This historical dissertation investigates the international proliferation of Fordism in politically illiberal settings during the 1920s and 1930s. Based on American, German, and Soviet primary sources, it is the first archive-based study of this process. The dissertation's main finding is that the implementation of Ford's ideas and practices was a key component of illiberal modernization drives - that is, projects of state-led economic growth which explicitly fashioned themselves as alternatives to Western liberal capitalism. This point of view is a departure from previous accounts of the global success of Fordism, which subsume the story under the spread of American market capitalism or portray it as a process of quasi-self-explanatory technology transfer. It is also distinct from the well-known approach in history and the social sciences that describes Fordism as a specifically capitalist production regime (in distinction to a later post-Fordism). The argument pursued here requires a re-interpretation of Ford Motor Company's position within the American corporate arena of the 1920s and 1930s. Undertaken in the opening chapter, this re-examination characterizes the production practice of Ford Motor Company as an illiberal strategic alternative to the American business mainstream. Subsequent chapters trace the reception of Ford's political and business writings abroad, reconstruct the Nazi and Soviet motorization effort in the wake of Ford's model, and examine the transfer of Ford's mass production techniques to Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia. The empirical results show that motorization and productive efficiency, both associated with Ford's innovations, became hallmarks of illiberal modernization efforts in these countries. The dissertation highlights the importance of non-market motivations for economic actors and policy-makers. It introduces the term illiberal modernism to describe the motivating power of ideology on economic practice during the interwar years. / History

International migration is a significant issue in many contemporary societies. It is often analysed through the frame of different representational models. This thesis argues the need for a conceptualization of the migrant through the Deleuzian philosophy of immanence, and immaterial labor practice. The first part of the thesis discloses the problematic aspect of representation and places the figure of the migrant in the Deleuzian philosophy of immanence. The second part of the thesis is devoted to the analysis of the dominant mode of economy in contemporary capitalist societies – post-Fordism. Deleuzian angle of the migrant, which is based on desire, change, deterritorialization, and affect is deeply connected with post-Fordist economy and one of its practises – immaterial labor. With immaterial labor, which is based on the intellectual capabilities of human beings build a relation through communication and affect, being the dominant work practise nowadays, this practise as well as the figure of migrant is placed in the field of immanence. This field is based on the refusal of any kind of representation. It places the being in the material world, which finds itself in continuous process of becoming through the creation of relations. Thus, the figure of the migrant, whose life is based on the intensified creation of relations is the paradigmatic form of all subjectivity under post-Fordist logic and conditions, which is based on intensified creation of relations for the... [to full text] / Šiuolaikinėse visuomenėse tarptautinė migracija tampa vis aktualesniu reiškiniu. Akademinėje literatūroje migracija dažniausiai nagrinėjama pasitelkiant įvairius reprezentacinius modelius. Šis magistro darbas skirtas migracijos konceptualizavimui per imanentiškos Gilles Deleuzo filosofijos prizmę bei nemateriaulaus darbo praktiką. Pirma darbo dalis pristato bei analizuoja reprezentacijos, kaip reiškinio, problematiką ir diskutuoja migranto figūros priklausomybę imanentinei Deliozo filosofijos terpei. Antroji darbo dalis skirta dominuojančios šiuolaikinio kapitalizmo ekonomikos rūšies – post-Fordizmo – analizei. Migranto konceptas, aptariamas per Deliozo imamentiškos filosofijos prizmę yra pagrįstas šiai filosofijai priklausančiais konceptais: troškimu, pokyčiu, deteritorializacija, afektu, kurie yra tampriai susiję su post-Fordizmo ekonomika bei viena iš jos praktikų – nematerialiu darbu. Kadangi tiek nematerialaus darbo logika, tiek migranto būtis remiasi žmogiškuoju gebėjimais mąstyti, užmegzti ryšį per komunikacijos aktą bei sukelti afektą, abu konceptai yra patalpinami į imanentišką lauką. Imanencija paremta bet kokios reprezentacijos, kuria remiamas transcendcijos kūrimas, atmetimu bei būties patalpinimu į materialų pasaulį, kuriamą iš intensyvumų mainais paremtų ryšių. Tokiu būdu migrantas, kurio būtis paremta intensyviu ryšių kūrimu bei perkūrimu, tampa paradigmatišku viso post-Fordizmo ekonomikos, kuriai būdingas intensyvus ryšių kūrimas siekiant sukurti vis... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

