Syftet med uppsatsen är att presentera en översikt av studier där instrumentvariabler används för att estimera den kausala effekten av att ta ut pension på hälsa. Studier där två olika typer av instrument används inkluderas i forskningsöversikten: (1) studier där åldersgränser används som instrument, och (2) studier där reformer används för att skapa instrument. I samtliga studier används ”Two stage least squares” för att estimera effekten. Villkoret om att instrument behöver vara exkluderade ur den strukturella modellen för att den kausala effekten av att ta ut pension på hälsa ska kunna identifieras diskuteras, och tillvägagångssätt och vissa resultat från tester som används i studierna för att uppfylla villkoret presenteras. Även villkoret om att det krävs tillräckligt starka instrument för att identifiera den kausala effekten diskuteras, och tillvägagångssätt och tester från studierna presenteras. Huvudresultaten från studierna om effekten av att ta ut pension på hälsa presenteras och diskuteras. Resultaten varierar mellan studierna, vilket antas bero på att måtten som används för att mäta hälsa varierar, att populationerna som studeras skiljer sig från varandra, och att metoderna skiljer sig åt mellan studierna.

The aim of this study is to examine the opinions and the reflections workers at women’s shelters have regarding the limited access teenage boys experience to these shelters. Furthermore, what the workers think regarding the presence of teenage boys at the shelter. In order to achieve a deeper understanding of the reasoning workers have, the study applied a children's rights perspective and Hirdmans concept of genussystem and genuskontrakt. For this study a qualitative method has been applied using semi-structured interviews, in total six interviews were conducted. Workers from five different women’s shelters in Skåne, Sweden participated in this study. The results of this study implied that an age-limit for boys at these shelters is not compatible with a children's rights perspective. The boys’ rights as children were in some cases overlooked in favour of the abused women. The study showed that both abused women and some of the workers saw the teenage boys as young men. The boys’ were attributed personality traits based on societal stereotypical conceptions of their gender, which included a dominant and controlling behaviour and the potential risk of violence. However, neither of the workers had ever experienced any violent incidents at the shelters and none of the workers thought that the presence of teenage boys affected, or would affect, the work itself. At the same time, several workers pointed out that women might feel uncomfortable and unsafe with the presence of teenage boys, if living in a collective residence. This due to their experience of violent men but also, for some women, because of their religion prohibiting them from taking of their hijab in the presence of, what they consider, young men. It should be pointed out that the workers had little and in one case no experience of working with teenage boys at the shelter. In conclusion only one shelter practised an age-limit for boys. However, the results implied that workers un-reflected, gender-based norms and conceptions might risk a reproduction of the image of men as controlling, dominant and abusive and women as passive and victimised.

No description available.

<p>This paper aimed to investigate to what extent there is an age cut-off for teenage boys in the women’s shelters of Sweden and how a possible cut-off is described and maintained. This occurrence has not been investigated earlier to a large extent, which emphasizes the importance of this paper. A mixed strategy was used to cover both the frequency as well as the explanations to the age cut-off. The quantitative survey was sent to all women’s shelters in Sweden and the result showed that 56 % of the shelters had an age cut-off for teenage boys from 12 years of age and above. Qualitative interviews were conducted with six women’s shelters in Stockholm to examine how the notion teenage boys was constructed and used by the respondents to deny them refuge together with their mothers. The teenage boys were described as young men, aggressive and in the same time need of support, which all had the consequence that they could not stay at the shelters with collective housing. The age cut-off was neither discussed nor questioned by the members of the women’s shelters and was upheld by its legitimation. From a social constructive perspective the women’s shelters could be understood as institutionalized.</p>

This paper aimed to investigate to what extent there is an age cut-off for teenage boys in the women’s shelters of Sweden and how a possible cut-off is described and maintained. This occurrence has not been investigated earlier to a large extent, which emphasizes the importance of this paper. A mixed strategy was used to cover both the frequency as well as the explanations to the age cut-off. The quantitative survey was sent to all women’s shelters in Sweden and the result showed that 56 % of the shelters had an age cut-off for teenage boys from 12 years of age and above. Qualitative interviews were conducted with six women’s shelters in Stockholm to examine how the notion teenage boys was constructed and used by the respondents to deny them refuge together with their mothers. The teenage boys were described as young men, aggressive and in the same time need of support, which all had the consequence that they could not stay at the shelters with collective housing. The age cut-off was neither discussed nor questioned by the members of the women’s shelters and was upheld by its legitimation. From a social constructive perspective the women’s shelters could be understood as institutionalized.