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The purpose of this thesis is to examine the use of national references in contemporary Swedish journalism. As a result of this, the study raises the question of the importance of national references throughout the world and provides a deeper understanding of the production of news. Through a qualitative and quantitative content analysis of 23 articles from the Swedish news organizations Dagens Nyheter (DN) and Svenska Dagbladet (SVD), the study examines the material using the agenda-setting theory, the gatekeeping theory, and the theories of news frames and news values. The qualitative approach aims to investigate how national references are used, and the quantitative research investigates to what extent national references are used and which themes are often occurring. The study's main findings show that the usage of national references is identifiable in both SVD and DN. The articles are found to utilize national references linked to Swedish soldiers, Swedish politicians, and the political allies of Sweden to provide cultural links to consumers, thus making the news more accessible and recognizable. National references are regularly implemented by using a narrative that exhibits a unified West where Sweden collaborates with other countries and international organizations such as the European Union and the United Nations. Further, Swedish military involvement in the conflict in Mali is often the subject of the articles examined in the study. The situation of the Swedish soldiers is often put on the agenda, and the Swedish military is generally framed as a responsible military force, protecting democracy and being in a leading position. The involvement of the Swedish government and Swedish politicians is frequently mentioned in the articles, making the Mali issue political, which could impact the 2022 election in Sweden.

本研究以政治新聞為例，了解社群媒體時代，臉書使用者的新聞選擇與分享行為，是否改變了傳統新聞守門的理論與實踐，創造出不同於傳統的網路新聞創用行為。 本研究以深度訪談法進行，並結合受訪者臉書的貼文進行研究，採立意和滾雪球兩種抽樣方式，最後訪談對象共12人，男生8人，女生4人。 研究發現可分為四點： 一、網路新聞定義和價值產生質變：對於使用者來說，傳統價值所強調的 「正確性」仍重要，但期許接收更多富含觀點、解釋性的內容。 二、分享行為再定義，臉書使用者的多元社群角色：研究發現使用者身處 多個社群，角色並非固定，而是隨著不同的社群展示不同的形象，提 供不同的功能。本研究彙整臉書使用者可能呈現的五種角色：(1)宣 傳資訊的里長伯 (2)引領思考的領航員 (3)試圖說服的傳教士 (4) 自說自話的說書人 (5)尋求對話的監視者。 三、先分享再過濾，接力合作的社群守門：網路時代，新聞守門仍以多元 的形式在實踐，其中包含臉書演算法、個人守門、朋友守門人，和結 合群眾與科技的協力守門。守門行為不再專屬媒體組織，而是開放使 用者共同合作，不斷協力參與的資訊增值過程。 四、臉書社群的緊密與疏離：「社群」對於臉書使用者的新聞接收和意見 形塑，產生不可忽視的影響，社交網絡的互動出現小眾化、同質化的 現象，密切的人際互動多為立場雷同的對象。 從政治新聞分享者的使用行為中，可發現其動機除了資訊尋求、人際互動以外，臉書使用者更希望在後續的討論過程中影響他人意見、說服他人以不同角度看待政治新聞，新聞分享行為不只是純粹的資訊傳播的過程，而可能是使用者用來觀測輿情、開啟對話、攏絡異己的政治工具。

The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the shift of media picture of violent sexual techniques in years 1990-2011 in Czech Republic during the media and society liberalization of new liberal state. Theoretical part of the document is based on the theory of social construction based reality and the media messages construction (gatekeeping, agenda setting, news values). Analysis is based on the Newton Media Search data resource → electronic database collecting publishing material from major media in Czech. 937 articles published between 1998 and 2011 containing keywords were analysed. Quantitative analysis was based on the development of frequency of publication articles with the keywords from BDSM area. Qualitative analysis based on semiotic a discourse analysis was also made to prove the shift of theme media presentation. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

This Master's degree thesis evaluates the change in medial presentation of violet sexual acts in the period between 1996 and 2011. The change is inspected using newspaper articles gathered from the Newton Media Search database. Theoretical work is based on the Theory of Construction of Social Reality and the Mechanism of News Construction (gatekeeping, agenda setting, news values and framing). The analysis was performed on 937 articles published in the period from 1996 to 2011. The change of discourse was nalaysed using two-phase research method. This discourse was evaluated based on many criteria, among them periodicity of articles that focus on violent sexual pratcics. Qualitative analysis was used for trimming the number of relevant articles with hypothesis futher evaluated using quantitative discourse analysis. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

This master's thesis studies and compares the methods that Czech alternative radio stations, Radio 1 and Radio Wave, use while creating the music component of their broadcast. Their alternative format defines their specific approach towards music, which is appealing for this type of research. The theoretical part of this thesis provides insight into the issues of the radio station's musical programming, describes the alternative radio format and the studied radio stations, including the musical component. Music directors and DJ's go through decision- making processes in a similar way that news editors write news articles. That is why the second part of this thesis applies the gatekeeping research framework to the musical programming. Based on the interviews with the radio station's music directors and DJ's, this thesis discovers a wide range of aspects that affect alternative radio station's musical broadcasts. The gatekeeping research levels help to compare these influences within the two stations.

Transsexuality remains grounded in pathologizing discourses. Mental health professionals largely classify transgender experiences as disorders, and transgender people seeking to alter their bodies typically must obtain authenticating letters from therapists verifying such diagnoses. Physicians usually require these letters to perform transition-related services, and sometimes require additional legitimization. In these ways, psychomedical professionals impose gatekeeping measures that withhold and confer services to transsexuals who desire medical transition. Using qualitative interview data and grounded theory methods with 20 female-to-male transsexuals, this study demonstrates that transmen typically represent informed consumers whom carefully research psychomedical protocol and anticipate providers’ adherence to professional standards. When they encounter gatekeeping, this preparedness informs their dialectical struggles within the psychomedical institutions wherein transmen must negotiate bodies within the confines of pathology. Ultimately, this dialectical process is managed and maintained by the larger regime of truth—the gender binary system.

