The relationship between the british LGSM movement and Hall's theories.

The purpose of the study was to explore the complex ways in which chemsex and internalised homophobia may be linked. The study sought to: Elucidate the concept of internalised homophobia; determine the challenges experienced by gay men and how psychoactive drugs influence their sexual relationships with other men; and also explore a possible relationship between chemsex and internalised homophobia. The study hopes to contribute to a better understanding of the challenges that are faced by gay people and the reasons why some gay men participate in chemsex. A total of eleven participants were identified from an LGBTIQ+ friendly drug rehabilitation centre and a gay bath house in Cape Town. A qualitative approach was used to conduct the study by conducting semi structured interviews with each participant. The theoretical framework used to elucidate the concept of internalised homophobia among the LGBTIQ+ community was underpinned by the minority stress model. This model was used to explain the concepts of homophobia and internalised homophobia. The methodological framework used was qualitative research, which focuses on the stories of individuals and is concerned with the social construction of the individual’s life, and specifically Thematic Analysis which assisted in identifying patterns or themes in people’s accounts. The findings were that even though there is a relationship between internalise homophobia and chemsex, there are many other factors and influences that play a role, such as the individuals' backgrounds, their experiences in coming out as gay, and other life circumstances. In conclusion, the study suggests that there is much more that can be done to break down the stigma and prejudice facing the LGBTIQ+ community, which is a first step towards addressing the chemsex phenomenon and related psychological consequences. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)

The city of Portland adopted different policies toward gay bars between 1948 and 1965. Portland's conservative mayors, generally uninterested in changing the city or promoting growth, ignored gay bars. Reform mayors instigated campaigns against gay bars to gain public, political, and business support for their broader economic and social goals. They were able to use crackdowns on gay bars as popular components of their reform initiatives because Portland, in comparison to other cities, professed conservatism and morality and had little economic or cultural incentive to tolerate gay bars. Blaming Portland's vice on outsiders, reform mayors argued that their actions protected Portland's traditional reputability, despite the city's long history of tolerating vice and gay bars. This thesis focuses on the reform mayoral administrations of Dorothy McCullough Lee and Terry Schrunk and their policies toward gay bars and vice. Chapter two discusses Lee's attack on all criminality in Portland, and deals briefly with why the previous administration, under Frank Riley, was rejected as corrupt. Terry Schrunk's later reform, centered in suppressing sexual deviance and promoting economic development downtown, is discussed in chapter four. Chapter three describes growing awareness of queer communities, including changing definitions of queerness and perceived threats. These changes in popular beliefs about queerness, although not the direct cause of actions against gay bars in Portland, influenced the types of vice associated with gay bars, arguments used to justify anti-queer actions, and the level of priority placed on suppressing Portland's queer community. This thesis incorporates primary and secondary sources on gay bars, Portland, and queer history. It relies heavily on city council minutes and newspaper articles, but also draws from sources including City Club Bulletins, letters from Schrunk's constituents, interviews, popular psychological works, and comparisons with articles about other cities, such as Miami, San Francisco, and New York.

