Citizen participation is seen as relevant in today’s planning process, to let the people be an active part in the planning of the city and to strengthen the trust in democracy. Traditionally, the dialogue takes place in form of physical meetings, where planners and citizens meet face to face. But this concept might be changing. The ambition in Sweden to transition into digitalization is already in motion, where one of the goals is to see the use of digital communication expand.  The main purpose for this work was to examine how two municipalities, one sparsely populated and one more developed, are working with implementing digitalization and what challenges they are up against, how it affects the participation of the citizens in city planning and development. For future Planning, the digital tools will generate greater citizen dialogue and participation since people will be able to participate without needing to leave their current geographical location. This means that the factors of time and space will be out of the question as people no longer will have to rely on resources to travel to be able to attend at meetings face to face, due to the space compression of digitalization. Still, there are risks and challenges that goes along with digitalization. The risk for exclusion of citizens due to lack of access to internet, low levels of use due to lack of competence and the resources to be able to work with the development of digitalization, which can leave municipalities left behind while other municipalities continue to strive forward and grow.

Fem till åtta procent av Sveriges befolkning är diagnostiserade med dyslexi och nästan tjugofem procent har läs- och skrivsvårigheter. Nittiofyra procent av Sveriges befolkning använder internet inom alla områden i vardagen, allt från utbildning och arbete till att läsa nyhetstidningar och söka information i uppslagsverk.Från tidigare forskning är det känt att kunskap om att tillgänglighet på webben är ett problem för personer med dyslexi, men inte tillräckligt många människor tar ansvar för att det ska förändras. Vår värld går från analog till digital i dagens digitalisering, därför är det viktigt att göra digitalt innehåll tillgängligt för alla typer av människor, oavsett funktionsnedsättning eller inte.Denna studie syftar till att få en djupare förståelse, genom ett frågeformulär, angående hur människor med dyslexi och/eller läs och skrivsvårigheter upplever tillgängligheten på webben idag. Studien identifierar vilka hinder dessa människor står inför när de försöker få ta del av information på webben och analyserar hur de identifierade och analyserade hindren kan användas för att skapa en ”easy-to-use-and-implement” verktygslåda. För att validera om verktygslådan hade kunnat användas på webbplatser för att anpassa hur informationen visas och därmed öka tillgängligheten, genomfördes ett användbarhetstest. När användaren inkluderas tidigt i processen är det möjligt att förbättra prototypen innan den släpps live och görs tillgänglig för utvecklare. Användbarhetstestet genomfördes i form av ett Think Aloud protocol och syftade till att koppla samman både slutanvändarens tankar med beteendet under tiden verktygslådan användes.Resultatet av studien visar att majoriteten av deltagarna inte tycker att speciellt många webbplatser idag är anpassade för personer med dyslexi. De tycker också att webbplatser borde erbjuda möjlighet att anpassa hur innehållet visas på webbsidor utan att behöva använda webbläsartillägg. Resultatet visar på att prototypen innehåller funktionalitet som minskar dessa hinder för personer med dyslexi. Man kan också se att den tidigare forskning av färger, teckensnitt, textstorlek och radavstånd är fyra av sex kategorier som deltagarna i denna studien anger som de största hindren när man försöker ta del av information på webbplatser idag. Vad deltagarna också upplevde, var att verktygsfältet hade kunnat innehålla fler val inom de utvalda kategorierna för att anpassa verktygsfältet för den enskilda personen istället för en stor grupp människor. Det är också ett av förslagen för framtida forskning. / Five to eight percent of Sweden's population is diagnosed with dyslexia and almost twenty-five percent experience reading and writing difficulties. Ninety-four percent of Sweden's population uses the internet in all areas of life, from education and work to reading newspapers and gathering information from encyclopedias. From previous research, it is known that web accessibility is a problem for people with dyslexia, but not enough people take action. The world goes from analog to digital in today's digitalization, therefore it is important to make the digital content available and accessible for all kinds of people, regardless of disability or not.This study aims to get a deeper understanding, through a questionnaire, of how people with dyslexia and/or reading and writing disabilities experience the accessibility on websites today. The study identifies what obstacles these people face when they try to access information on websites and how the identified and analyzed obstacles could be used to create an easy-to-use-and-implement toolbar to help people overcome these obstacles.. To validate if the toolbar could be used on websites to customize how the information is displayed and thereby access the information easier, a usability test was conducted. When the user is included early in the process, it is possible to improve the prototype before it is released live and available for developers to implement on their websites. The usability test was conducted through a Think Aloud protocol and aimed to connect the end-users thoughts with their behavior while using the component. The result of the study shows that the majority of the participants do not think that many websites today are adapted for people with dyslexia and think websites should offer the ability to customize how the content is displayed on web pages without having to use browser extensions. The result also shows that the easy-to-use-and-implement toolbar includes functionality that will decrease these obstacles for people with dyslexia. You can also see that the previous research on colors, font style, font size, and line spacing is four of six categories the participants in this study see, as the biggest obstacles when they try to access information on websites today. What they also experienced was that the toolbar should include more choices within these categories to customize the toolbar for the individual person instead of a large group of people, which also is one of the suggestions for future research.

