Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:44:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Renato Marchese Garcia.pdf: 1597436 bytes, checksum: b8aeae0fcbfaf4d72d7899cc1060414d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-26 / This study aims to empirically test the model of the conditional CAPM in the Brazilian stock market. The analysis is developed through theoretical exposition of the main causes that built the capital asset pricing model and the conditions under which it has been tested and developed. For this purpose, we used a sample of financial assets extracted from Economática system. After that six portfolios were formed based on financial literature assumptions in order to calculate the excess of return in each case. Following the procedure an econometric model was tested and adjusted to be possible its application apply the CAPM conditional version into Brazilian stocks market. Finally, the process was validated given the metrics presented in econometric results being robust and corroborating with the literature / Este trabalho tem por objetivo testar empiricamente o modelo do CAPM condicional no mercado acionário brasileiro. A análise é desenvolvida através da exposição teórica das principais causas que proporcionaram o surgimento do modelo de precificação de ativos financeiros e as condições nas quais ele foi testado e desenvolvido. Para tal, foi utilizada uma amostra de ativos financeiros extraídas do sistema Economática e com base na literatura foram formadas carteiras a fim de calcular o excesso de retorno das composições.Com base em testes econométricos e ajuste da modelagem foi possível aplicar o CAPM condicional no mercado acionário brasileiro e validar sua aplicação uma vez que as métricas apresentadas nos resultados econométricos mostraram-se robustas corroborando com a literatura

El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar el desempeño empresarial de un conjunto de empresas chilenas para el período comprendido entre 1998 y el 2002, para lo que se utiliza información pública sobre las empresas, tales como sus Balances e información bursátil. Para la realización de la medición del desempeño, se utiliza la metodología de Economic Value Added (EVA), el que intenta medir el valor creado por la empresa restándole a las utilidades obtenidas por la empresa el Costo de capital exigido a la empresa por parte de sus fuentes de financiación (acreedores y dueños); o dicho en otros términos, se le restan a las utilidades obtenidas por la empresa, las utilidades que debió haber obtenido si se hubiesen cumplido las expectativas del mercado en la empresa. De los cálculos de EVA realizados se obtienen resultados que indican que el valor creado por las empresas estudiadas es inferior a su rentabilidad requerida a nivel agregado, para los cinco años en consideración, con valores que fluctúan entre –6,63% para 1998 y –2,57% para el 2002.

Os modelos autoregressivos simétricos são modelos de regressão em que os erros são correlacionados -- AR(1) -- e pertencem à classe de distribuições simétricas. O objetivo deste trabalho é discutir métodos de diagnóstico de influência para esses modelos. Para ilustrar a metodologia, são apresentados exemplos do modelo de precificação de ativos (CAPM). / The symmetric autoregressive models are regression models in which the errors are correlated and belong to the class of symmetrical distributions. The aim of this work is to discuss influence diagnostic methods for those models. To illustrate the methodology, examples of Capital Asset Pricing Models (CAPM) are presented.

The thesis describes the theory of capital asset pricing model (CAPM) and the issue of robust estimates. Robust methods are an effective tool to achieve better estimation relative to the classical least squares method when there is a fai- lure to assume a normal distribution of errors or in the presence of outlying obser- vations in the data. Theory of M-estimates, which is then applied in the practical part of the thesis to the multidimensional CAPM model is treated in detail. The- ory of R- and L-estimates is explained in less detail. A simulation study compares simultaneous estimates in multivariate model and estimates designed individually when applied to the model assuming the mutual independence of equations. 1

Esta Tesis Doctoral se centra en aspectos específicos del precio en futuros sobre deuda que se negocian en el Eurex. Se analiza la relación entre la volatilidad del precio y el tiempo hasta el vencimiento. En particular se hace referencia a la Hipótesis de Samuelson o efecto maduración, que pronostica que a medida que se aproxima la maduración del contrato se incrementa la volatilidad del precio. Por otra parte se analiza la existencia de premios por riesgo en estos contratos sobre deuda. Partiendo de la idea acerca de que los mercados de futuros permiten transferir el riesgo desde unos agentes hacia otros que están dispuestos a aceptarlo, a cambio de una retribución, y tomando como punto de partida el modelo de valoración de activos en el equilibrio del mercado, CAPM, se trata de inferir si la formación del precio de futuros tiene lugar de forma que la rentabilidad esperada de una posición es una relación lineal y positiva del premio por el riesgo sistemático. En definitiva se comprueba si los inversores obtienen la remuneración adecuada para el nivel de riesgo sistemático soportado.

