Gravity is measured and used by Lantmäteriet to calculate a model of the geoid to get accurate reference heights for positioning. Lantmäteriet are continuously measuring new gravity and height data across Sweden to both complement, replace and to add new data points. This is mainly done by measurements in the field at benchmark points. One of the major reasons for continued measurements on e.g. benchmark points is that the measuring always moves forward which makes the measurements more accurate. More accurate data leads to a more accurate calculation of the geoid due to the more accurate gravity values. A more accurate geoid gives the possibility of more precise positioning across Sweden, due to the more precise height values. Lantmäteriet is in the process of updating their entire database of gravity data. They are also measuring at locations where there are none or sparse with measurements. As a stage in the renewing of their database and other systems the Geodesy department wishes to get an introduction to the ArcGIS environment. By customizations of several ArcGIS functions, Lantmäteriet’s work with the extensive data will get easier and perhaps faster. Customized tools will help make e. g. adding and removing data points easier, as well as making cross validation and several other functions only a click of a button away.

<p>Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka vad elever har för uppfattningar om förhållandena mellan jorden, månen och solen. De områden somhar undersökts har gällt storlek, avstånd och rörelse. Denna studie har också undersökt hur elever uppfattar att månens faser uppkommer. Försök har också gjorts att utröna var deras uppfattningar härrör från. Undersökningen är baserad på 20 intervjuer med elever där deras egna teckningar av de undersökta fenomenen har utgjort grunden. Genom en kvalitativ fenomenografisk analys av intervjuerna har jag kategoriserat elevernas uppfattningar. </p><p>Resultatet visar att elevernas uppfattningar ofta skiljer sig från den vedertagna vetenskapliga och att deras uppfattningar grundar sig på bilder eller modeller från TV och böcker, där förhållandena mellan objekten aldrig är de riktiga. Även om elever har haft undervisning i skolan så har de kvar sina egna föreställningar. Det visar sig också att det finns ett klart samband mellan elevernas intresse och deras resultat.</p> / <p>The main purpose with this study was to explore students conceptions about the relations between the earth, the sun and the moon. The fields that have been investigated are size, distance and movement. This study has also investigated how students interpret the origin of the phases of the moon. Attempts have been made to find out where the students conceptions originate from. The study is based on 20 interviews with students where their own pictures about the investigated phenomena are the base. By doing a qualitative phenomenographical analysis of these interviews I’ve done categories of the students conceptions. </p><p>The result shows that students conceptions often differs from the accepted scientific and that their conceptions are a result of pictures and models from TV and books, where the relations between the objects never are the real. Even if the students have had education they still keep on to their own conceptions. It also shows that there are a distinct connection between the students interest and their result. </p>

The central Arctic Ocean is one of the least explored deep sea regions and long biostratigraphic sediment records are sparse. The main focus of this thesis is the Arctic Ocean foraminiferal record and its application to reconstruct paleoceanographic variations and summer sea ice cover changes between late Quaternary interglacial periods. One of the studied cores was retrieved from the central Lomonosov Ridge Intra Basin. This core contains a relatively high-resolution biostratigraphic record spanning Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 1–3, although with a hiatus encompassing the Last Glacial Maximum. Radiocarbon age calibrations in this core show a decreasing trend of high marine reservoir ages of about 1400 years during the last deglaciation to 700 years in the late Holocene. The cores from the Lomonosov Ridge off Greenland and the Morris Jesup Rise contain preserved calcareous microfossils further back in time than most previously studied central Arctic Ocean cores. The calcium content estimated by X-ray fluorescence scanning of these cores shows a distinct pattern of calcium rich intervals coinciding with peaks in foraminiferal abundance in the sediment record of MIS 1–7. The calcium peaks originate from material accumulated during interglacials, primarily through detrital carbonate and dolomite input from the decaying North American ice sheet and secondarily from biogenic material. Intervals of calcareous benthic foraminifera are found in pre MIS 7 sediments on both the southern Lomonosov Ridge and Morris Jesup Rise. Their assemblage composition and stable carbon isotope data suggest increased primary production and decreased summer sea ice cover compared to the Holocene central Arctic Ocean. This is also suggested for an interval of high abundance of the subpolar planktic foraminifera Turborotalita quinqueloba on the southern Lomonosov Ridge with a proposed MIS 11 age. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Submitted. Paper 3: Submitted.</p>