La presente investigación propone analizar la vivencia y construcción de las masculinidades de un grupo de Drag Queens peruanas, quienes son personas que nacieron como hombres, se identifican como hombres gais y realizan una caracterización para un show nocturno. Este es un estudio cualitativo con un enfoque fenomenológico descriptivo. Para ello, se realizaron siete entrevistas semi-estructuradas para explorar la construcción de sus masculinidades a lo largo de las distintas etapas de la vida y tomando en cuenta la influencia que ejerce el Dragqueenismo en este proceso. El análisis de los resultados fue estructurado en tres áreas principales: a) Significado del género y de las masculinidades, b) Vivencia de ser distintos desde pequeños y c) ¿El Dragqueenismo como factor liberador del modelo hegemónico? De manera general, se encontró que estas personas se encuentran en un proceso constante de reconstrucción de su masculinidad y presentan ciertas características que se oponen al modelo hegemónico. Estas abarcan el entendimiento del género como un fenómeno fluido y diverso, la exploración de la feminidad que se encuentra dentro de ellos como una posibilidad placentera y la presencia de gustos y preferencias distintas a los estereotipos hegemónicos de la masculinidad como jugar con muñecas o practicar vóley. No obstante, si bien su trabajo como Drag Queens les brinda la posibilidad de profundizar en su identidad y autoestima, aún existen ciertos rasgos que mantienen las estructuras hegemónicas como las demandas estéticas femeninas, las cuales se exigen a sus personajes Drags. Este trabajo busca brindar aportes acerca de lo favorable que resultan las masculinidades disidentes para cambiar las estructuras tradicionales que limitan el desarrollo integral de los varones y genera violencia y desigualdad en nuestra sociedad. Del mismo modo, espera ser una guía para futuras investigaciones donde se aborde a la misma población con el objetivo de acabar con los prejuicios que sufren en nuestro contexto. / The present research seeks to analyze the experience and construction of the masculinities of a group of Peruvian Drag Queens, people who were born as men, identify themselves as gay men and perform a characterization for a night show. This is a qualitative study with a descriptive phenomenological approach. To reach this, seven semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore the construction of their masculinities throughout the different stages of life and considering the influence that Drag has on this process. The analysis of the results was structured in three main areas: a) Meaning of gender and masculinities, b) Experience of being different since childhood and c) Dragqueenism as a liberating factor of the hegemonic model? In general, it was found that the participants of this study are in a constant process of reconstructing their masculinity and present certain characteristics that are opposed to the hegemonic model. These include the understanding of gender as a fluid and diverse phenomenon; the exploration of femininity found within them as a pleasurable possibility; and the presence of preferences that does not match with the hegemonic stereotypes of masculinity, such as playing with dolls or playing volleyball. However, although their work as Drag Queens gives them the possibility to go deeper in their identity and self-esteem, there are still certain traits that maintain hegemonic structures such as feminine aesthetic demands. This work seeks to provide contributions about how favorable dissident masculinities are to change the traditional structures that limit the integral development of men and generate violence and inequality in our society. In the same way, it hopes to be a guide for future research where the same population is approached with the objective of ending the prejudices they suffer in our context.

This thesis is an exercise in responsibility regarding my actions as an architect. It is based upon the belief that architecture is a product conveying culture. While architecture can convey culture, it also has the potential to shape and facilitate change q in culture. Therefore, one can view the architect as more than a technician, making architecture stand and work properly, or an artist, concerned with the aesthetic/architectonic qualities of architecture, but rather as an active entity who can both convey and change cultural values through the built environment. The struggle in this thesis regarding responsibility has been to make my role more than an active entity in culture, but a consciously active entity in culture. Since I have long viewed culture as a political product and one's existence in culture as a political act, then one’s responsibility as an architect could be to make architecture as the conscious embodiment of a political ideology. For me, feminism is the political ideology, and Liberative Architecture is the conscious embodiment. / Master of Architecture

La investigación busca explorar cómo se vivencia la heterosexualidad obligatoria en mujeres lesbianas y bisexuales de 18 a 25 años de Lima Metropolitana. Utilizó una metodología cualitativa de corte exploratorio, basada en entrevistas semiestructuradas a 13 mujeres lesbianas y bisexuales. Siguió un proceso de análisis temático desde las siete dimensiones de la Heterosexualidad Obligatoria de Rich (1980). Se obtuvieron 20 subcategorías en total. La feminidad hegemónica abarcó la masculinización de las mujeres LB y la necesidad de ser femeninas. La negación de la sexualidad trató de la exploración, atribución de placer y el castigo a la vida sexual entre mujeres. La imposición masculina se evidenció desde las dificultades en expresar su sexualidad y la reacción de las mujeres frente a los hombres. La cosificación abarcó la hipersexualización de la sexualidad y la atribución de culpa sobre estos actos de violencia. La idealización de la heterosexualidad se abarcó desde la promoción y búsqueda de lo heterosexual y la atracción hacia hombres como eventual. La lesbofobia y bifobia se conversó desde la justificación a partir de discursos religiosos y cisheteronormativos. Finalmente, la violencia se evidenció desde la marginalización y la necesidad de performar para sobrevivir. A partir de ello, se concluye que la heterosexualidad obligatoria es una experiencia común entre las mujeres disidentes y sostiene acciones violentas y punitivas sobre la diversidad sexogenérica en el Perú que dificultan la aceptación y percepción de su sexualidad, su salud mental y su inclusión en entornos públicos y privados. / This research aims to explore how compulsory heterosexuality is experienced by lesbian and bisexual women between 18 and 25 years of age in Metropolitan Lima. It used an exploratory qualitative methodology, based on semi-structured interviews with 13 lesbian and bisexual women. It followed a deductive thematic analysis process based on Rich's (1980) seven dimensions of compulsory heterosexuality. A total of 20 subcategories were obtained. Hegemonic femininity encompassed the masculinization of LB women and the need to be feminine. Denial of sexuality dealt with exploration, attribution of pleasure and punishment of sexual life among women. Male imposition was evidenced from the difficulties in expressing their sexuality and women's reaction to men. Objectification included the hypersexualization of sexuality and the attribution of blame for these acts of violence. The idealization of heterosexuality included the promotion and pursuit of heterosexuality and the attraction to men as eventual. Lesbophobia and biphobia were discussed from the justification based on religious and cisheteronormative discourses. Finally, violence was evidenced from marginalization and the need to perform in order to survive. Based on these findings, it is concluded that compulsory heterosexuality is a common experience among dissident women and sustains violent and punitive actions on sex-gender diversity in Peru that hinder the acceptance and perception of their sexuality, their mental health and their inclusion in public and private environments.

