Arbeitsübersetzung aus dem Russischen: Kommentar des Außenministeriums der Russischen Föderation im Zusammenhang mit der Veröffentlichung des Jahresberichts des US-Außenministeriums über die Einhaltung der Abkommen auf dem Gebiet der Rüstungskontrolle und Nichtverbreitung durch die Staaten, Dokument Nr. 892 vom 29. April 2017.:1. Probleme der Raketenabwehr. 2. Verpflichtungen aus INF-Vertrag, (1987). 3. Verpflichtungen aus Nichtverbreitung-Vertrag (NVV, 1968). 4. Abkehr der USA von der Ratifizierung des CTBT (1996). 5. Abkommen über die Verwertung von Plutonium (2000). 6. Probleme mit dem Verbot biolog. und chem. Waffen (BWÜ 1975, CWÜ 1993). 7. Verpflichtungen der USA zum Verbot chemischer Waffen (1993). 8. Einhaltung des Wiener Dokumentes (WD, 2011). 9.. Probleme des Vertrages über konventionelle Streitkräfte in Europa (1990). 10. Verpflichtungen der USA aus dem Offenen Himmel Vertrag (1992). 11. Einfrieren des freiwilligen russischen Finanzbeitrages für die Internationalе Atomеnergie-Organisation (IAEA) durch die amerikanische Seite.

In machine translation, the alignment of corpora has evolved into a mature research area, aimed at providing training data for statistical or example-based machine translation systems. Moreover, the alignment information can be used for a variety of other purposes, including lexicography and the induction of tools for natural language processing. The alignment techniques used for these purposes fall roughly in two separate classes: sentence alignment approaches that often combine statistical and linguistic information, and word alignment models that are dominated by the statistical machine translation paradigm. Alignment approaches that use linguistic knowledge provided by corpus annotation are rare, as are as non-statistical word alignment strategies. Furthermore, parallel corpora are typically not aligned at all text levels simultaneously. Rather, a corpus is first sentence aligned, and in a subsequent step, the alignment information is refined to go below the sentence level. In this thesis, the distinction between the two alignment classes is withdrawn. Rather, a system is introduced that can simultaneously align at the paragraph, sentence, word, and phrase level. Furthermore, linguistic as well as statistical information can be combined. This combination of alignment cues from different knowledge sources, as well as the combination of the sentence and word alignment tasks, is made possible by the development of a modular alignment platform. Its main features are that it supports different kinds of linguistic corpus annotation, and furthermore aligns a corpus hierarchically, such that sentence and word alignments are cohesive. Alignment cues are not used within a global alignment model. Rather, different sub-models can be implemented and allowed to interact. Most of the alignment modules of the system have been implemented using empirical corpus studies, aimed at showing how the most common types of corpus annotation can be exploited for the alignment task.

Durch Übersetzung werden philosophische Werke einem Publikum zugänglich gemacht, das zwar ein Interesse an Philosophie besitzt, nicht aber ausreichende Sprachenkenntnis. Mit dieser Minimaldefinition läßt sich die Geschichte der philosophischen Übersetzung von der Antike bis zur Frühen Neuzeit schon in einer ersten Phase charakterisieren, in der das Publikum mit dem Gelehrtenstand identisch war. Griechische, arabische und zuletzt englische und französische Werke wurden ins Lateinische übersetzt, damit Gelehrte in der ganzen Welt sie leichter lesen konnten. Die Übersetzung im Lateinische stellte bis ins 17. Jahrhundert für viele Wissenschaftler den internationalen Diskussionskontext her. Eine zweite Phase kann man daran festmachen, daß das Lateinische sein Kommunikationsprivileg verlor: Seit Herausbildung und Etablierung von nationalen Literaturen, also spätestens seit dem 18. Jahrhundert, waren es nicht mehr nur die Gelehrten, sondern die größere Gruppe der Gebildeten, deren Streben nach Aneignung, Aufnahme und Anverwandlung die Übersetzung ausländischer Denker in die verschiedenenen Landessprachen zum Bedürfnis machte. Die Übersetzung bereicherte die nationalen Diskussionskontexte. Davon noch einmal zu unterscheiden ist in einer dritten Phase die Arbeit an der philosophischen Übersetzung seit dem 19. Jahrhundert, als die Expansion der Buchproduktion sowie bestimmte urheberrechtliche Freistellungen dazu führten, daß philosophische Werke in allen europäischen Sprachen vervielfältigt wurden und eine noch breitere Leserschaft fanden. Die Übersetzung dient nun jedem interessierten Leser schlicht zur umweglosen Kenntnisnahme.

Six translations into Swedish of Thomas Mann’s novel Buddenbrooks werecompared, focusing on strategies for translating the author’s use of Germandialects and language varieties, such as Low German, Bavarian and West Prussian.The analysis was based on seven defined strategies for translation of dialects andcomprised 20 excerpts of non-standard German in the original text.The analysis showed that translation of German dialect into standard Swedish andomission of the non-standard German text except in the translated text were thedominating strategies used by the six translators.Despite the six translations into Swedish, a complete translation of Mann’s novelhas not been produced in the target language until 2005, a century after thepublication of the first Swedish version.