Submitted by ELIANE CARVALHO DOS SANTOS null (elianegeounesp@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-07-27T16:49:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese Eliane.Geo.pdf: 2750787 bytes, checksum: 70d4d66604e42b323f213f1639bcee09 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-07-29T13:13:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_ec_dr_prud.pdf: 2750787 bytes, checksum: 70d4d66604e42b323f213f1639bcee09 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-29T13:13:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_ec_dr_prud.pdf: 2750787 bytes, checksum: 70d4d66604e42b323f213f1639bcee09 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-14 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Com a crise do fordismo e de suas bases estruturais, foi necessário um amplo processo de reestruturação que está fomentando diferentes trajetórias de superação de sua crise. Nos territórios que buscam superar esse modelo, os agentes sociais empreendem diferentes estratégias, com a implementação de princípios orientados pelo capitalismo flexível que permitem novas configurações nas instituições reguladoras que imprimem novas formas de relações profissionais e novas configurações no modelo de organização industrial. Nessa conformação, as heranças da formação do fordismo deixam os direcionamentos do combate à rigidez, gerando uma combinação específica dos territórios frente à flexibilidade. Isso se repercute no modo de regulação organizado em diferentes escalas, tendo a escala nacional como a principal mediadora dessas transformações entre o local e o global. Diante desse quadro, a proposta desta pesquisa esteve em compreender como as mudanças no modo de regulação nacional, empreendidas com o objetivo de tornar o território brasileiro alinhado com a regulação internacional do capitalismo flexível, tem repercutido no modo de regulação da Região do ABCD paulista, região essa que sempre apresentou um alinhamento com a regulação nacional e por isso sofreu fortemente os impactos da crise do fordismo. Com esse cenário, investigamos a relação entre as mudanças no modo de regulação nacional e o regional, a partir da analise da atuação dos principais agentes – o Estado, o capital e o trabalho – na configuração de um novo modo de regulação flexível nesse território. / With the crisis of Fordism and its structural basis, an extensive process of restructuring that is fueling different paths to overcome its crisis was needed. In the territories that seek to overcome this model, social workers undertake different strategies, with the implementation of principles guided by flexible capitalism that allow new configurations in regulatory institutions that print new forms of professional relationships and new settings in the industrial organization model. In this conformation, the inheritances of the formation of Fordism leave the directions to combat stiffness, generating a specific combination of the territories ahead flexibility. This is reflected in the mode of regulation organized at different scales, and the national level as the main mediator of these changes between the local and the global. Given this situation, the purpose of this research was to understand how changes in national regulatory mode, undertaken with the aim of making Brazil aligned with the international regulation of flexible capitalism, has passed in setting mode of São Paulo ABCD Region, this region that has always been an alignment with national regulation and so strongly suffered the impacts of the crisis of Fordism. With this scenario, we investigated the relationship between changes in the national and regional regulation mode, from the analysis of the performance of the main actors - the state, capital and labor - in setting up a new flexible regulation mode that territory. / FAPESP: 2012/07547-2

Orientador: Jorge Eduardo Levi Mattoso / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T17:09:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Prado_AntonioJoseCorreado_D.pdf: 1851637 bytes, checksum: fb5b3ce881d2354c7ab81697f6a4f94e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: O fim de um longo período de prosperidade, que apresentava promessas tão generosas em relação às possibilidades de o capitalismo resolver suas mazelas sociais e interromper uma imanente lógica de gerar continuamente um exército industrial de reserva através do progresso técnico, é sempre um fenômeno que gera certo grau de perplexidade e mal-estar. Foi assim com a ¿idade do ouro¿ do capitalismo contemporâneo, inaugurada no pós II Guerra Mundial. Neste texto é apresentada a trajetória da constituição do padrão de acumulação fordista/keynesiano e os fundamentos de sua prosperidade, seu esgotamento e a transição para a agenda neoliberal, delineando-se sua lógica básica, a partir de um esquema de análise sugerido pela leitura da escola da regulação e de algumas considerações críticas a essa abordagem / Abstract: The end of a long period of prosperity that stemmed such generous promises as those regarding the possibilities of the capitalism to overcome its social drama and to interrupt its inner logic of continuosly generate a industrial reserve army through technical progress, is always a phenomenon that emerge a great deal of uneasiness. That was the case with the ¿golden age¿ of contemporary capitalism, that reached its maturity afeter the second world war. This thesis presents the building path of fordism/keynesianism pattern of accumulation. Also debate the principles of this long period of prosperity, its dismantling and transition to neoliberal agenda, extracting its basic logic through an approach suggested by the readings of the regulation school and some critical developments to this approach / Doutorado / Politica Economica / Doutor em Ciências Econômicas

