近年來由於會議展覽服務業的興起，所以一些具有商業意義的展覽相關議題亦逐漸被重視，然而過去的研究多著重在探討商展買賣雙方（參展者、參觀者）的關係，甚少以策展單位的角度切入，來完整觀察整個展覽之規劃、營運、執行、以及其在產業上所扮演的角色。此外，由於展覽不僅只是一個單純的交易平台，更是產業上商機、資源、資訊匯集交流的場所，以及創新概念、技術、產品的擴散地，此猶如扮演著產業上的「守門」角色一般。 因此，本研究便藉由產業的「守門機制」理論來從新檢視展覽，透過以資訊電子產業中具有極重要地位和完整發展、消長歷史的世界三大電腦展COMDEX Fall、CeBIT、COMPUTEX Taipei為個案，進而發現、瞭解展覽的策展單位如何在展覽前期將自己定位，透過劃定邊界、篩選遞送內容來扮演好守門機制的功能與角色，並配合自身的守門能耐，進一步地影響到展覽活動內容的呈現，使其能夠在不同的活動內容中扮演不同類型的守門機制，以及最終其在守門成果對於產業上創新概念、技術、產品的影響為何，並且是否會因而影響參展者與參觀者的參與意願。 本研究所得的研究結論如下。 1、展覽中的各項活動內容（展覽會、會議、獎項）在商品化的過程中，藉由策展單位「劃定邊界」、「篩選內容」守門機制之執行，各自扮演著產業守門機制的不同角色。 →展覽活動內容的「展覽會」，屬於守門類型中，策展單位會對於參展、參 觀者來加以設定、限制，並從展覽會現場中持續地篩選遞送全面性、系統性資訊內容的「創新型守門機制」。 →展覽活動內容的「會議」，包含了「主題演講」、「論壇、研討會」、「產品發表會」三種類型的活動。其中「主題演講」和「產品發表會」，屬於守門類型中，策展單位不會對參與群眾加以限制，並且從活動中傳播較為區段性資訊內容的「資訊型守門機制」。而「論壇、研討會」則屬於策展單位會對參與群眾加以設定、限制，並從中遞送區段性資訊內容的「典範型守門機制」。 →展覽活動內容的「獎項」，屬於守門類型中，策展單位需對參賽者加以設定、限制、評選，而且從獎項的頒佈、宣傳向其相關廠商和大眾產生示範、鼓勵的作用，進而遞送出區段性資訊內容的「典範型守門機制」。 2、策展單位守門機制之執行會與守門能耐之間彼此相互影響，並且在策展單位執行守門機制時，策展單位的守門能耐會有時序上的順序展現。 3、策展單位守門機制的運作與執行，會受到策展單位不同的組織類型所影響。 4、策展單位的守門能耐會受到策展單位組織的類型、資源、網路所影響。 5、展覽守門成果在創新概念、創新技術、創新產品的傳播、擴散上，會受到展覽的產業守門機制所影響。若是策展單位在展覽的產業守門機制上沒操作執行好，將會使得展覽守門成果的代表性和創新性不足、參展成效不彰，進而影響參展者和參觀者的參與意願，最終將會導致展覽的衰亡。 6、展覽本身的守門成果會深受其展覽舉辦所屬產業發展的影響，進而會影響到展覽產業守門機制的展現。 / Recent years, with the growth of the M.I.C.E industry, some subjects about commercial exhibitions have also been attached importance to. However, the researches in the past almost emphasize on the relation between exhibitors and visitors in the trade shows, and there are few researches which is from the organizer perspective to obverse the plans, operation, administration, and the special roles in the industry of the exhibition. Besides, the exhibition is not only just a trade platform, but also a place in which people can collect and exchange business opportunities, resources, information of the industry. It is also a diffuse place of innovative concepts, technology, and products in the industry. Above all, the exhibition is just as the role of the industrial “gatekeeper”. As a result, this study uses the theory of the industrial gatekeeping mechanisms to review the function of the exhibition, and take computer exhibitions COMDEX Fall, CeBIT, and COMPUTEX Taipei, which play very important roles in the ICT industry and have complete history, as examples. This study digs deeply into these three computer exhibitions and expects to find how the organizer of the exhibition positions itself in the earlier preparation stage. In addition, how does it play the role of the gatekeeping mechanisms well by delimiting the boundaries and sifting the content? Furthermore, how the organizer further impact the display of the exhibition with their gatekeeping function and ability, so that it could play different kinds of gatekeeping mechanisms in different exhibition events. Finally, this study wants to find the influence of industrial gatekeeping mechanisms results on innovative concepts, technology, and products in the industry, and investigates whether the results affect exhibitors and visitors’ will of participating in exhibitions . The conclusions of this study can be summarized as below: 1.There are three kinds of events, including “Trade Show”, “Conventions”, and “Award” in the exhibition. In the process of commercialization, these three events severally play different kinds of roles of gatekeeping mechanisms by delimiting the boundaries and sifting the content. →In the exhibition, the “Trade Show” belongs to the “Innovative gatekeeping mechanism”. →In the conventions of the exhibition, there are also three kinds of events, including “Keynote Speech”, “Forum”, and “Product Debut”. ”Keynote Speech” and “Product Debut” belong to the “Informational gatekeeping mechanism”, but “Forum” belongs to “Paradigm gatekeeping mechanism”. →In the exhibition, the “Award” belongs to the “Paradigm gatekeeping mechanism”. 2.For the exhibition organizer, its administration of gatekeeping mechanisms and its gatekeeping ability would affect each other. And the organizer would also reveal its gatekeeping ability in order to help itself carry out gatekeeping mechanisms. 3.The administration of the organizer’s gatekeeping mechanisms would be affected by itself organization types. 4.The organizer’s gatekeeping ability would be affected by itself organization types, resources, and networks. 5.The results of gatekeeping mechanisms of the exhibition, such as the diffusion of innovative concepts, technology, and products in the industry, would be influenced by industrial gatekeeping mechanisms of the exhibition. If the organizer doesn’t work industrial gatekeeping mechanisms of the exhibition well, it will lack representative and innovative display, and also affect exhibitors and visitors’ will of participating in exhibitions. Finally, the exhibition declines and falls. 6.The result of gatekeeping mechanisms would be deeply affected by the development of the industry which the organizer holds the exhibition in, and it develops with its industrial life cycle. Besides, the development of the industry also affects the administration of industrial gatekeeping mechanisms of the exhibition.