In this dissertation I examine the influence and impact of consumer politics in the first five years of the AIDS epidemic. Using historical methodologies and leveraging a range of archival materials alongside scholarly and journalistic accounts of the era, I argue that gay men and People with AIDS deployed critical medical consumerism in their earliest responses to the disease. The politics of People with AIDS challenged the normative understanding of the sick by the medical and public health professions that claimed authority to shape the response to the AIDS epidemic. In the context of AIDS, this authority was shared with the gay and lesbian organizations that responded to the epidemic on behalf of the gay and lesbian community. People with AIDS wanted more power in each of these encounters. Living with AIDS involved numerous complex networks of medical, clinical, and care service relationships. In the context of America’s for-profit healthcare and service system and given the social service orientation of community-based responses, they positioned themselves as consumers. I examine the influence and impact of critical medical consumerism in the founding of the earliest AIDS service organizations, the earliest writing by people with AIDS in New York City, the emergence of political organizing among People with AIDS and their allies and its impact on the closure of the New York City bathhouses, the creation of community-based clinical research organizations and the founding of the well-known direct-action group, ACT UP. Critical medical consumerism appeared both as a way of generating and sharing information among People with AIDS, and a language of critique by People AIDS of the community and government responses to the epidemic. Through the lens of consumer politics, I also reexamine well historicized moments in this history, providing a more complex history to a founding document in the politics of AIDS, The Denver Principles. In this dissertation, I conclude that consumer politics is an essential political, social, and cultural lens through which People with AIDS understood the epidemic, though it is not without its limits. In the final chapter, I examine possibilities of future research in this field and the limitations of consumer politics for both the historical actor who deployed it, and for historians who examine this period of history.