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar el uso y aplicación del modelo de valoración de activos de capital, CAPM, como herramienta de planificación y evaluación financiera, comparándolo con otros modelos alternativos. El CAPM propone una relación entre el riesgo y rendimiento de un activo. El riesgo está representado por el coeficiente beta, que mide la sensibilidad del instrumento financiero en relación con el riesgo sistemático, ya sea en un portafolio de activos o en la valoración de una empresa. Debido a que existen críticas sobre la validez del CAPM, en este estudio se busca conocer la efectividad que tiene el uso y la aplicación del modelo. Para ello, se han buscado evidencias empíricas, en diferentes países, y sectores económicos en las que se compara el CAPM con otros modelos alternativos, tales como el APT o el de Tres Factores Fama y French que, según la investigación realizada, serían los más utilizados. Los resultados de esta investigación muestran que el CAPM no ofrece necesariamente resultados positivos significativos en los estudios revisados. Sin embargo, ello no quiere decir que el CAPM no sea un modelo suficiente para predecir la relación riesgo – rentabilidad en los casos en los que se aplica. Se concluye por ello que, a pesar de que existen modelos alternativos tratando de superar las limitaciones del CAPM, hoy en día este modelo sigue siendo el más utilizado fundamentalmente por su sencillez y por su capacidad de explicar y predecir, de manera suficiente, en la mayoría de las aplicaciones generales. / The objective of this paper is to analyze the use and application of the capital asset pricing model, CAPM, as a planning and financial evaluation tool and to compare it with other alternative models. The CAPM propose a relationship between the risk and return of an asset. The risk is represented by coefficient called beta, which measures the sensitivity of the financial asset in relation to it´s systematic risk, either in a portfolio or in the valuation of a company. Given that there are controversies about the validity of the CAPM, the study is gad is to understand the effectiveness of the use and application of the model. In order to do that, evidence, in different countries and economic sectors, is presented in which the CAPM is compared with other alternative models, such as the APT or the Fama and French Three Factor, according to this investigation would be the most used. The results of this investigation shown that, the CAPM, even though it is not able to offer significant positives results in the studies reviewed. However, it is not a sufficient model for predictins the risk - return relationship in the cases where it applies. It is concluded for that, although there are alternatives models trying to overcome the limitations of the CAPM, this model is nowadays the most used yet, fundamentally because of its simplicity and its ability to explain and predict, in a sufficient fashion, in most of the general applications. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

In this dissertation, I study the performance of asset-pricing models in explaining the cross section of expected stock returns. The finance literature has uncovered several potential failings of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). I investigate the ability of additional risk factors, which are not considered by the CAPM, to explain these problems. In particular, I examine intertemporal risk and long-run risk in the cross section of returns. In addition, I develop a firm-level test to refine and reassess the cross-sectional evidence against the CAPM. In the first chapter, I test the cross-sectional implications of the Intertemporal CAPM (ICAPM) of Merton (1973) and Campbell (1993, 1996) using a new firm-level approach. I find that the ICAPM performs well in explaining returns. Consistent with theoretical predictions, investors require a large positive premium for taking on market risk and zero-beta assets earn the risk-free rate. Moreover, investors accept lower returns on assets that hedge against adverse shifts in the investment opportunity set. The ICAPM explains more cross-sectional variation in average returns than either the CAPM or Fama-French (1993) model. I also investigate whether the SMB and HML factors of the Fama-French model proxy for intertemporal risk and find little evidence in favor of this conjecture. In the second chapter, we propose an intertemporal asset-pricing model that simultaneously resolves the puzzling negative relations between expected stock return and analysts' forecast dispersion, idiosyncratic volatility, and credit risk. All three effects emerge in a long-run risk economy accommodating a formal cross section of firms characterized by mean-reverting expected dividend growth. Higher cash flow duration firms exhibit higher exposure to economic growth shocks while they are less sensitive to firm-specific news. Such firms command higher risk premiums but exhibit lower measures of idiosyncratic risk. Empirical evidence broadly supports our model's predictions, as higher dispersion, idiosyncratic volatility, and credit risk firms display lower exposure to long-run risk along with higher firm-specific risk. Lastly, in the third chapter, we examine asset-pricing anomalies at the firm level. Portfolio-level tests linking CAPM alphas to a large number of firm characteristics suggest that the CAPM fails across multiple dimensions. There are, however, concerns that underlying firm-level associations may be distorted at the portfolio level. In this paper we use a hierarchical Bayes approach to model conditional firm-level alphas as a function of firm characteristics. Our empirical results indicate that much of the portfolio-based evidence against the CAPM is overstated. Anomalies are primarily confined to small stocks, few characteristics are robustly associated with CAPM alphas out of sample, and most firm characteristics do not contain unique information about abnormal returns.

