Previous theories have suggested that consumers will be happier if they spend their money on experiences such as travel as opposed to material possessions such as automobiles. I test this experience recommendation and show that it may be misleading in its general form. Valence of the outcome significantly moderates differences in respondents' reported retrospective happiness with material versus experiential purchases. For purchases that turned out positively, experiential purchases lead to more happiness than do material purchases, as the experience recommendation suggests. However, for purchases that turned out negatively, experiences have no benefit over (and, for some types of consumers, induce significantly less happiness than) material possessions. I provide evidence that this purchase type by valence interaction is driven by the fact that consumers adapt more slowly to experiential purchases than to material purchases, leading to both greater happiness and greater unhappiness for experiential purchases. Moreover, I show that this difference in hedonic adaptation rates for material and experiential purchases is being, at least partially, driven by a difference in memory for those types of purchases. I also show that individuals mispredict hedonic adaptation rates for material and experiential purchases. Finally, I discuss implications for consumer choice. / text

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Idrott och motion är ett av de största fritidsintressena i Sverige. Den svenska idrottsrörelsen bottnar i den ideella sektorn och det har skett en ökad professionalisering och kommersialisering främst inom elitidrotten. Idag är idrotten mer än bara en match, mervärden har blivit viktigare och man säljer ett helhetskoncept. Syftet med denna studie är att belysa hur organisationer inom den ideella sektorn hanterar professionalisering och kommersialisering, med avseende på elitishockeyn i Sverige. För att besvara studiens syfte har en flerfallstudie genomförts med hjälp av sex elitishockeyklubbar i Sverige. Urvalet bestod av klubbar från de två högsta ishockeyserierna och klubbarna representerar både större städer och mindre orter. Resultatet visar att samtliga elitishockeyklubbar är högst företagsliknande och att bolagiseringar kan ses som en del av professionaliseringen. Klubbarna har många beroendeförhållanden och anser att de går mot en fortsatt kommersialisering där fokus på idrott som underhållning ökar. / Sports and exercise are one of the most popular hobbies in Sweden. The Swedish sports movement stem from the non profit sector and there has been a increase in professionalization and commercialization mainly within the elite sports. Sports is more than just a game today, added value has become more important and one sells a total concept. The purpose of this thesis is is to highlight how organizations in the non profit sector manages professionalization and commercialization, with respect to elite hockey in Sweden. To answer the purpose of the study case studies have been conducted using six elite hockey teams in Sweden. The sample consisted of teams from the two top hockey leagues and teams representing both large cities and smaller towns. The result shows that all elite hockey teams are highly business-like and turning in to a corporation can be seen as a part of professionalizaton. Clubs have many interdependencies and see a continued development towards increades commercializaion with a focus on sport as entertainment.

Anti-communism in America reached its apex in the 1950s. One element of this crusade focused on preventing suspected communists from working in their chosen profession, a practice called blacklisting. In attempting to assert their legal rights, the blacklisted found an imperfect justice system, cloaked in equality, yet hampered by the existing cultural setting that treated as immoral anything communist. This dissertation deconstructs the interplay between culture and law, between the desire to root out communists and the attempt to maintain a fair legal system. With an emphasis on the entertainment industry, broadly defined, I will trace blacklisting from anti-labor tool to for-profit instrument focusing on how the blacklisted employed the lawsuit to fight for their jobs. I argue that from the late 1940s through the mid-1960s, blacklisted plaintiffs continuously found themselves handicapped by their association -- either current or past, real or perceived -- with the Communist Party, and not until a plaintiff with no demonstrable ties to communism came along did the legal system prove a comprehensively effective tool in ending the practice. I show that various members of the blacklisted community, with the aid of a small number of lawyers, tried an assortment of legal theories in their attempt to remedy their pariah status with the results often promising -- the first three jury trials ended in victories for the plaintiffs -- but ultimately hollow as a recalcitrant appellate judiciary dashed these early hopes. Moreover, I show how plaintiff's lawyers, sensitive to a legal system that demanded a successful plaintiff be free of communist ties, adjusted their strategy to accommodate the relationship between cultural setting and legal success. / text

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Magistro darbe yra iškelta pramogų paslaugų marketingo komplekso atitikimo vartotojų poreikiams problema. Darbe išanalizuota ir susisteminta įvairių lietuvių ir užsienio autorių literatūra, publikuoti tyrimai bei apklausų rezultatai, susiję su paslaugų marketingu, marketingo kompleksu, vartotojų elgsena. Išanalizuota paslaugų specifika, klasifikavimas. Plačiau nagrinėtas paslaugų marketingo komplekso išskirtinumas, atlikta įvairių autorių pateikiamų marketingo komplekso modelių analizė. Tyrimo metu iš dalies patvirtinta hipotezė, kad pramogų paslaugų įmonių marketingo kompleksas neatitinka vartotojų lūkesčių. Nustatyta, kad vartotojų lūkesčiai ir pramogų paslaugų teikėjų marketingo kompleksai nėra tarpusavyje suderinti. Pasiūlytas į vartotoją orientuotas pramogų paslaugų marketingo komplekso modelis. / This Master's thesis analyzes the problem of accordance between marketing mix settings and consumer demands. The paper analyzes and structures various Lithuanian and foreign authors, published studies and surveys, related to services marketing, marketing mix and consumer behaviour. The particularities of services and their classification are discussed. The exclusivity of marketing mix of services was disputed wider in this paper together with the models of marketing mixes proposed by different authors. The investigation made by the author partially confirmed the hypothesis that the marketing mixes applied in local companies of leisure services does not meet consumer expectations. It was found out that marketing mixes of entertainment service providers’ are not concerted with consumer expectation. The author proposes the consumer-oriented entertainment services marketing mix model in this Master’s thesis.