One of the main purposes of this dissertation is to examine who Korean American diaspora-oriented journalists are and how they make news, taking into account several forces on the individual, organizational, extramedia, and social system levels that influence the gatekeeping processes and news content. In addition, this dissertation investigates what interests Korean American diaspora-oriented journalists mainly serve. The author surveyed journalists working for major Korean diaspora-oriented media in Los Angeles and conducted in-depth interviews with experienced personnel involved in the Korean diasporic journalism industry. In addition, two major Korean diasporic dailies were content-analyzed. The basic characteristics of the majority of Korean American-oriented journalists in 2008 are depicted as follows: male Korean Americans, 30 to 40 years old, born in Korea, with a bachelor’s degree, in the United States and working as journalists for less than 15 years, politically liberal, Protestant religious backgrounds, with previous journalism experience at another media organization. Korean diaspora-oriented journalists place emphasis on three major news topics: immigration, business/economy, and education. Cultural proximity rather than geographical proximity significantly influence the degree of newsworthiness of a news story. Newsworthiness is highest when an event/issue has both high cultural proximity and geographical proximity. When geographical proximity is low and cultural proximity is high, newsworthiness in Korean American-oriented journalism is moderately high. If the degree of cultural proximity is low, however, it does not matter whether the news story occurred in Los Angeles or other states or countries in determining the degree of newsworthiness. The Korean American journalists value the interracial harmonizer function most, followed by the disseminator, ethnic consolidator, and interpreter functions. The finding suggests that Korean diaspora-oriented journalists keep in mind that their foremost responsibility is to help Korean immigrants settle smoothly in their new host country and to live in harmony with other racial groups. The longer a Korean journalist has lived in the U.S., the more he or she tends to embrace the interracial harmonizer and ethnic consolidator functions. In other words, the longer Korean American journalists stay in the U.S., the more sensitive they become both to racial issues and to their own ethnic identities. / text

This thesis is an exploratory examination of the social characteristics of 139 poets featured in a selection of five small press Canadian literary journals. The investigation charts and analyzes the demographics of 64 poets who were published in 1967, and 75 poets who were published in four small press literary magazines in 2010. The 2010 magazines were purposely sampled as representatives of specific geographical areas in Canada (i.e., the West Coast, the Prairies, Central Canada, and the East Coast). The results indicate that in 1967 female poets were less likely to be published; however, 43 years later, this bias has been rectified. Another notable difference between the two groups of poets is that in 1967 ethnic minorities were more likely to be published. Educational achievement was an important factor for both the 1967 and 2010 poets, as was location, occupation and editorial duties. / Graduate

GEISAI自2001年開始，以每年兩次的頻率於日本舉行，至今已逾十年，2009年起原裝移植台灣，於台北市中心華山1914文創園區盛大開辦。GEISAI中文翻譯為「藝祭」，命名取自美術大學學園祭，由日本當代藝術家村上隆所領導的Kaikai Kiki公司所主辦，為一個讓各式各樣的藝術家齊聚一堂一同展覽的藝術活動。它不僅是「挖掘夢想出道藝術家的場所」，同時也是個「像跳蚤市場一樣輕鬆展示買賣藝術作品的場所」和「跟已開創的美術界接軌的新起點」。 時至今日，GEISAI儼然已成為台灣藝術家每年的一個重要活動。GEISAI最吸引人的莫過於其「無先前審查制度」，以及「黃金評審團」，提供藝術家、藝術相關人士與一般藝術迷相遇的場所，不僅給予對藝術有熱情者展演舞台，也造就了許多藝術新秀。 本研究得出幾點結論如下： 1. GEISAI的核心價值主張十年來皆本著「如何建立東方新型態的藝術市場」的態度去執行，從未改變。台日GEISAI由於國家習慣、資金組成不同，而有相對應的舉行方式。 2. 活動若能長久經營，必須堅持一核心的價值主張。明確的價值主張除能使活動更為聚焦外，也能持續吸引未被滿足的潛在消費者加入。 3. 具強烈信任感、合作無間的執行團隊為活動長期經營的要件之一。 4. 對實質付出大於無形收穫的活動而言，理想的堅持是持續經營的原動力。 / Since 2001, GEISAI has been held bi-annually in Japan for over 10 years. It took place at Huashan1914 Creative Park in Taiwan since 2009. The name GEISAI is derived from the Japanese word for "art festival." Such festivals would typically take place within a university or art school. It held by Kaikaikiki Co., Ltd belongs to Takashi Murakami. GEISAI presents a new art-collecting concept, allowing artists to exhibit their own works directly. It is a place where new artists can make their mark, where art work can be easily traded, and where the new and old can connect. Nowadays, GEISAI became an important activity of artists every year. The most attractions of GEISAI are "Non-Entry-Requirement" and "All-Star panel of judges". GEISAI provides a place where many artists gather to exhibit their works. It also provides artists and fans a place to meet face-to-face. More importantly, GEISAI provides new artists show-off opportunities and creates many new stars of art. The conclusions of this research can be summarized as below: 1. The core value proposition of GEISAI is based on "how to establish new ear art market" for 10 years. GEISAI&GEISAI Taiwan held in different way due to their national habit and capital composition. 2. Activity has to insist on its core value for the sustainable development. Specific value can not only focus on the activity but also attract unsatisfied potential customers continually. 3. A team with strong faith and cooperation is one of the key factors of sustainable development. 4. As an activity which its tangible devotion is more over than intangible income, the insist of ideal is the motivation of sustainable development.