Introduction. HIV positive men who have sex with men (HIVMSM), facing severe stigma and many stressors, have high prevalence of mental health problems, such as depression. However, there is a lack of mental health promotion and treatment services targeting HIVMSM in China. The Three Good Things (TGT) exercise is one of the commonly used positive psychology interventions; its benefits in reducing depression have been scientifically proven in many disease groups. Yet, TGT has not been applied among HIVMSM. In addition, social support has shown to be protective of depression. The emergence of electronic social media allows for integration of social networking and TGT exercise among HIVMSM. / Objectives. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a one-month online intervention combining TGT with social networking (TGT-SN) versus a control of dissemination of information in reducing depressive symptoms among HIVMSM in Chengdu, China. / Methods. A randomized controlled trial design was applied. A total of 205 HIVMSM were recruited and randomly assigned to the TGT-SN (N=100) or control group (N=105) by four well-trained peer fieldworkers. Self-administered surveys were given to all participants at baseline, at the end of the 1-month intervention (T1), and at the 3-month (T2) and 6-month (T3) post-intervention follow-ups. The intervention was delivered via “QQ”, the most widely used Chinese social networking service. Participants in TGT-SN group were divided into four “QQ” groups, each the size of 20-30 persons. Participants in TGT-SN were asked to post three things they experienced that they feel grateful about daily onto the QQ platform and share them with members of their group. They were also asked to read others’ messages and give positive and encouraging feedbacks to those messages. Members of the control group received information about mental health promotion from research assistants via QQ once a week during the one-month intervention period. The primary mental health outcome was probable case of mild to severe depression measured by Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Secondary psychological outcomes include depressive symptoms, anxiety, positive and negative affect, life satisfaction, subjective happiness, gratitude level, and perceived social support. Generalized Estimating Equation models were fit. Structural equation modeling was applied for mediation analysis. / Results. Among all participants, the prevalence of probable mild, moderate, and severe depression were, respectively, 14.6%, 9.3%, and 35.6% at baseline. All baseline background characteristics and outcome measures were balanced (statistically non-significant) between the two groups. Based on data obtained at T1, T2 and T3 that were analyzed by GEE model, there was a significant main effect of TGT-SN on reducing depression (B=-2.35, 95% CI=-4.53, -0.16, p=0.035), indicating significantly lower depression score in the intervention group as compared with that of control group. Nonetheless, such significant effect became non-significant (B=-1.67, 95% CI=-3.79, 0.46, p=0.124) when controlled for baseline depression score. Significant differences were also found between the TGT-SN and the control group in anxiety symptoms (B=-1.14, 95% CI=-2.06, -0.22, p=0.016) and negative affect (B=-2.08, 95% CI=-3.62, -0.55, p=0.008). The effect of TGT-SN on reducing depression was most evident at T3. Structural equation modeling indicated that gratitude and negative affect fully mediated the effect of TGT-SN in reduction of depression and anxiety (mediation effect=-0.17, 95% CI=-0.30, -0.04, p<0.05) at T3. / Conclusions. TGT-SN is a feasible, acceptable, sustainable, and scalable intervention to improve mental health among HIVMSM. It is warranted to increase awareness and policy support for mental health services for people living with HIV (PLWH). Mental health services should be integrated into the HIV/AIDS care system as a key component. Future translational studies are needed to further investigate the efficacy and effectiveness of the intervention in other groups of PLWH and in other cultures and countries. / 研究背景：艾滋病在男男性接觸（men who have sex with men, MSM）人群中的感染率正在以前所未有的速度在我國蔓延。艾滋病陽性的男男性接觸（HIV positive men who have sex with men, HIVMSM）人群面臨極大的壓力，心理疾病（例如抑鬱症）的患病率很高。但是，目前我國對HIVMSM人群的心理健康服務比較缺乏。“三件好事情”是最被廣泛使用的能有效降低抑鬱症的積極心理學干預。這項練習要求參與者每天寫下三件令他們感到高興或者感激的事情。“三件好事情”這兩練習還沒有在HIVMSM 人群中應用。此外，社會支持對抑鬱症有保護作用。電子社交網絡是一種潛在的有效的平台，可以將調查對象（HIVMSM）的“好事情”相互傳遞，加強“三件好事情”的效果。 / 研究目的：本研究的目的是在中國成都市使用隨機對照研究評估積極心理學結合社會網絡干預對減少HIVMSM人群抑鬱症的效果。 / 研究方法：本研究採用隨機對照試驗。四名同伴調查員共招募205位HIVMSM，其中100人被隨機分配到“三件好事情結合電子社交網絡組（TGT-SN）”，105人被分配到對照組。所有參與本研究的調查對象將在隨機分組之前完成基線調查（T0），並在一個月的干預結束時（T1）、干預結束后三個月（T2）、十二個月（T3）時完成隨訪調查。 / TGT-SN干預通過騰訊QQ實施。騰訊QQ是在中國最被普遍使用的社交網絡。TGT-SN組的調查對象將被分配到4個QQ組，每組20-30人。TGT-SN干預要求調查對象在一個月的干預期，每天需要完成以下三個任務：i）每天回想當天發生的三件或以上令自己開心、感激的事情，并將這三件好事情發佈到各自的QQ群留言板；ii）每天閱讀本QQ群其他組員發佈的三件好事情；iii）每天對組員發佈的三件好事情進行正面的積極的評論。被隨機分配到對照組的調查對象在一個月的干預期內，每週收到一條有關心理健康促進的信息。 / 本研究的主要結果為抑鬱症狀，採用美國國立衛生研究院流行病學研究中心抑鬱量表。次級結果包括焦慮症狀、正性和負性情緒、生活滿意度、主觀幸福感、感恩心理、以及社會支持。分析採用廣義估計方程模型（GEE）。中介效應分析採用結構方程模型。 / 研究結果：所有調查對象中，59.5%有輕度到重度抑鬱症（CESD≥16）。TGT-SN和對照組基線所有的背景變量及結果變量均無顯著性差異。基於對T1、T2和T3數據的GEE模型分析，相比于對照組，TGT-SN對降低抑鬱症有顯著主效應（B=-2.35, 95% CI=-4.53, -0.16; p=0.035）。但是此顯著主效應在控制基線抑鬱症狀后變為不顯著（B=-1.67, 95% CI=-3.79, 0.46, p=0.124）。相比于對照組，TGT-SN對降低焦慮症狀（B=-1.29, 95% CI=-2.22, -0.36; p=0.007）和負性情緒（B=-2.24, 95% CI=-3.73, -0.74; p=0.003）也有顯著效果。TGT-SN對降低抑鬱症的效果在T3最為顯著。結構方程模型表明，負性情緒和感恩心理對TGT-SN干預降低T3時抑鬱症和焦慮症的效果中發揮完全中介效應（中介效應=-0.17, 95%置信區間=-0.30, -0.04; p<0.05）。 / 研究結論：TGT-SN能有效減少HIVMSM人群的心理健康問題（例如抑鬱症和焦慮症），並且是可行的和被HIVMSM所接受的干預措施。TGT-SN練習的實施成本較低並且不需要心理學專家的參與，因此可以在資源有限的國家和地區（例如中國）推廣實施。未來需要更多的研究來評估TGT-SN干預在其他艾滋病病毒感染者人群中以及其它國家的效力和效果。" / Li, Jinghua. / Thesis Ph.D. Chinese University of Hong Kong 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 136-149). / Abstracts also in Chinese; some appendixes in Chinese. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on 06, October, 2016). / Li, Jinghua. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only.