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Esta dissertação ilustra como o regime fordista de acumulação brasileiro foi induzido à sua crise na década de oitenta, pelas políticas de ajuste econômico patrocinadas pelo FMI, e como na década seguinte a política de liberalização da economia terminou por reformatá-lo. Destacam-se as alterações estruturais na economia neste novo ambiente pós-fordista, e evidencia-se como este novo regime de acumulação não permitiu uma ampliação do produto e renda / This master dissertation elucidates how the Brazilian accumulation of fordist type was driven into its crisis in the eighties, by the adjustment policies of International Monetary Fund and how, during the nineties, the liberalization of economy put another one in curse, the so called post-fordist regime. The work approaches the structural changes of the Brazilian economy under this new post-fordist regime, and attempts to show how it was not able foster new economic growth, as expected

Syftet med denna rapport är att kartlägga Scania Production System (SPS), hur det motiverades och implementerades inom Scanias organisation samt dra kopplingar mellan tidigare reformer och SPS. Vi vill ta reda på hur Scania lyckats skapa ett eget skräddarsytt produktionssystem som visat sig vara så framgångsrikt och hur detta infördes inom hela organisationen. SPS är ett resultat av Toyota och deras Toyota Production System (TPS) efter ett nära samarbete mellan Scania och Toyota sedan början av nittiotalet. Scanias värderingar, principer och prioriteringar beskrivs av SPS och har visat sig vara en av företagets konkurrensfördelar genom ökad effektivitet samt produktivitet inom produktionen. TPS fick mycket av sin inspiration av de tidigare reformerna Taylorismen och Fordismen ur rationaliseringsrörelsen. Detta genom Taylors idéer om standardisering och Fords löpandebands-princip. Toyota var även bland dem första att utforma och tillämpa de logistiska reformerna Total Quality Management, Lean Production och Just-In-Time i sitt produktionssystem. Reformer som används och är välkända inom många företag inte minst Scania och SPS. Rapporten uppfyllde sitt syfte genom intervjuer och analys av konceptlitteratur för att kunna konstatera att det finns en röd tråd inom företaget och att det finns en tydlig koppling mellan SPS och tidigare reformer. Avslutningsvis lyckades vi även analysera och dra slutsatser om hur SPS utformades, motiverades och implementerades. Utformningen av SPS gick till genom ett nära samarbete mellan ledningar på Scania och Toyota vilken Scania på så sätt kunnat ta inspiration ifrån och kunnat anpassa systemet efter Scanias kultur. Hur sedan SPS motiverades och implanterades föregick i en ledningsprocess som Scania tillämpade inom organisationen. Lösningen kom att bli avgörande för framtiden, ledarskapet. Man tillämpade ett nytt tankesätt genom hela verksamheten vilket har visat sig vara framgångsrikt. / The purpose of this report is to map the Scania Production System (SPS), how it was motivated and implemented within Scania's organization, as well as linking previous reforms with SPS. We want to find out how Scania managed to create its own customized production system that proved being successful and how it was introduced throughout the organization. SPS is a result of Toyota and their Toyota Production System (TPS) following a close collaboration between Scania and Toyota since the early 1990s. Scania's values, principles and priorities are described by SPS and have proven to be one of the company's competitive advantages through increased efficiency and productivity in production. TPS received much inspiration from the earlier reforms of Taylorism and Fordism from the rationalization movement. This through Taylor's ideas about standardization and Ford's running band principle. Toyota was also one of the first to design and apply the logistics theory’s Total Quality Management, Lean Production and Just-In-Time in its production system. Reforms used and well known in many companies, not least Scania and SPS. The report fulfilled its purpose through interviews and analysis of conceptual literature to find that there is a red thread within the company and that there is a clear link between SPS and previous reforms. In conclusion, we also managed to analyse and draw conclusions about how the SPS was designed, motivated and implemented. The design of SPS was achieved through close collaboration between Scania and Toyota wires, which enabled Scania to inspire and adapt the system to Scania's culture. The way in which SPS was motivated and implanted preceded a management process that Scania applied to within the organization. The solution came to be decisive for the future, leadership. A new way of thinking was applied throughout the business, which has proved to be successful.