The returns management (RM) process has traditionally been seen as a value recovery process, which has resulted in an efficiency focus in the returns flow. This thesis present, the effects on a fashion e-commerce organisation, which is underprioritising or neglecting RM in general and consumer returns specifically. In the reported and described single-case study and through a real-life experiment, performed with the case organisation nelly.com, it is shown that the consumer returns rates are not only influenced by the product itself. They represent a complex problem that has its reasons and causes, whereby the product (size, fit, quality, et cetera) together with consumer buying and returning behaviour ultimately have a combined effect on the organisation. The results from the thesis are based on previous research and rest heavily on the research performed since the start of the research journey. Consumer returns form part of the value creation in e-commerce and therefore returns management is a strategic part of the business as such. Handling consumer returns in a traditional or efficient returns system without knowing the reason for return and the state of the returned item is nothing other than gambling with resources. The proposed returns information system (RIS) framework in the thesis addresses this issue and facilitates the downstream application of the gatekeeping activity, near or at the end-user location; managerial attention is required at the strategic process level to build a proper returns system that is partly, and quite likely, decentralised. Products, suppliers, customers and internal processes cause consumer returns and therefore a returns manager needs to address these with other functions and SC partners. This result is partly new and the proposed alignment of RM as a strategic process is new in the sense that RM is part of value creation. This thesis empirically supports the conclusion that “one size fits all” is outdated and does not fit with ecommerce business. The results imply that managers need to gain a profound understanding of consumers’ buying behaviour and also to create differentiated delivery and returns processes to be able to grow within the existing customer segments and possibly to attract new or non-customers who are out of reach at present. Seeing the RM process as strategic in e-commerce, as proposed in the thesis, facilitates the development of the process to become both effective and efficient. Returns management has the potential for revenue creation and cost reduction. / <p>Dissertation to be defended in public on 15th of February 2013, at 10.00 in lecture room Vasa C, Vera Sandbergs Allé 8, Göteborg, for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy</p>

This thesis deals with the manipulating practices in the political media coverage in the period before the elections to the House of Parliament of the Czech Republic in May 2010. It describes the types of communication in terms of its ability to influence and focuses on the effects of the media and its impact on the audience. It also deals with the theoretical framework of the issues of manipulating methods and techniques and their causes. It defines the function of media in terms of intentions and evaluates the current situation in the Czech Republic, including the existing control mechanisms. A part of this thesis is a comparative analysis that focuses on a detailed qualitative analysis of texts published in the dailies Mladá fronta Dnes and Právo and their comparison during the period under consideration.