MGS / Institute for Gender and Youth Studies / This study seek to explore the challenges that are faced by youth in lesbians, gays, bisexuals, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) relationships at Mkhuhlu location. The study argues that this cohort, just like any other, should be afforded human rights, and the choice to be in lesbians, gays, bisexual, transgender and intersex relationships. Research has shown that those who believe sexual orientation is inborn are more likely to have tolerant attitudes towards lesbians, gays, bisexuals, transgender and intersex people, whereas those who believe it is a choice have less tolerant attitudes. The study was undertaken at Mkhuhlu location and the respondents were males and females in lesbians, gays, bisexuals, transgender and intersex relationships. A feminist epistemological approach to doing research guided the process of data collection while also employing a qualitative approach in interpreting the data. An exploratory design was used to gain a broader understanding in the challenges that youth in lesbians, gays, bisexual, transgender and intersex relationships are faced with every day. A Sample of 10 respondents from Mkhuhlu location was selected. Non-probability sampling was used and snow-ball sampling method was also used to draw the required sample. The data was collected through the use of guided unstructured interviews. The findings in this study reveal that LGBTI youth have faced various challenges in their daily lives. LGBTI people face considerable levels of stigmatization, discrimination and harassment in their daily lives. These challenges have negative impact in the lives of LGBTI youth and also bring various emotions, which include intense sadness, anxiety, loneliness, discomfort in social situations, and feeling overwhelmed. The study also found that there are strategies that can be employed in order to alleviate the challenges of LGBTI youth, through education the misperception that LGBTI sexual interest is uncommon and sinful may be corrected if realistic, developmentally appropriate sex education is made accessible to the public. / NRF

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / A variety of minority groups are present in the readings of Spanish and Latin American literature classes; however, there is a lack of representation of homosexual themes in the readings. This paper takes a look at what homosexual themes are present in the literature anthologies in current use, and then suggest a teaching unit and methodology for how one can implement these topics into a literature class. The paper provides a sound basis for teachers who are trying to introduce these issues into their classes. [Language - Spanish]