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I denna studie undersöks hur romer som tigger framställs i svensk dagspress. Med hjälp av en kritisk diskursanalys har artiklar från olika tidningar analyserats för att upptäcka vilka stereotyper som framställs i den svenska dagspressen. Empirin baseras på 21 artiklar från tidningarna Aftonbladet, Dagens Nyheter och Svenska Dagbladet. Utifrån en socialkonstruktionistisk utgångspunkt har vi valt teorierna ”stereotyping” och andrafiering. Resultatet presenteras under fyra tydliga teman som uppkom under analysprocessen. Dessa teman är; skräck och mörker, nationalitet och etnicitet, symboler samt när ”de andra” ses som ett hot mot ”vår” ordning. Undersökningen tyder på att det sker en stereotypisering och andrafiering av romer som tigger i svensk dagspress. Studiens resultat påvisar även medias inflytelserika position i samhället och som en bidragande faktor till den strukturella diskrimineringen. Resultatet visar att det också finns ett fåtal artiklar som inte enbart vidmakthåller de gamla stereotyperna och ett ”vi” och ”dem”, utan även belyser den existerande diskrimineringen av romer som tigger.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att studera vem modelläsaren är och hur denne konstrueras i Veckorevyns ledartexter. Undersökningen utgår från den kritiska diskursanalysens teori samt begreppet modelläsare och svarar genom deltagaranalytiska verktyg på frågor rörande vem modelläsaren är, vad denne har för egenskaper och hur dessa tillskrivs modelläsaren. Materialet består av 12 ledartexter från Veckorevyn, producerade och publicerade under 2012 och 2013, som genom textanalytiska verktyg studerats för att se vilka identiteter, relationer och egenskaper som tillskrivs och konstrueras för den ideala läsaren, modelläsaren. Resultatet visar att modelläsaren, framförallt genom positionering till följd av nominalfrasbestämda vi och yrkes- och könsfokuserade deltagarpresentationer, är en kvinna som är kunnig och engagerad i samhälleliga problem men samtidigt är intresserad av karriär, skönhet och svenska kändisar m.m. Resultaten överensstämmer i mångt och mycket med liknande studier men uppvisar även vissa skillnader som kommenteras och diskuteras vidare i slutet av uppsatsen.

This thesis examines the household and court of King James VI from the household establishment of his infancy until his departure for London in 1603 and the resulting end of a court culture in Scotland. It depends substantially on manuscript material. In particular the treasurer's accounts and royal household accounts, which previously for this period have not been examined exhaustively. Chapter One provides an introduction to Scottish courts in the sixteenth century and contemporary European courts. presenting a context in which to place James VI'S household and court. Chapter Two describes the royal household from its creation in 1567 at the coronation of the king through successive regencies, the beginning of James's personal rule, his marriage in 1589 to Anna of Denmark and the subsequent creation of her household and those of the royal children. A complete list of household offices and the people who served in them underlies the entire chapter. Furthermore, the importance of several courtiers, namely the king's childhood schoolmates, his Stewart relations and lifetime domestic servitors, contributes to the understanding of politics and factionalism within the household. Chapter Three focuses on the perceived image of the court including its choice of venue, such as the Palace of Holyroodhouse or Stirling Castle. conspicuous consumption of clothing and jewellery, and royal artistic patronage. The royal itinerary and frequency in which the king, queen and court moved from one location to another acquaint the reader with the semi-peripatetic nature of a Scottish renaissance court not to mention James's love of the hunt. Further elements in the representation of court style were the ceremonial occasions celebrated by the court, such as royal entries, coronations. baptisms and entertainment of visiting ambassadors. Chapter Four focuses on the relations between the royal court and town of Edinburgh, Scotland's capital. The growth of the town, in size and influence. as well as the increasingly close connections between merchants, burgesses, councilmen and the royal court help to explain the expanding role accepted by the town in relation to financial support of court activities and the physical provision of a royal guard. Chapter Five synthesizes the above factors to establish a comprehensive view of the court.

This study examines the relationship between gender roles and habitus in service industry occupations. It draws primarily from the works of Pierre Bourdieu and Judith Butler. Data includes an exploratory focus group, non-participant observations and interviews with women currently or formerly employed as bartenders, bar backs, servers, or hostesses. The main themes that emerged included how habitus is affected by views of employment, drug and alcohol use, the naturalization of gender roles, and the effect of appearance standards. This study supports previous feminist works that posit that gender as a performance, not a biological trait. Further this performance is used to navigate specific social experiences such as those in a workplace. This paper also comments on current enforcement of Title VII with reference to gender discrimination.