Background: In connection with the digitalisation of banking services, new players establishing themselves in the market and increased awareness that there is a large variety of attractive banking services among private banking customers, the banking sector is undergoing major changes. Individuals are often customers in different banks at the same time for different purposes. It is therefore important for bankers to identify determinants that can be of important nature when the customer chooses a bank and banking services. Purpose: The overall purpose of the study is to create an understanding of how digitization of previously physically performed banking services and how other determinants affect how private banking customers, in the age range 40-55, choose banking and banking services. Furthermore, the study aims to present proposals for future improvement work for the banks in line with the factors identified in the study. Method: To achieve the purposes of this study, a combination of two methods was used: quantitative method and qualitative method. The quantitative method was applied through a web-based survey and the qualitative method through individually made interviews. Conclusion: A conclusion can be drawn that bank customers belonging to generation X, the middle age, have a positive experience of digitalization of previously physically performed banking services. Furthermore, the main determinants that affect bank customers when choosing a bank are; recommendations from friends and family, interest rates on loans, friendliness and helpful staff, the bank's reputation and availability. Improvement proposals from customers to the banks showed that customers want to see more work in sustainability and to see better alternatives for customers whose technological ability is not good, for example the older generation.

Abstract  There is increasing use of technology in the education system, such as computers, and different programs learners can use to study vocabulary. In this study, the goal was to find out if pupils in secondary education learn new vocabulary more efficiently when handwriting or typing on a computer. To study the matter, firstly, a recall and recognition test was conducted followed by a word acquisition test. Finally, two group interviews were performed to find out if there was an agreement between pupils’ understanding of how they learn most efficiently, by typing or by handwriting, and the results of this study.  The study departs from the theory that learners acquire new vocabulary more efficiently when writing by hand since the motor process of handwriting increases activity in the brain, which possibly makes learners remember better what they have written. In addition, we have considered the theory that young people who have lived their whole life with technology are more proficient in typing, rather than writing by hand and if that is the case, will it affect their motor memory? Finally, the theory that computer-assisted language learning makes vocabulary acquisition more efficient will be discussed through pupils’ own opinions from the interviews.  The result from this study shows that pupils in secondary education in Sweden, learn vocabulary in a foreign language more efficiently when typing on a computer rather than writing by hand. This is not in agreement with pupils’ thoughts, nevertheless, it is in accordance with their preferences.

This study focuses on the impact of the Fourth Industrial Revolution on the traditional banking industry, specifically in the context of treasury departments. The emergence of new technologies offers significant potential to enhance and automate daily operations, leading to more efficient treasury functions. The objective of this research is to gain a comprehensive understanding of the implementation challenges and opportunities and their effects on treasury operations. Employing a qualitative and interpretivist approach, the study delves into the intricacies of the adoption process, considering various organizational factors. Key findings emphasize the importance of a coordinated effort led by senior executives and involving multiple departments for the successful adoption of Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies. Creating an innovation-driven culture and fostering a willingness to embrace change are vital for effective technology integration. Furthermore, tailoring the digital transformation approach to the specific circumstances and strategic priorities of each organization is essential for treasury departments for staying updated with emerging technologies and optimizing the treasury function. This research offers valuable insights into best practices and strategies for successful technology adoption, serving as a valuable resource for decision-makers. It enables treasury departments to enhance operational efficiencies, make informed strategic decisions, and reduce costs. The study also emphasizes the importance of fostering an innovation culture and continuously improving practices to effectively adapt to emerging technologies. By doing so, treasury operations can ensure long-term resilience in the dynamic banking industry

Digitalization has reshaped the internationalization process of most firms, especially giving a new way for digital firms. Most of the previous research was based on the internationalization of developed countries, and the perspectives of emerging markets were relatively limited, and digital firms were also no exception. Exploring the uncharted territory of international business was the main motivation for writing this thesis, which aims to investigate motives and the internationalization path through the case study of four companies from China, the most representative emerging market. The findings show that the motivation of digital firms from emerging markets is influenced by internal factors and contextual factors such as institutional settings. Their choice of markets is determined by the social distance and digital level of the host countries, as well as market potential. They tend to actively choose to enter foreign markets by developing strategic local networks and striking a balance between replicating domestic strategies and localization. Besides, adapting to the local business environment and how to deal with digital security issues are challenging their performance in new markets.

