistiques en ligne et moins de l'apparence éphémère de la diversité, qui, peut conduire à l'impression que nous assistons à un schéma de soufflage final. Certains traits des web tv sont communs à ceux de la télévision traditionnelle à l'ère du web 2.0, parce que la télévision classique n'est pas restée figée concernant sa capacité de réinvention. Enfin, nous nous sommes intéressés à surprendre quelles sont les différences pas rapport à la télévision classiques et à déterminer si la prétention des promoteurs de la web tv d'avoir inventé une modalité complètement nouvelle est soutenable.Nôtre approche est praxéologique. Nous avons utilisé des instruments de travail adéquats : suivi des médias, observation, entretien, analyse de documents, questionnaire (discours sur la TV elle-même). / This doctoral research paper in Information and Communication Sciences intends to build a research issue around Web-television and to respond to it by taking into account the specificities of this technological innovation. Our research is based on a diachronic approach understanding how, in less than one century and half, television identified the right message to deliver to the media and the public, ending up with the characteristics of an emergent reality, that is Web-television. We are interested to explore how this new media is revolutionising audio-visual communication media. Since the 1950s, information, and by extension, media has represented a study object always emerging. Television was the object to many research aiming at knowing its impact on society, how it could be used in order to influence, to inform, to entertain, to consume. It rapidly fascinated the public firstly due to this possibility to attend a certain number of events, to have a potential of ubiquity, getting the feeling that one could see the history unfold before them. Nowadays, based on digital technology development, television, mass media par excellence, are about to undergo a change having an impact on the nature of what we commonly call “television culture”. The on-going media convergence, helped by the universal binary language, generates a technical evolution of the media thus gradually becoming a new high-tech object. This technical evolution of the object has necessarily consequences in numerous activity areas and research fields: manufacturing, advertisement, legislation, research and development, industry, sociology, psychology, content analysis, education etc. Historically, in social sciences, research on the media in the U.S. and in Europe has been oriented since the 1930s towards studies based on content from the point of view of an analysis of the effects.In the light of this, at first, we analyse the elements specific to audio-visual communication on digital support, aiming at defining the amount of features that a media product of this type of support should combine in order to be able to call itself Web TV. Moreover, due to the rapid progression and to the experimental nature of digital media, we shall discuss about identifying the common substance having a degree of resilience in terms of online daily habits and less about the apparently short life of diversity that may lead to the impression that we are witnessing a one final breath. Some characteristics of the Web television are the same with those of the traditional television from Web 2.0, because the classical television didn't remain motionless in terms of its capacity to reinvent itself. Finally, we were interested in tracing the differences between Web television and classical television, and in determining whether Web television promoters are right when they claim having invented a completely new method.We used a practise-based approach. We used adequate research tools: media monitoring, observation, interview, document analysis, questionnaire (speech on television itself).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T18:15:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lara de Souza Mateus.pdf: 843289 bytes, checksum: 14051802934d228484b0fb87ea41120d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-06 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / University web-TVs are situated in a favorable environment for investment in new forms of narrative constructions. By following these experiences that have the conditions to carry out their activities and the fact that they are inserted in the university environment, makes one wonder why the academic community does not appropriate the space of the university web-TVs as a vehicle for sharing knowledge and as a platform for teaching, ie means for the spread of access to scientific knowledge. From this point it is that there is the hypothesis that these uses are not exacerbated because the web-TVs are seen only as technical utility vehicles. Therefore, this search job to investigate serving a university web-TV and how it can