Air accidents related to both airplanes and airliners are often at the centre of heightened media attention. Whereas commercial media often choose to include in their news service only those accidents that result in number of fatalities or in a significant property damage, public service broadcasters should not take into account these criteria on order to provide balanced and versatile news service promoting an independent formation of opinions. In the case of news agencies, whose general mission is to collect and provide information, this assumption is doubly true. This thesis aims to analyse textual news products of the Czech News Agency using the example of the Agency's news coverage of air accident which happened in 2011 in the Czech Republic. This analysis will be used to determine the information quality on The first part of this thesis offers a theoretical basis for analysis - it describes the circumstances of the selection of news and related critical thinking approaches. The second part involves the actual qualitative content analysis of the news, mainly through comparison of media production with institutionally processed data depicting the real state of aviation accidents in the analysed period.

The topic of the thesis is the comparison of photographs in year-books of magazine Týden and year-books of Lidové noviny newspaper from the point of view of the News values, as set by Johan Galtung and Mari Ruge and their successors, and also with respect to other qualities and values which are crucial in the process of selection of news photographs. The year-books of chosen media are the summaries of their production of given year, they are the selection of events which are considered the most important of that year. From the visual point of view, the year-books have much more space devoted to photography than their standard issues. The number of photographs and their size are therefore much higher. The thesis compares two pairs of year-books with a nine-year interval between them. This makes us compare the shifts and changes of their qualities in time, using a quantitative analysis research. The important part of the thesis is devoted to the routines of editorial staff, who are responsible for the selection of photographs. To explain this part, we used interviews with photo-editors or image editors. In these interviews we put emphasis on the very fundaments of editors work, the factors and circumstances which limit and affect his work and we also identified the values or qualities of photographs which are...

The diploma thesis Comparation of the coverage of war conflicts in Yemen and Syria by the Czech media examines to what extent and in what way two wars, which have been going on for several years and are among the biggest humanitarian crises of the present, are reflected in selected media. The conflicts under investigation are the war in Syria and the war in Yemen. The aim of the thesis was to prove that although the two wars are comparable in many aspects, there is a considerable difference between their media coverage. The theoretical part summarizes and defines important concepts accompanying news and news selection and their impact, the role of the media in war and other concepts such as ideology or propaganda. The research part examines the individual reports of three selected news sites, which are Aktuálně.cz, Novinky.cz and iDnes.cz. Based on four theoretical bases, the variables in media content of selected media were investigated. Based on the analysis it was found that the Syrian conflict in the media space gets much more attention than the Yemeni conflict. Furthermore, it was found that while the war in Syria is most often put into the context of the actions of state actors, the most common theme of the reports on the war in Yemen is the development of the conflict. The third hypothesis...

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects that a man's attitudes towards fathering have on the level of involvement with his children. Of particular interest was whether fathering attitudes moderated some of the more consistent predictors of involvement, such as relationship quality, maternal gatekeeping, mother's and father's employment hours, a man's history with his own father, family structure, and child characteristics. A sample of 2300 men was used to evaluate the effects of fathering attitudes on engagement and warmth among children ages 2 to 8 and 9 to 11. Results indicate an inconsistent main effect between fathering attitudes and the types of involvement among the two age groups. However, moderated multiple regression analysis revealed that, in many instances, fathering attitudes completely mitigated the effect of several of the traditional predictors of involvement. Among the younger group, men with high fathering attitudes maintained high levels of engagement despite poor history with their own father and high levels of work hours, and engagement increased as maternal employment hours increased. Warmth among these men also remained unchanged at high levels of maternal gatekeeping and low levels of relationship quality. In the older group, high father attitudes mitigated the effects of relationship quality and fathers' work hours on warmth. Attitudes did not moderate engagement among the older group.