This study aims to explore policy implications, production and consumption processes between the airline and tourism industries. In particular, policy initiatives, product developments, innovation and consumption patterns are taken into consideration in order to identify the relationship between the two industries within the context of Cyprus. The airline industry, after the implementation of liberalization, has changed considerably in terms of market size, type of airlines and operations. In the case of destination management, innovation and policy planning are key parameters of success. Additionally, new business production methods are imperative, given the emergence of a ‘new-tourist’ who is educated, seeking shorter breaks and more frequent and cheaper trips in unique and unexplored destinations. Both quantitative and qualitative methods of analysis are employed. In particular, 26 interviews of ‘power-elite’ policymakers and stakeholders in Cyprus are used to explore policy implications for the identification of implementation outcomes and their impact on product developments and innovation. Furthermore, 300 self-administered questionnaires were distributed to British travellers to Cyprus, so as to identify the role of the airlines and the extent of the importance attributed to destination. The results of the study suggest a gap in the relation of the tourism and airline industries’ interaction at policy level, outcome, and implementation. More specifically, the airline policy enables the industry to become more adaptive and creative, and innovation is depicted via low-cost carriers (LCCs). The tourism industry has developed a policy that reflects the post/neo-Fordism trends of consumption and production, which refers to niche products. However, there is a dearth of policy theory and implementation, with consistent failures and delays. Thus, tourism is at the stage of renovation without essential innovation in contrast to the airline industry, which is a leader, and a proponent of innovation. In terms of consumption, Factor Analysis suggests that British tourists tend to book their holiday trips based on three categories of airline attributes: ‘Customer service’, ‘Price-sensitive & Internet’ and ‘Selection in travel behaviour’. Cluster analysis suggests three main categories of tourists, namely, ‘Traditional’, ‘Demanding/Opportunists’ and ‘Ambivalent’. The results confirm that consumers have changed and tourism destinations must be able to adapt to their demands and to offer a variety of services and products in order to survive in a competitive global market. In the case of the airline industry and holiday trips, convenience and the airport that the airline is flying from is more important than the cost of the ticket.

Aldrig förr har vi konsumerat så mycket som nu och konsumenterna ställer hela tiden krav på högre kvalitet till lägre pris, samtidigt som kostnader för arbetskraft, energi och material ständigt ökar. För att bemöta kundernas behov används olika produktionssystem. Lean production är ett sådant produktionssystem och inkluderar en mängd uppsättning praktiska verktyg, men också en filosofi byggd på engagemang, kunskap, team-känsla och ledarskap. Lean är något många företag eftersträvar att införa, men studier visar att mindre än 20% lyckas att införa hela Leans koncept. Det är främst de mjuka delarna av Lean (filosofin) som företagen har svårast att implementera, vilket innebär att Lean i många fall reduceras till en verktygslåda. I denna studie har Lean-implementationen på ett fallföretag studerats. Fallföretaget införde Lean i samband med ”Produktionslyftet” år 2007 i syfte att effektivisera processer och bemöta hårdnande konkurrens. Ett antal intervjuer har genomförts med både produktions-personal och personer i ledande befattning. För att synliggöra individens roll i införandet och anammandet av Lean har en ny undersökningsmodell tagits fram för att analysera empirin och som utgår från ramverket för teknik, organisation och miljö, TOE, men där influensen av miljö har ersatts av influensen av individ, TOI. Den teoretiska undersöknings-modellen är undersökarens bidrag till forskningen. Resultatet av studien visar på att fallföretaget är ett klassiskt exempel på ett företag som lyckats väl med att införa de tekniska verktygen av Lean och att verksamheten fungerar mycket bättre idag än före införandet av Lean. Fallföretaget har ökat leveranssäkerheten och omsättningen men samtidigt minskat på produktionsytan och producerar ändå mer på samma tid. Däremot har fallföretaget inte lika tydligt implementerat de mjuka beståndsdelarna av Lean, det vill säga själva filosofin. Undersökningsmodellen TOI lyfter här fram verksamhetens karaktär, en hierarkisk och toppstyrd organisation, som en möjlig faktor till varför de mjuka beståndsdelarna inte har fått fäste. Modellen visar även att individen inte integrerar och samspelar med de influenser som borde skapa Lean. Samspelet mellan individ och ledning (organisation) ses som väsentliga för att uppnå de mjuka beståndsdelarna. För att få Leans hela koncept måste det finnas ett samspel och förbindelse mellan TOI modellens tre influenser; teknik, organisation och individ. Alla delarna är lika viktiga för att hela Lean ska få fäste. Detta är en möjlig anledning till varför det är mindre än 20% av Lean-projekteten som misslyckas med att implementera Leans hela koncept. / Never before have we consumed as much as now and customers are constantly demanding higher quality at a lower price, while at the same time costs are increasing for labour, energy and materials. Different production systems are used to meet customer needs. Lean production is such a production system and includes a variety of practical tools but also