<p>Denna studie är en undersökning av hur elever i år 6 uppfattade det geografiska rummet, vilka omvärldsbilder elever i skolan innehade, hur de påverkades av olika intryck från omgivningen samt om elevernas omvärldsbilder förändrades under en termin. Att inneha en omvärldsbild innebär att ha en föreställning om hur den rumsliga världen ser ut och förhåller sig. Undersökningen var av empirisk art och bestod av en namngeografisk undersökning av geografiska objket i Sverige, elevernas ritade bilder av världen, intervjufrågor samt en kartförståelseuppgift. Studien genomfördes vid två olika tillfällen för att se på eventuella förändringar i elevernas omvärldsbilder. Studien visade på att elevernas omvärldsbilder påverkades, utvecklades och innehöll all den information individen mötte och hade med sig sedan tidigare om den rumsliga världen. Undersökningen visade även på att omvärldsbilder kan förändras och utvecklas unnder en termin.</p>

<p>A study has been conducted to assess the possibilities to introduce dead cattle organs as the raw material for biogas generation at the rural household level in Bangladesh. At the same time, the present energy situation in Bangladesh is highlighted. The actors in the energy sector have been identified. The energy policy of Bangladesh is not transparent and there seems to be no energy strategy for the country. Possibilities of other renewable sources of energy are also discussed. Biomass fuels comprise the main source of energy for the rural people and the major share of energy use is consumed after cooking and household lightning. Enormous amount of labor is spent in gathering and collecting of fuel wood and agricultural residues that reduces productivity among women and young children. Besides, biogas is generated from agricultural residues and animal excreta in Bangladesh. Tremendous pressure on rural forests for fuel wood is increasing and environmental degradation is occurring. Agricultural lands are losing vital nutrients as people are using crop residues and animal excreta for energy. Under present condition, the possibilities of adopting biogas technology and dead cattle organs as the raw materials to generate biogas is analyzed in terms of availability of the raw material. Sustainable development using biogas is also considered. And lastly, some recommendation is suggested, based on the current energy situation of Bangladesh.</p>

A study has been conducted to assess the possibilities to introduce dead cattle organs as the raw material for biogas generation at the rural household level in Bangladesh. At the same time, the present energy situation in Bangladesh is highlighted. The actors in the energy sector have been identified. The energy policy of Bangladesh is not transparent and there seems to be no energy strategy for the country. Possibilities of other renewable sources of energy are also discussed. Biomass fuels comprise the main source of energy for the rural people and the major share of energy use is consumed after cooking and household lightning. Enormous amount of labor is spent in gathering and collecting of fuel wood and agricultural residues that reduces productivity among women and young children. Besides, biogas is generated from agricultural residues and animal excreta in Bangladesh. Tremendous pressure on rural forests for fuel wood is increasing and environmental degradation is occurring. Agricultural lands are losing vital nutrients as people are using crop residues and animal excreta for energy. Under present condition, the possibilities of adopting biogas technology and dead cattle organs as the raw materials to generate biogas is analyzed in terms of availability of the raw material. Sustainable development using biogas is also considered. And lastly, some recommendation is suggested, based on the current energy situation of Bangladesh.

Denna studie är en undersökning av hur elever i år 6 uppfattade det geografiska rummet, vilka omvärldsbilder elever i skolan innehade, hur de påverkades av olika intryck från omgivningen samt om elevernas omvärldsbilder förändrades under en termin. Att inneha en omvärldsbild innebär att ha en föreställning om hur den rumsliga världen ser ut och förhåller sig. Undersökningen var av empirisk art och bestod av en namngeografisk undersökning av geografiska objket i Sverige, elevernas ritade bilder av världen, intervjufrågor samt en kartförståelseuppgift. Studien genomfördes vid två olika tillfällen för att se på eventuella förändringar i elevernas omvärldsbilder. Studien visade på att elevernas omvärldsbilder påverkades, utvecklades och innehöll all den information individen mötte och hade med sig sedan tidigare om den rumsliga världen. Undersökningen visade även på att omvärldsbilder kan förändras och utvecklas unnder en termin.