The life of Pope Alexander VI has been the object of controversy for centuries. He has often been portrayed in terms of moral extremes. Those historians who have been critical of his methods and motives have depicted the Borgia pope as evil incarnate. For them, Alexander VI was the ultimate symbol of papal corruption. Those historians sympathetic with the church have claimed that Alexander was a slandered and misunderstood figure. In reality, Alexander VI could most accurately be described as temporal prince so typical of the Renaissance. In many respects, he was no better or worse than any other pontiff of his age. Of all the so-called secular popes, Alexander VI has been singled out as a figure of exceptional immorality and corruptibility. Unlike some orthodox Roman catholic authors determined to completely whitewash the pontificate Alexander VI and the Renaissance papacy, my aim is to engage in an impartial critique of the existing evidence. We will see that Alexander VI was a typical pope of the Renaissance, obsessed with temporal concerns, sometimes at the expense of his duties as head of the Roman catholic Church. He was also a man completely devoted to the advancement of his family, making sure that every member of the House of Borgia was achieved the highest level of power and influence. In spite of the justified charges of nepotism, many historians have repeated many of the false tales regarding Alexander's personal character. These will be shown to based on little more than unsubstantiated rumor and innuendo.

Results of an inter-laboratory round-robin study of the application of time-resolved emission spectroscopy (TRES) to the speciation of uranium(VI) in aqueous media are presented. The round-robin study involved 13 independent laboratories, using various instrumentation and data analysis methods. Samples were prepared based on appropriate speciation diagrams and, in general, were found to be chemically stable for at least six months. Four different types of aqueous uranyl solutions were studied: (1) acidic medium where UO22+aq is the single emitting species, (2) uranyl in the presence of fluoride ions, (3) uranyl in the presence of sulfate ions, and (4) uranyl in aqueous solutions at different pH, promoting the formation of hydrolyzed species. Results between the laboratories are compared in terms of the number of decay components, luminescence lifetimes, and spectral band positions. The successes and limitations of TRES in uranyl analysis and speciation in aqueous solutions are discussed.