China's rapid economic growth and the development of its domestic stock market have attracted considerable attention from foreign investors. China's economic financial expansion, however, has emerged from an environment of state planning and radical socialist ideology. With a view of providing investors with a better understanding of the risk and return relationship in the Chinese A-share market over the past decade, this thesis adapts several empirical models to the circumstances in China and conducts four empirical analyses. First, in order to rationalize foreign investors' entry into the A-share market, the thesis compares the diversification benefits in three China-related stock markets, namely the A-share, the B-share and the H-share markets in a mean-variance framework using daily, weekly and monthly data respectively. The results suggest that of the three stock markets, the B-share market generates the highest average annual returns while the A-share market has the most significant diversification benefits regardless of whether the analysis is undertaken implementing a traditional mean-variance framework or a downside risk framework. Next, an empirical analysis using the Fama and MacBeth two-pass procedure is undertaken to test the relationship between beta, firm factors and stock returns. Similar to the findings in other stock markets, the results of this analysis show that the static betas for individual stocks fail to capture variation in stock returns in the A-share market. In contrast, the effects of book-to-market and trading volume are significant in the sample period. However, the fact that none of these factors have a persistent role in explaining stock returns suggests a possible change in the investment philosophy of Chinese domestic investors over the past decade. In the third analysis, two global betas are incorporated into the cross-sectional regressions in a bid to examine the integration or segmentation of the A-share market with the world and Hong Kong stock markets. Specifically, both time-varying betas and static betas are used in the analysis. The results suggest that there is no beta effect and the A-share marke t is totally segmented from both the world and Hong Kong stock markets. Finally, when the segmentation and integration status of the A-share market is further examined using the Maximum Likelihood Estimation framework without beta estimation and the assumption of a linear relationship between beta and stock returns, the findings suggest that the A-share market is becoming increasing integrated with the B-share and the Hong Kong stock markets.

China's rapid economic growth and the development of its domestic stock market have attracted considerable attention from foreign investors. China's economic financial expansion, however, has emerged from an environment of state planning and radical socialist ideology. With a view of providing investors with a better understanding of the risk and return relationship in the Chinese A-share market over the past decade, this thesis adapts several empirical models to the circumstances in China and conducts four empirical analyses. First, in order to rationalize foreign investors' entry into the A-share market, the thesis compares the diversification benefits in three China-related stock markets, namely the A-share, the B-share and the H-share markets in a mean-variance framework using daily, weekly and monthly data respectively. The results suggest that of the three stock markets, the B-share market generates the highest average annual returns while the A-share market has the most significant diversification benefits regardless of whether the analysis is undertaken implementing a traditional mean-variance framework or a downside risk framework. Next, an empirical analysis using the Fama and MacBeth two-pass procedure is undertaken to test the relationship between beta, firm factors and stock returns. Similar to the findings in other stock markets, the results of this analysis show that the static betas for individual stocks fail to capture variation in stock returns in the A-share market. In contrast, the effects of book-to-market and trading volume are significant in the sample period. However, the fact that none of these factors have a persistent role in explaining stock returns suggests a possible change in the investment philosophy of Chinese domestic investors over the past decade. In the third analysis, two global betas are incorporated into the cross-sectional regressions in a bid to examine the integration or segmentation of the A-share market with the world and Hong Kong stock markets. Specifically, both time-varying betas and static betas are used in the analysis. The results suggest that there is no beta effect and the A-share marke t is totally segmented from both the world and Hong Kong stock markets. Finally, when the segmentation and integration status of the A-share market is further examined using the Maximum Likelihood Estimation framework without beta estimation and the assumption of a linear relationship between beta and stock returns, the findings suggest that the A-share market is becoming increasing integrated with the B-share and the Hong Kong stock markets.

<p>Bakgrund: Den mest använda värderingsmodellen för noterade bolag är diskonterat kassaflödes analys. Denna modell kräver dock att ett avkatnings krav beräknas, vilket oftast beräknas med CAPM. En av variablerna i CAPM är beta, vilket är ett matt på risk. Betavärdet beräknas oftast genom att jämföra en enskilds akties volalitet med ett index. Detta kräver dock att bolaget är noterat på en aktie markand. </p><p>Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka vilka metoder det finns för att värdera onoterade bolag och att avgöra vilken modell som ger det mest realistiska värdet samt är minst subjektivt. </p><p>Genomförande: Jag har läst böcker tidskrifter och artiklar om detta ämne. Jag har också genomför djupintervjuer med personer som jobbar med värdering samt gjort ett test av de olika modellerna. </p><p>Resultat: Kassaflödes analysen är den bäst modellen för att värdera onoterade bolag, dock måst ett tillägg för storleks premie, illikviditet och osystematisk risk göras i avkastningskravet.</p> / <p>Background: The most frequently used valuation method for traded firms is the Discounted Cash Flow Analysis. The required rate of return used to discount the cash flows for traded firms is calculated by the CAPM. One of the variables in the CAPM is beta, which is a measure of risk. Normally the beta is calculated by comparing the volatility of a stock compared to an index over a period of time, however this requires that the company is traded on the stock market.</p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to examine which methods there are to value non traded firms, and also determine which method that gives the most reasonable value and is the least affected by the appraiser’s own judgment.</p><p>Realization: I have read books, journals and articles about this subject. I have also made in depth interviews with professionals and made a test of four different valuation methods.</p><p>Results: The Discounted Cash Flow Analysis is still the gives the most objective and reasonable valuation. However a number of adjustments have to be made due to the unique characteristics of non traded firms.</p>