be used with communication function in the university environment. The objectives were to verify how they work three web-TV experiences and how they are appropriate for those who produce and consume and propose a web TV pilot experience to be able to cope with the social function of the media. The methodology was based on observation, analysis and comparison among the three university web-TVs selected for the study, the TJUFRJ, UERJ Online TV and the Digital Portal PUC-Rio, followed by systematization of data and consideration of the results. The study aims to support the studies of Castells and the Cardoso contributions. The research also intends to seek assistance in Capanema work on Web-TVs, initial studies of Nogueira on the audiovisual web journalism and Teixeira studies, and Becker and Matthew on university web-TVs. Finally, it was the fundamental Freire studies, Palaces and Salaverría about teaching facing the digital journalism. This study has two main objectives: the first is whether the university web-TV is a different area of learning that enables students of the media course acquire fundamental skills and abilities for their professional practice; the second is whether this activity can be a way of achieving the always sought union between theory and practice within the educational institutions, allowing also the encouragement and development of research at the university that has brought progress to the audiovisual journalism on the web With respect to the narrative and also to the availability of content formats. It is noteworthy that these experiences can be presented as a resistance cell within an organism (internet) that does not seem to be able to produce innovations and make room for the other. But for this to happen, the university web-TVs should be seen as areas of resistance, that make you think about the reality in which they are journalism and communication, reaffirming the need for review of its place in education / As web-TVs universitárias estão situadas em ambiente favorável ao investimento em novas formas de construções narrativas. A observação destas experiências que possuem as condições para realizar suas atividades e o fato de estarem inseridas no ambiente universitário, faz pensar por que a comunidade acadêmica não se apropria do espaço das web-TVs universitárias como veículo para a partilha do conhecimento e como plataforma de ensino, ou seja, meio para a difusão do acesso ao conhecimento científico. A partir desta questão é que surge a hipótese de que estes usos não são potencializados, pois as web-TVs são encaradas, apenas, como veículos de utilidade técnica. Assim sendo, o presente trabalho busca investigar para que serve uma web- TV universitária e como pode ser utilizada com função comunicacional no ambiente universitário. Os objetivos foram: verificar como funcionam três experiências de web-TV e como são apropriadas por aqueles que as produzem e consomem e, propor uma experiência piloto de web-TV que seja capaz de dar conta da função social dos meios de comunicação. A metodologia baseou-se em observação, análise e comparação entre as três web-TVs universitárias selecionadas para o estudo, o TJUFRJ, a TV UERJ Online e o Portal PUC-Rio Digital, seguida de sistematização dos dados e reflexão sobre os resultados. O estudo busca suporte nos estudos de Castells e nas contribuições de Cardoso. A pesquisa pretende, também, buscar auxílio nos trabalhos de Capanema sobre Web-TVs, os estudos iniciais de Nogueira sobre o webjornalismo audiovisual e os estudos de Teixeira, além de Becker e Mateus sobre web-TVs universitárias. Por fim, foram fundamentais os estudos de Freire, Palácios e Salaverría sobre o ensino voltado para o jornalismo digital. O presente estudo possui dois objetivos fundamentais: o primeiro é verificar se a web- TV universitária é um espaço diferenciado de aprendizado que possibilita aos estudantes do curso de comunicação social adquirir competências e habilidades fundamentais à sua prática profissional; o segundo é verificar se essa atividade pode ser uma forma de concretizar a sempre buscada união entre teoria e prática dentro das instituições de ensino, permitindo, ainda, o incentivo e incremento da pesquisa na universidade que já trouxe avanços para o jornalismo audiovisual na web no que tange à narrativa e, também, aos formatos de disponibilização de conteúdo. Destacase que estas experiências podem apresentar-se como uma célula de resistência dentro de um organismo (internet) que parece não ser capaz de produzir inovações e abrir espaço para o diferente. Mas, para que isto aconteça, as web-TVs universitárias devem ser encaradas como espaços de resistência, que fazem pensar sobre a realidade em que se encontram o jornalismo e a comunicação, reafirmando a necessidade de revisão do seu lugar no ensino

Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Diplomarbeit werden browserbasierte Videoüber-tragungslösungen bezüglich ihrer Verwendbarkeit zur Übertragung des Fernsehprogramms regionaler Fernsehsender auf das Medium Internet untersucht, mit dem Ziel eine Prototypanwendung auf Basis der gemäß den Anforderungen der Regionalsender am besten geeigneten Technik zu implementieren. Grundlage der Untersuchung bildet eine Gegenüberstellung der am Markt be-findlichen Videosysteme mit Webbrowserunterstützung QuickTime, RealVideo, Windows Media, Adobe Flash und Java. Die Systeme werden bezüglich ihres Leistungsumfangs, der Flexibilität ihrer Einsatzmöglichkeiten, der Qualität der zugrundeliegenden Videocodecs und ihrer Verbreitung im Internet verglichen. Anhand der gemeinsam mit den Regionalsendern KabelJournal und Sachsenfernsehen ermittelten Anforderungen an ein Videosystem zur Übertragung ihres Programms im Internet, erweist sich Adobe Flash Video durch seine hohe Verbreitung, seine flexiblen Einsatzmöglichkeiten und seiner Unterstützung von Bewegtbild-, Standbild- und interaktiven Animationsmedien als am besten geeignet. Die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit erstellte Implementierung einer Web-TV Anwen-dung auf Basis von Adobe Flash zeigt bei der Ermittlung von konkreten Einsatzszenarien bei den Sendern KabelJournal und Sachsenfernsehen, dass durch die multimediale Auslegung, die flexiblen Medienkombinationsmöglichkeiten und die offene XML-Schnittstelle mehr als eine bloße Portierung des TV-Programms ins Internet mit gleichzeitig geringem Aufwand möglich ist. Die Web-TV Anwendung ist eine einfach einsetzbare aber höchst vielseitige Möglichkeit für Regionalsender neue Märkte zu erschließen. / Within the present diploma thesis, established web browser based video solu-tions are examined for their use as internet broadcasting system for local TV stations, with the intention of implementing a broadcasting solution based on the technique matching the requirements of local TV stations best. Basis of this examination is the comparison of the web video solutions Quick-Time, RealVideo, Windows Media, Adobe Flash and Java. These systems are compared by their multimedia support, flexibility of use, quality of the video co-decs they use and their market penetration. On the basis of the requirements of local TV stations, determined together with KabelJournal and Sachsenfernsehen, adobe flash is the most satisfying solution to build a Web TV application upon. Its market penetration, flexibility of use and its support for still images, videos and interactive animations match those requirements best. The implementation of the Web TV application based on adobe flash proofs its great flexibility, ease of use and its diverse variations in combining different me-dia, at the determination of concrete use cases together with KabelJournal and Sachsenfernsehen. It shows that this is an easy but high potential way to enter new markets for local TV stations.

電視產業80年經歷多次創新，從硬體，載體加上視聽播送內容，以及非市場因素的政府介入，交互影養，我們看到內容與平台的創新演變與轉折。如今，資訊科技以新技術破壞式創新，融合多媒體匯流服務，”閱聽眾”收視習慣因而變成了”用戶”。兩方互跨領域與內容，紛紛以「新媒體」之姿跑馬圈地。 『世界是平的』作者，佛克林David Verklin提到，我們生活在一個競爭無止境的世界，代表創新抉擇亦將無止境。電視媒體過去從無線到有線以致數位，一直以持續性創新前進新戰場。如今，競爭對手不只是電視同業，資訊科技異業的攪局與破壞創新，定義出數位時代傳播服務的「新媒體」，將撼動電視媒體霸主地位。潮流所趨，電視媒體「轉型」已勢在必行，如何再次創新以加速就位，是一場嚴峻的挑戰。面對內部組織能力與外部新興科技的專業，都有創新的兩難。本文透過個案研究方式，應用古典與現代學派學者不同的創新論述，分析電視媒體轉型新媒體必備的創新元素與能力，彙整出創新抉擇的思考依循，提醒電視媒體企業經營者應有的創新習慣及演練，避免消失。 研究發現，電視媒體與資訊科技「新媒體」產業因”閱聽眾”與”用戶”概念，創新思維差異很大，以致採取不同價值主張。電視媒體認為資訊科技為輔助角色，直接平移新聞與節目即可。而由資訊科技業或電信網通業者所打造的「新媒體」，則定位在提供用戶最大「量」與「速度」的多媒體匯流服務，並轉載與其他平台一樣的資訊內容即可。事實上，兩者都已在同一個數位競技場，如果內容同質性過高，實難建立”閱聽眾”與”用戶”的忠誠度，更甭說獲利與否。結果顯示，新媒體服務必須滿足“閱聽眾”與“用戶”的概念，才能實踐創新，而創新的抉擇，必須回歸自身資源優勢與資訊科技業互補，共生共榮，才是「新媒體」正軌發展之道。 / TV-Media has been developed for more than 80 years with many transition。Not only technology、carrier but also regulation pushed TV Media heading to a new service。Apply those turnings to the theory of innovation，showed how TV media deal with unexpected future and their innovation phase。In this comprehensive with all kinds of possibility internet world，the new tech of media convergence emerged the「New Media」service，TV towards IT service，IT towards TV content service, which changed viewer’s behavior of seeing and hearing behavior, they became a user，that makes both side wants to be a Player。 As the book of 「The world is flat」writer “Thomas Friedman” says：”We are living in a never-ending competition world which means that takes innovation action is a way to survive”. Via Wireless、Satellite，then deliver the seeing & hearing content through cable to users，TV-media’s competitors are beyond the same trade，and more competitors will be the IT(information technology) business for it can converge all kinds of content and deliver it to TV/PC/Mobile，which defines itself as a「New Media」service。Transforming the way to see and hear with IT heavily involved，TV Media viewer has become a faithful user to the 「New Media」。