a philosophy based on commitment, knowledge, team spirit and leadership. Lean is something many companies strive to introduce, but studies shows that less than 20% succeed in introducing the entire Lean concept. It’s mainly the soft parts of Lean (the philosophy) that companies have most difficulty to implement, which means that in many cases Lean is reduced to a toolbox. This study is about the Lean implementation in a case company. The case company introduced Lean through its participation in the "Produktionslyftet" in 2007 with the aim of streamlining processes and responding to toughening competition. A number of interviews have been carried out with both production staff and senior executives. In order to highlight the individual's role in the introduction and adoption of Lean, a research model has been developed to analyse the empirical data, which is based on the framework for technology, organization and environment, TOE, but where the influence of environment has been replaced by the influence of the individual, TOI. The theoretical survey model is the investigator's contribution to the science. The result of the study shows that the case company is a classic example of a company that has succeeded well in introducing the technical tools of Lean and that the operation works much better today than before the introduction of Lean. The case company has increased the delivery reliability and sales but at the same time decreased the production area and still produces more at the same time allotted. However, the case company has not as clearly implemented the soft elements of Lean, that is, the philosophy itself. The survey model TOI highlights the nature of the business, a hierarchical and top-down organization, as a possible factor why the soft components have not been attached. The model also shows that the individual does not integrate and interact with the influences that should create Lean. The interaction between individual and management (organization) are seen as essential for achieving the soft components. In order to get the whole concept of Lean, there must be an interaction and connection between the three influences of the TOI model; technology, organization and individual. All parts are equally important for the whole of Lean to get attached. This is a possible reason why there are less than 20% of Lean projects that fail to implement the entire Lean concept.

O objeto do presente trabalho é uma análise da produção do espaço da indústria, privilegiando a indústria automobilística brasileira, no contexto de passagem do chamado fordismo para a produção flexível. O objetivo do trabalho é o de examinar a intrincada rede de relações entre o espaço e as estratégias de produção e reprodução do capital, num contexto de transformação dessas estratégias. O espaço é considerado como um produto, mas por outro lado, também é aqui tomado como produtivo. Buscou-se, então, detectar quais são as principais mudanças (políticas, sociais, econômicas e espaciais) que ocorrem na passagem das estratégias fordistas de reprodução e acumulação do capital para as ligadas à produção flexível. E como essa passagem altera os fatores de localização industrial no território, além da própria organização das indústrias. Foi, portanto, feito um estudo de como o espaço da indústria se reorganiza a partir das transformações nas estratégias de reprodução do capital e a partir das relações deste com o Estado - dando destaque para a idéia a crescente importância do fundo público -, com o trabalho e com o espaço. Nesse processo, foi dado destaque ao estudo da indústria automobilística no Brasil, pois ela seria um exemplo paradigmático das recentes transformações no capitalismo contemporâneo, e, dada a sua importância e influência no Brasil, também um exemplo de como o espaço geográfico é produzido e reestruturado a partir de tais transformações. Para a viabilização do presente trabalho foi feita uma revisão bibliográfica de parte da literatura disponível sobre o tema, um levantamento de dados em fontes apropriadas e foram realizadas entrevistas com representantes e funcionários da Volkswagen do Brasil e com membros do Sindicato dos Metalúrgicos do ABC. / This work is an analysis of the production of space in the Brazilian motor car industry, involving the transition of fordism to flexible production. This study aims the examination of a complex network between space and capital’s production and reproduction strategies, including these strategies’ changes. Space is considered as a product. On the other hand, it is also considered as productive. It was sought to detect what are the main changes (political, social, economical and spatial ones) which take place in the transition from the fordist´s strategies of reproduction and accumulation of capital to the flexible production ones. It was also considered how this transition changes the industrial location factors in the territory, besides the internal industrial organization. It was, therefore, produced a study related to the industrial space reorganization that included the existing relations between capital and State (enhancing the role of the public fund), labor and space. The motor car industry in Brazil was particularly studied, as it constitutes a paradigmatic example of the recent changes in the contemporary capitalism, and due to its influence and importance in this country it is also an example of how the geographical space is produced and reorganized from such changes. A bibliographic revision about the related subject, a data search and interviews with employees from Volkswagen do Brasil and with members of the Metallurgy Workers Union from great São Paulo (Sindicato dos Metalúrgicos do ABC) were made to make this work possible.