<p><br /> A number of programmes have been implemented in the field of development communication, with the specific aim of promoting social change among communities, and a series of studies have illustrated the positive effects of entertainment-education (EE) interventions on individuals variety of fields, including health, agriculture and sustainable development, and make use of a different range of media such as radio, television and theatre. In line with the theory and conceptual framework of the Integrated Model of Communication for Social Change (IMCSC), this research is intended to explore, empirically, how development communication programmes can foster collective action amongst community members. The research is based on a case study of Sesotho Media &amp / Development (SM&amp / D), a nongovernmental organisation that has been operating in Lesotho, using media to promote social transformation and individual change. For the past 10 years, SM&amp / D has been working in Lesotho using a methodology based on facilitated documentary screening with a specific focus on HIV/Aids-related issues, combined with capacity building programmes aimed at training facilitators among support groups, youth groups and prison inmates around the country. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods of enquiry were employed throughout the research. Common research tools used include questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and observation. In addition, a variety of secondary sources of information, including evaluation reports, funding proposals and journal articles were reviewed. The results of the study reveal that development communication initiatives are able to foster collective forms of action by increasing the level of&nbsp / efficacy&nbsp / amongst the audience. Conclusions highlight that participatory development communication with an educational aim allows people to identify problems and to strategise and mobilise resources for collective action. </p> <p>&nbsp / </p>

<p align="left">A number of programmes have been implemented in the field of development communication, with the specific aim of promoting social change among communities, and a series of studies have illustrated the positive effects of entertainment-education (EE) interventions on individuals variety of fields, including health, agriculture and sustainable development, and make use of a different range of media such as radio, television and theatre. <font face="Times New Roman">In line with the theory and conceptual framework of the </font><i><font face="Times New Roman">Integrated Model of Communication </font><i><font face="Times New Roman">for Social Change </font><font face="Times New Roman">(IMCSC), this research is intended to explore, empirically, how </font>development communication programmes can foster collective action amongst community members. The research is based on a case study of Sesotho Media &amp / Development (SM&amp / D), a nongovernmental organisation that has been operating in Lesotho, using media to promote social transformation and individual change. For the past 10 years, SM&amp / D has been working in Lesotho using a methodology based on facilitated documentary screening with a specific focus on HIV/Aids-related issues, combined with capacity building programmes aimed at training facilitators among support groups, youth groups and prison inmates around the country. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods of enquiry were employed throughout the research. Common research tools used include questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and observation. In addition, a variety of secondary sources of information, including evaluation reports, funding proposals and journal articles were reviewed. The results of the study reveal that development communication initiatives are able to foster collective forms of action by increasing the level of <i><font face="Times New Roman">efficacy </font><font face="Times New Roman">amongst the audience. </font>Conclusions highlight that participatory development communication with an educational aim allows people to identify problems and to strategise and mobilise resources for collective action.</i></i></i></p>

<p><br /> A number of programmes have been implemented in the field of development communication, with the specific aim of promoting social change among communities, and a series of studies have illustrated the positive effects of entertainment-education (EE) interventions on individuals variety of fields, including health, agriculture and sustainable development, and make use of a different range of media such as radio, television and theatre. In line with the theory and conceptual framework of the Integrated Model of Communication for Social Change (IMCSC), this research is intended to explore, empirically, how development communication programmes can foster collective action amongst community members. The research is based on a case study of Sesotho Media &amp / Development (SM&amp / D), a nongovernmental organisation that has been operating in Lesotho, using media to promote social transformation and individual change. For the past 10 years, SM&amp / D has been working in Lesotho using a methodology based on facilitated documentary screening with a specific focus on HIV/Aids-related issues, combined with capacity building programmes aimed at training facilitators among support groups, youth groups and prison inmates around the country. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods of enquiry were employed throughout the research. Common research tools used include questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and observation. In addition, a variety of secondary sources of information, including evaluation reports, funding proposals and journal articles were reviewed. The results of the study reveal that development communication initiatives are able to foster collective forms of action by increasing the level of&nbsp / efficacy&nbsp / amongst the audience. Conclusions highlight that participatory development communication with an educational aim allows people to identify problems and to strategise and mobilise resources for collective action. </p> <p>&nbsp / </p>

<p align="left">A number of programmes have been implemented in the field of development communication, with the specific aim of promoting social change among communities, and a series of studies have illustrated the positive effects of entertainment-education (EE) interventions on individuals variety of fields, including health, agriculture and sustainable development, and make use of a different range of media such as radio, television and theatre. <font face="Times New Roman">In line with the theory and conceptual framework of the </font><i><font face="Times New Roman">Integrated Model of Communication </font><i><font face="Times New Roman">for Social Change </font><font face="Times New Roman">(IMCSC), this research is intended to explore, empirically, how </font>development communication programmes can foster collective action amongst community members. The research is based on a case study of Sesotho Media &amp / Development (SM&amp / D), a nongovernmental organisation that has been operating in Lesotho, using media to promote social transformation and individual change. For the past 10 years, SM&amp / D has been working in Lesotho using a methodology based on facilitated documentary screening with a specific focus on HIV/Aids-related issues, combined with capacity building programmes aimed at training facilitators among support groups, youth groups and prison inmates around the country. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods of enquiry were employed throughout the research. Common research tools used include questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions and observation. In addition, a variety of secondary sources of information, including evaluation reports, funding proposals and journal articles were reviewed. The results of the study reveal that development communication initiatives are able to foster collective forms of action by increasing the level of <i><font face="Times New Roman">efficacy </font><font face="Times New Roman">amongst the audience. </font>Conclusions highlight that participatory development communication with an educational aim allows people to identify problems and to strategise and mobilise resources for collective action.</i></i></i></p>