When translating a stylistic written language there are lot to consider, in particular metaphors are said to be one of the most specific challenges. Herta Müllers writing is known to be filled with rhetorical devices. As metaphors belong to one of the major characteristics in Müllers texts, the novel Atemschaukel was studied to find out whether the readers comprehension and experience would differ when reading the text in German language or reading it translated into Swedish.The analysis was based on which strategies was used for the translation and if, and in that case how, it effects the reception of the text by the readers. It showed that most parables and metaphors were directly translated and that the difference in understanding and reading experience mainly didn’t differ much from reading the original text.

The field of statistical machine translation has made tremendous progress due to the rise of statistical methods, making it possible to obtain a translation system automatically from a bilingual collection of text. Some approaches do not even need any kind of linguistic annotation, and can infer translation rules from raw, unannotated data. However, most state-of-the art systems do linguistic structure little justice, and moreover many approaches that have been put forward use ad-hoc formalisms and algorithms. This inevitably leads to duplication of effort, and a separation between theoretical researchers and practitioners. In order to remedy the lack of motivation and rigor, the contributions of this dissertation are threefold: 1. After laying out the historical background and context, as well as the mathematical and linguistic foundations, a rigorous algebraic model of machine translation is put forward. We use regular tree grammars and bimorphisms as the backbone, introducing a modular architecture that allows different input and output formalisms. 2. The challenges of implementing this bimorphism-based model in a machine translation toolkit are then described, explaining in detail the algorithms used for the core components. 3. Finally, experiments where the toolkit is applied on real-world data and used for diagnostic purposes are described. We discuss how we use exact decoding to reason about search errors and model errors in a popular machine translation toolkit, and we compare output formalisms of different generative capacity.

This article deals with the translation into Italian of the Swahili novel Utengano by Said Ahmad Mohamed, which was published in March 2005 under the title `Seperazione`by an Italian Publishing House, Rubbettino Editiore. Translation is a very important form of intercultural communication, which can provide contact with new readers, expected and unexpected ones. In the following pages I will decribe the main features of my translation of the novel Utengano, highlighting the main differences between the first version, that I produced as an appendix to the M.A. thesis, and the manuscript that I submitted to the publishing house.

El presente volumen es el resultado de una selección de las ponencias presentadas en el coloquio internacional "Jorge Luis Borges: Translación e Historia" realizado con el auspicio de la Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft en el Centro de Investigación Iberoamericana del 4 al 9 de diciembre de 2007 y pone en el centro de su reflexión a Borges como fenómeno de "translación", entendiendo por el concepto de "translación" un complejo proceso cultural, medial, social y pragmasemiótico que abarca tanto los campos de la literatura como los de la antropología, la etnología, la filosofía, la historia, los medios de comunicación y también los de la gestualidad, el cuerpo y diversos sistemas discursivos. La estrategia translatológica pone de manifiesto la "recodificación", "transformación", "reinvención" e "invención" de la enunciación que transporta sistemas culturales (lengua, códigos como religión, costumbres, saber, organización social, naturaleza, etc.) de donde nace un nuevo sistema cultural que se concretiza en un proceso semiótico de codificación, decodificación y recodificación, de producción y de escenificación con nuevas "funciones". Y aquí es donde yacen los criterios más importantes del acto de translación. El proceso de translación —como proceso híbrido en sí— incluye por cierto la transmedialidad y no tan sólo el acto de producción y recepción, sino también el de la inscripción de una mediación o trasfiguración en el acto de translación con una finalidad determinada. Además, el acto de translación es en su totalidad un proceso de escenificación basado en sus constituyentes tales como la representación, la imagen, la escritura o el gesto.

Le volume est le fruit du colloque international Translatio : Transmédialité et Transculturalité qui a eu lieu au Centre de Recherches Ibéro-Américaines et Francophones de l’Université de Leipzig du 29 juin au 3 juillet 2011, avec l’objectif de promouvoir le dialogue transdisciplinaire et transculturel concernant le nouveau domaine de recherches sur la traduction culturelle, la translatio, et sur les stratégies médiales, comme celles de la "transmédialité", et de soumettre en même temps des théories et des champs de recherche actuels et centraux à un examen scientifique critique. La "transdisciplinarité", la "transmédialité" et la "transculturalité", représentent toute sorte de processus de translation et ont pris une place importante dans le colloque, avec l’intention d’apporter une contribution à la formation de la théorie, ou plutôt de la métathéorie, afin de s’opposer à certaines tendances arbitraires et ludiques de l’interprète dans ce domaine.

The field of statistical machine translation has made tremendous progress due to the rise of statistical methods, making it possible to obtain a translation system automatically from a bilingual collection of text. Some approaches do not even need any kind of linguistic annotation, and can infer translation rules from raw, unannotated data. However, most state-of-the art systems do linguistic structure little justice, and moreover many approaches that have been put forward use ad-hoc formalisms and algorithms. This inevitably leads to duplication of effort, and a separation between theoretical researchers and practitioners. In order to remedy the lack of motivation and rigor, the contributions of this dissertation are threefold: 1. After laying out the historical background and context, as well as the mathematical and linguistic foundations, a rigorous algebraic model of machine translation is put forward. We use regular tree grammars and bimorphisms as the backbone, introducing a modular architecture that allows different input and output formalisms. 2. The challenges of implementing this bimorphism-based model in a machine translation toolkit are then described, explaining in detail the algorithms used for the core components. 3. Finally, experiments where the toolkit is applied on real-world data and used for diagnostic purposes are described. We discuss how we use exact decoding to reason about search errors and model errors in a popular machine translation toolkit, and we compare output formalisms of different generative capacity.