The focus of this thesis is on social workers’ role in assessing and making decisions in child welfare cases. The primary aim is to identify factors that influence decisions concerning reports assessed, investigated, dismissed or processed to intervention within child welfare agencies in Swedish municipalities. Social policy, professional and organisational factors are perspectives considered in the analysis. All reports and requests for support for children and adolescents in the 0–19 age group were collected during two months in two local agencies, in 2003 (n= 260) and followed by interviews with social workers. Factors connected to social workers’ assessments at different stages in the process were tested in regression models and grounds for their assessments explored. Main results: two-thirds of reports are sorted out without investigation. One-fifth led to interventions. The highest probability for a report to be investigated was if it was assessed as acute, concerned abuse, came from a professional (not the police) concerned a girl and handled in the integrated agency. The most common problems, such as family conflicts and antisocial behaviour were investigated the least. A majority of the children came from underprivileged families, mainly poor single mothers. The process draws the pattern of a heavily tapered funnel with few interventions at the end. Children are not in focus and the attitude is to keep them out of the system for their own good. Social policy and organisational factors restrict social workers’ discretion. Contradictory demands are solved by a ‘consensual ideology’. Parallel tracks appear on risks in a narrow perspective and on voluntary counselling mainly directed to mothers. This forms child welfare into a rejecting practice, where hard social conditions are individualized. Legislation gives municipalities considerable leeway to produce a variety of services and interventions, but practice works on the basis of another kind of rationality.

近年來，各國政府積極推動文化創意產業，藉以帶動其他產業促進整體經濟發展，提升生活環境；其中節慶不僅能為地方或城市提供正向發展，亦屬於一文化創意展演平台，使文化商品得以於消費者面前曝光。 本研究主張，守門機制對於節慶與文化創意產業具有重要影響，檢閱相關文獻後，本研究以「2014年簡單生活節」為個案，運用「守門機制理論」作為個案分析的研究架構。本研究之研究問題為「2014年簡單生活節如何發揮守門機制功能」，為回答研究問題，本研究採用個案研究法，藉由參與式觀察與深入訪談，瞭解簡單生活節團隊如何執行其守門機制角色，並探討其守門成果對於節慶本身與文創產業的影響，得以彌補守門機制以及節慶創新理論上的文獻缺口。 本研究發現在2014年簡單生活節的守門過程中，簡單生活節團隊在劃定邊界的過程除了會受到守門專業能耐影響外，亦被牽制於可篩選的內容，導致其守門過程是一反覆修正的過程。此外，除了文獻中提及的四種守門能耐外，本研究更發現在2014年簡單生活節中最重要的守門能耐為「策展能力」，策展能力讓簡單生活節團隊能協助品牌於節慶中呈現出更適切且驚喜的內容，並提升品牌能見度。最後，本研究建議，未來節慶策展團隊都應將「守門機制」之思維納入其策展規劃，並且重視策展能力的運用，藉此能了解自身的守門類型，提升節慶的策展內容，進而協助節慶本身與產業持續創新。 / The purpose of the study is to investigate the importance of gatekeeping process in cultural festivals and the cultural and creative industries. This study uses the gatekeeping theory which is commonly discussed in the area of communications in order to understand how the festival carries out gatekeeping function in its curation by using an example of the “2014 Urban Simple Life Festival”. The research question of the study is “how the 2014 Urban Simple Life Festival uses gatekeeping in the curation?”. The study adopts case study and uses participant observations and in-depth interviews as the research tools to investigate how the gatekeeping is used in the 2014 Urban Simple Life Festival curation. In addition, this research aims to explore how the gatekeeping outcomes influence festivals themselves and the innovations of the cultural and creative industries. This research finds out that the festival organizer’s gatekeeping abilities and the gatekeeping contents do affect the gatekeeping boundary. Furthermore, the gatekeeping process is a repeated correcting process. Apart from the four gatekeeping abilities in the existed literature, the study also discovers that the most important gatekeeping ability in festivals is the “curatorial ability”. With the curatorial ability, the festival organizer would be able to help and assist the participants to present their best work in the Festival as well as to enhance their brand visibility to the market. This study suggests that the festival organizer should take the “curatorial ability” into consideration during the curation process to enhance the innovation ability of the cultural and creative industries

Online social networks are a natural part of the lives of today’s western youth. Media and information literacy is a central part of research in Library and Information science and until now there has always been more focus on these subjects in a learning context rather than in an every day life context. The aim of this study is to further examine how adolescent boys value and trust the information they receive via Twitter in their personal lives, and how this effects their view of their environment. The study was done with a qualitative method, where we conducted interviews with six boys who were all born in 1997. The results showed that they knew how to react critically to information on Twitter. Although none of the participants valued information on Twitter too seriously, they did feel that it kept them more updated than if they had not been using the social network.