la presente Memoria de Tesis Doctoral se ha estudiado la micobiota de la uva en diferentes períodos de maduración, con el objetivo de identificar las especies ocratoxígenas presentes. Para ello se han muestreado 7 viñedos distintos, situados principalmente en la costa Mediterránea española, durante los años 2001, 2002 y 2003. Asimismo, se ha analizado la capacidad de producir ocratoxina A de las cepas potencialmente productoras aisladas en este muestreo. Por otro lado, se han caracterizado a nivel molecular 226 cepas del género Aspergillus sección Nigri potencialmente ocratoxígenas. Todas las cepas del estudio molecular son aislamientos de uva de distintos orígenes geográficos: España, Francia, Grecia, Israel, Italia y Portugal.La micobiota predominante de la uva de los viñedos españoles muestreados perteneció a los géneros Alternaria, Cladosporium y Aspergillus, mientras que el género Penicillium representó menos del 3% de los aislamientos. La elevada incidencia de Alternaria spp. y Cladosporium spp. en los primeros períodos de muestreo decreció con la maduración de la uva, mientras la presencia de Aspergillus spp. incrementó significativamente. En todos los casos, se encontraron diferencias significativas en la incidencia de estos géneros en cada período de muestreo. Durante los tres años de muestreo, se aislaron de las uvas un total de 1812 cepas de Aspergillus spp., de entre las cuáles solamente 13 fueron identificadas como A. ochraceus, mientras que 1423 se identificaron como pertenecientes al agregado A. niger, y 226 como A. carbonarius. El único aislamiento identificado como P. verrucosum entre las 214 cepas de Penicillium spp. aisladas mostró la capacidad de producir citrinina, pero no OA. Los aislamientos pertenecientes a Aspergillus sección Nigri representaron alrededor del 90% del total de cepas del género aisladas. Aunque se presentaron en todas los períodos de muestreo, la presencia de las especies del agregado A. niger y de A. carbonarius fue significativamente superior en la vendimia. Por otra parte, el número de aislamientos en el medio DRBC fue superior que en MEA, si bien estas diferencias no resultaron significativas. Las pepitas de uva analizadas no presentaron contaminación fúngica, por lo tanto se asume que la contaminación con hongos productores de OA en la uva proviene de la superficie del fruto.En cuanto a los resultados obtenidos en el estudio de producción de OA de las cepas aisladas de viñedos españoles, se ha evidenciado la importante contribución de A. carbonarius en la contaminación por OA en uva, y por tanto, en el vino. Esta afirmación se deriva no sólo de la elevada incidencia que presenta esta especie en las uvas, especialmente en la vendimia, sino también del porcentaje de cepas productoras, un 100% en este estudio. En cuánto a las otras especies de Aspergillus sección Nigri aisladas, solamente el 0,7% de los aislamientos del agregado A. niger resultaron ser ocratoxígenos, mientras que ninguno de los aislamientos uniseriados produjeron OA. También se detectó la producción de OA por otras especies de Aspergillus no pertenecientes a la sección Nigri. Algunas de estas especies producen OA en grandes cantidades, pero su baja incidencia en la uva hace que su importancia como fuentes de contaminación sea escasa. En relación al estudio molecular de A. carbonarius, se han caracterizado mediante RAPD y secuenciación de la región ITS-5.8S del rDNA 53 cepas aisladas de uva de diferentes países europeos. Cuarenta y nueve de las cepas presentaron un patrón de RAPD muy similar y la secuencia de la región ITS-5.8S prácticamente idéntica. Todas estas cepas produjeron OA en distintas cantidades. Las 4 cepas restantes mostraron un patrón de RAPD diferente y la secuencia de la región ITS-5.8S distinta a las demás, además de ser las únicas cepas no productoras de OA. Estos aislamientos podrían representar una nueva especie dentro de la sección Nigri. Por otra parte, en el estudio molecular del agregado A. niger se han caracterizado 173 cepas procedentes de distintos orígenes geográficos, mediante una técnica de RFLP de la región ITS-5.8S del rDNA. Todas las cepas se agruparon en los 2 patrones de RFLP descritos previamente: tipo N (43% de las cepas) y tipo T (57% de las cepas). Se detectó la producción de OA en 20 de las 173 cepas (11,6%). Todas las cepas ocratoxígenas mostraron el patrón tipo N. / The objective of the study was to identify the ochratoxin A (OA) producing mycobiota of grapes at different developmental stages of the berries. During 2001, 2002 and 2003 season, a total of 7 vineyards located mainly along the Mediterranean coast of Spain were studied. Besides, OA-producing ability of the isolates of potentially ochratoxigenic species was analyzed. Furthermore, 226 strains belonging to Aspergillus section Nigri were characterized by molecular methods. All these strains were isolated from grapes from different geographic origins, as Spain, France, Greece, Israel, Italy and Portugal. Predominant mycobiota of grapes belonged to Alternaria spp., Cladosporium spp. and Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp. represented less than 3% of the isolates. With the maturation of berries, the incidence of Alternaria spp. and Cladosporium spp decreased while there was a clear increase of Aspergillus spp. In all cases, statistically significant differences were found in the occurrence of those genera at each sampling time. During the 3 years of the study, a total of 1812 isolates of Aspergillus spp. were recovered from grapes, of these, 1423 isolates belonged to A. niger aggregate and 226 were A. carbonarius isolates. Only 13 isolates of A. ochraceus were identified. A total of 214 isolates belonging to Penicillium spp. were recovered from berries. The sole isolate of P. verrucosum identified was able to produce citrinin but did not produce OA. Isolates belonging to Aspergillus section Nigri constituted about 90% of the total Aspergillus isolates. Although they were recovered in all the stages sampled, there was a statistically significant increase at harvesting. Even though the number of isolates recovered in DRBC medium were higher than on MEA, these differences were not statistically significant. No fungal growth was obtained from the seeds removed from berries. This leads to the assumption that contamination by OA-producing species comes from the surface of the berries and not from the inner fruit.The results of the OA production ability studies are a strong evidence of the contribution of A. carbonarius in the OA contamination in grapes, and consequently in wine. This is supported not only by its important role in the mycobiota of grapes, especially at harvest, but also by the extremely high ability to produce OA. In this study, all the A. carbonarius isolates recovered from berries were able to produce OA whereas only 0.7% of the isolates belonging to the A. niger aggregate were ochratoxigenic. None of the uniseriate isolates of the section Nigri produced OA. Other Aspergillus species outside section Nigri were ochratoxigenic. Although some of these species were able to produce OA in large quantities, they are probably a relatively unimportant source of this mycotoxin in grapes due to their low occurrence.Furthermore, 53 strains of A. carbonarius from different countries were characterized by RAPD and ITS-5.8S rDNA sequencing analysis. Forty-nine strains had a similar RAPD pattern and identical ITS-5.8S rDNA sequences. They produced OA at different levels. Only four strains were unable to produce OA. These strains showed a different RAPD pattern, and the section of DNA sequenced differed from the sequence of the other 49 strains. These OA-non producing strains may represent a new species in the Aspergillus section Nigri. Besides, 173 strains belonging to A. niger aggregate were characterized by RFLP analysis of the ITS-5.8S rDNA region. All of the strains were classified into the two RFLP patterns previously defined: type N (43%) and type T (57%). Twenty out of the 173 strains produced OA (11.6%). All the OA-producing strains belonged to N type.

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Syfte: Svenska Elles personporträtt har studerats med syfte att belysa hur ett Vi och Dem förhållande konstrueras, men även för att klargöra vilka som utgör Vi och Dem i kontexten. Detta för att ta reda på vilka sociala konstruktioner som Elle medverkar till. Metod: Studien är en kritisk diskursanalys vilken är inspirerad av Norman Fairclough Critical discourse analysis. Texterna har vidare behandlats utifrån en symtomal innehållsanalys, med hjälp utav verktyg hämtade ur semiotiken. Resultat: Studiens resultat visar på att ett specifikt narrativ appliceras på samtliga av Elles personporträtt. Detta sker likt en schablon som skapar en fiktiv karaktär av intervjuobjektet vilket därmed konstrueras till ett Vi. Genom flertalet faktorer exkluderas läsaren i relation till vi:et och blir därmed ett uttalat Dem.