Does it mean that 「New Media」might shake up TV-Media’s long lasting standing ? To a traditional TV-Media , tackling this innovation step is kind of a dilemma，for it’s current organization that seems not allow them to do so , and without IT-experts support hardly can make any step on what New Media needs。This research has applied Mr. Clayton Christensen’s point of innovation (Harvard Business Professor) to elaborate what were TV-Media’s innovation elements?how to empower those elements ? and some reminder has been figured out to help TV-Media to make the right innovation determination to avoid to be eliminated in media market 。 Accomplished this research , we discover that innovation orientation of TV-Media and IT-Based Media (New Media) are quite different.TV-Media took IT as a supplementary，thus，moving TV program as a New Media content. The IT-Base Media buy the same content to serve user as competitors do,focusing on quantity and speed。Actually both TV and IT , they are toward each other’s territory and battle in the same arena shows that content will be a critical issue。No matter viewer or user,they will not take the same service with repeat content。 Changing to a New Media era ,user behavior will different from sitting in sofa’s watching TV viewers , the content should be distinguished from long duration content。As a PC or mobile phone user , they dominate what content to watch。If the content attract thems or make it as a necessary information for themelves，they must to satisfy user with an innovation determination to consolidate both TV and IT Media’s advantage is necessary to take。 Because innovation will be the only way to breakthrough barrier，and a right way to turn TV-Media itself as a 「New Media」to a sustainable development。

Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Diplomarbeit werden browserbasierte Videoüber-tragungslösungen bezüglich ihrer Verwendbarkeit zur Übertragung des Fernsehprogramms regionaler Fernsehsender auf das Medium Internet untersucht, mit dem Ziel eine Prototypanwendung auf Basis der gemäß den Anforderungen der Regionalsender am besten geeigneten Technik zu implementieren. Grundlage der Untersuchung bildet eine Gegenüberstellung der am Markt be-findlichen Videosysteme mit Webbrowserunterstützung QuickTime, RealVideo, Windows Media, Adobe Flash und Java. Die Systeme werden bezüglich ihres Leistungsumfangs, der Flexibilität ihrer Einsatzmöglichkeiten, der Qualität der zugrundeliegenden Videocodecs und ihrer Verbreitung im Internet verglichen. Anhand der gemeinsam mit den Regionalsendern KabelJournal und Sachsenfernsehen ermittelten Anforderungen an ein Videosystem zur Übertragung ihres Programms im Internet, erweist sich Adobe Flash Video durch seine hohe Verbreitung, seine flexiblen Einsatzmöglichkeiten und seiner Unterstützung von Bewegtbild-, Standbild- und interaktiven Animationsmedien als am besten geeignet. Die im Rahmen dieser Arbeit erstellte Implementierung einer Web-TV Anwen-dung auf Basis von Adobe Flash zeigt bei der Ermittlung von konkreten Einsatzszenarien bei den Sendern KabelJournal und Sachsenfernsehen, dass durch die multimediale Auslegung, die flexiblen Medienkombinationsmöglichkeiten und die offene XML-Schnittstelle mehr als eine bloße Portierung des TV-Programms ins Internet mit gleichzeitig geringem Aufwand möglich ist. Die Web-TV Anwendung ist eine einfach einsetzbare aber höchst vielseitige Möglichkeit für Regionalsender neue Märkte zu erschließen. / Within the present diploma thesis, established web browser based video solu-tions are examined for their use as internet broadcasting system for local TV stations, with the intention of implementing a broadcasting solution based on the technique matching the requirements of local TV stations best. Basis of this examination is the comparison of the web video solutions Quick-Time, RealVideo, Windows Media, Adobe Flash and Java. These systems are compared by their multimedia support, flexibility of use, quality of the video co-decs they use and their market penetration. On the basis of the requirements of local TV stations, determined together with KabelJournal and Sachsenfernsehen, adobe flash is the most satisfying solution to build a Web TV application upon. Its market penetration, flexibility of use and its support for still images, videos and interactive animations match those requirements best. The implementation of the Web TV application based on adobe flash proofs its great flexibility, ease of use and its diverse variations in combining different me-dia, at the determination of concrete use cases together with KabelJournal and Sachsenfernsehen. It shows that this is an easy but high potential way to enter new markets for local TV stations.

Il webcasting come strumento per la distribuzione di prodotti educational e la circolazione dei saperi. / The webcasting as a tool for the distribution of educational products and circulation of knowledge.