Baltic archipelago areas have high nature values despite being polluted from various antrophogenic activities within the Baltic Sea catchment area and from long-range transport of airborne substances. The discovery of environmental problems in the Baltic Sea in the 1960s led to countermeasures that gradually gave results in reducing the toxic pollution, e.g. from PCBs. Today, much of the environmental management is focused on reducing the effects of eutrophication. There is a demand from society on science to develop strategies that can direct remedial actions so that the cost-effectiveness is maximised. This work focuses on how mass-balance models can be used to understand how coastal ecosystems are controlled by abiotic processes and to predict the response to changes in loading of different substances. Advection, sedimentation and burial are examples of general transport processes that are regulated by morphometrical characteristics, e.g. size, form, effective fetch and topographical openness. This is why different coastal areas have different sensitivity to loading of pollutants. A comparison of six phosphorus and chlorophyll models of different complexity showed that the model performance was not improved with more state variables of total phosphorus (TP) than two water and two sediment compartments. Modelling chlorophyll as a separate state variable did not improve the results for individual values compared to a simple regression against total phosphorus in surface water. Field investigations of the phosphorus content in accumulation sediments along the coast of Svealand showed a distribution pattern that probably is related to differences in the redox status. The average content of mobile phosphorus was much higher than previously found in offshore Baltic sediments indicating that sediments may play an important role for the phosphorus turnover in Baltic archipelago areas. A one-year field study to measure the levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in water, sediments and fish during different seasons was carried out in Kallrigafjärden Bay. The collected data set was used to test a mass-balance model for PCCD/F-turnover. It was possible to reproduce the concentrations of different PCDD/F-congeners with high accuracy using a general model approach, including one water compartment and two sediment compartments, indicating that the applied model has the necessary qualifications for successful predictions of PCDD/F-turnover in Baltic coastal areas. / Felaktigt tryckt som Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 736

<p>This research is concerned with theoretical and methodological aspects of geographic information transformation between different user contexts. In this dissertation I present theories and methodological approaches that enable a context sensititve use and reuse of geographic data in geographic information systems.</p><p>A primary motive for the reported research is that the patrons interested in answering environmental questions have increased in number and been diversified during the last 10-15 years. The interest from international, national and regional authorities together with multinational and national corporations embrace a range of spatial and temporal scales from global to local, and from many-year/-decade perspectives to real time applications. These differences in spatial and temporal detail will be expressed as rather different questions towards existing data. It is expected that geographic information systems will be able to integrate a large number of diverse data to answer current and future geographic questions and support spatial decision processes. However, there are still important deficiencies in contemporary theories and methods for geographic information integration</p><p>Literature studies and preliminary experiments suggested that any transformation between different users’ contexts would change either the thematic, spatial or temporal detail, and the result would include some amount of semantic uncertainty. Consequently, the reported experiments are separated into studies of change in either spatial or thematic detail. The scope concerned with thematic detatil searched for approaches to represent indiscernibility between categories, and the scope concerned with spatial detail studied semantic effects caused by changing spatial granularity.</p><p>The findings make several contributions to the current knowledge about transforming geographic information between users’ contexts. When changing the categorical resolution of a geographic dataset, it is possible to represent cases of indiscernibility using novel methods of rough classification described in the thesis. The use of rough classification methods together with manual landscape interpretations made it possible to evaluate semantic uncertainty in geographic data. Such evaluations of spatially aggregated geographic data sets show both predictable and non-predictable effects. and these effects may vary for different environmental variables.</p><p>Development of methods that integrate crisp, fuzzy and rough data enables spatial decision support systems to consider various aspects of semantic uncertainty. By explicitly representing crisp, fuzzy and rough relations between datasets, a deeper semantic meaning is given to geographic databasses. The explicit representation of semantic relations is called a Geographic Concept Topology and is held as a viable tool for context transformation and full integration of geographic datasets.</p>

<p>In 1999 the Swedish Parliament decided about 15 environmental goals aimed to be achieved in time for the next generation. For example physical social planning must be based on programs and strategies how cultural-historical values has been attended, so called programs of cultural heritage. By law the Swedish municipalities are responsible for reaching these goals by creating program of cultural heritage. But only a few of the municipalities have these programs, meaning that many municipalities need to create programs of cultural heritage in the next five years.</p><p>The aim of this report is to present a model of analysis on programs of cultural heritage in municipalities for preservation and development of cultural environments. By testing the model on the municipalities of Osby and Tomelilla methods on how to create a new program of cultural heritage or how to complete existing documents are formulated.</p><p>One of the conclusions is that one document, program of cultural heritage, functions as landscape analysis, model of cultural valuation and strategy of developing cultural values. One condition is that the program of cultural heritage is established in social planning in the municipality.</p><p>Two case-studies, the Osby and Tomelilla programs of cultural heritage with text-analysis and interviews, constitutes the study. The municipalities do not use these programs in full extension, often based on ignorance. When the program isn’t established with politicians or employees it can’t be established with citizens. The study shows great differences between the program in Tomelilla which can be applied to the physical social planning, and the program in Osby which can’t. The conclusion is that the program needs to be adjusted for the cause if the program can’t be applied in the hysical social planning in the municipality.</p><p>The common meaning in the municipalities is that cultural heritage is a positive factor, which makes it possible to reach the environmental goals, regional development, tourism et cetera. One important part in a program of cultural heritage is to erase the boundaries between nature, recreation and culture by finding the starting point in the specific environment, not based on the administrative responsibility.</p>