At present, digitalization in many industries is changing and gradually permeating in all fields of life, of which the digitalization in healthcare has gradually been recognized and entered on the stage. Covid-19 is the biggest "Black Swan Event" in recent years, disrupting the pattern of China and the world. Impacted by Industrial Digitalization Upgrade and the pandemic, the process of digital reform in the healthcare industry has been further accelerated, represented by AI + pharmaceuticals, telecare, and SaaS systems etc.. All these new digital tools and technologies have successively received large amounts of financing in the primary market, and among them, some high-quality enterprises have had successful IPO. Meanwhile, many traditional medical enterprises are also keeping pace with the times through digital transformation, which all indicate the importance of digitalization of medical enterprises. We hope to explore in this paper the factors behind the digital transformation of medical enterprises that have significantly promote the digital reform of enterprises, and whether the factors such as enterprise R&D, enterprise scale, and enterprise digitalization promotion efforts will accelerate the digitalization process. Based on this background, this paper will conduct in-depth research in this direction. First, in the chapters of Research Background and Research Significance, this paper expounds the issues studied in this paper, and points out the relative economic and social significance; and summarizes previous scholars' research in this field, including the application of digital transformation in other industries, the beneficial efforts on business development and the related factors to accelerate the digital transformation of enterprises. Then, it uses relevant theoretical analysis, such as Solow's Neoclassical Growth Model and other theories to explain the issues studied in this paper. At the same time, based on relevant theories and literature review, relevant hypotheses are being put forward. According to the current literature research, we assume that enterprise scale, enterprise R&D, and enterprise financialization level are crucial factors in promoting the process of enterprise digitization. Therefore, this paper collects relevant Annual Reports of all healthcare enterprises on the listing market which have already completed the digitalization or arecurrently undergoing digital transformation in 2020 and 2021 after this pandemic. In this paper, we use the frequency of the core word "digitalization" in the Annual Report as the Explained Variable to measure the process of digital transformation of the enterprises; concurrently, we use Enterprise R&D Level, Enterprise Scale and Enterprise Product Commercialization Level as Explanatory Variables in this paper, and complements the relevant Control Variables to construct a Panel Regression Model. Besides, the Industry Fixed-Effect and Time Fixed-Effect have been used respectively to control the relevant time trend, and the combination of both was called the "Two-Way Fixed-Effect Model". In addition, the research adopts the method of Cluster Robust Standard Error to adjust in the empirical demonstration to reduce the interference of heteroscedasticity. Finally, according to the conclusions verified by the combination of theory and empirical research in this paper, relevant policies and suggestions are included. / Business Administration/Finance

Forms of physical interaction have been restricted during the covid-19 pandemic, which has forced civil society organizations (CSO:s), with the aim to create and maintain participation and engagement for their cause, to move activities aimed to create engagement to a digital space. This thesis aims to investigate which lessons these organizations bring with them from the period based on perceived possibilities and limitations with creating engagement in a digital space. Departing from affordance theory and theory of social capital, this paper tries to gain understanding for the relationship between the organizations’ social context and the technological attributes to further understand which implications it has for virtual engagement’s three communicative components: network ties, content, and interaction. With case study research design, five semi structured interviews with employees from five Swedish CSO:s, working with sustainable and global development, were conducted to get an inside perspective of the challenges and possibilities during the period. Results show that even though digital media entails many possibilities in regards to reach beyond geographical borders and effective resource management, the organizations have learned that some communicative aspects of physical gatherings cannot be replaced. The biggest limitation mentioned in regards to digital media is the aspect of informal relationship building interaction which is imperative to create and maintain engagement. Global and sustainable development means an inherent incentive to use inclusive and sustainable solutions, but it is also important to understand which aspects the digital format cannot replace or facilitate if we move towards a future where restrictions may become part of everyday life.

This thesis will be focusing on how digitalization has been implemented in elementary and middle school. It will also be studied which tools can be used to help future generations succeed in society. This will be researched through a systematic literature study done from the databases JSTOR and ACM. A semi structured interview will also be made to get a real time perspective of how implementation of digitalization can be made following the different findings. The result showed that elementary and middle schools are entering a new era where the way of teaching is changing based on how digital society has become. It also shows that schools are in need of good digital tools to help students succeed, and that it can be difficult to find the right tools, but that it is up to every principal to constantly search and implement new things.

Change management is an increasingly prominent and complicated topic. In the postmodern digitized society, Sweden is believed to be at the forefront, yet in Swedish radio, information experts claim that the country is far from able to manage a crisis. Experts elaborate that in a disaster where large populations must be evacuated between municipal borders, there will be complications for essential care as medical records will be locked in different systems across these borders. The digitalization authority DIGG was for this reason founded in 2018 to facilitate the development of public service, building blocks, and ensuring public service is accessible to everyone in Sweden. DIGG further assists, develops, and encourages certain merges of processes that would prepare Sweden for such crises experts warn. This paper is a qualitative case study to examine obstacles change managers in digitized postmodern society encounter while leading modern autonomous organizations to the fragmented, heterogeneous postmodern era. To explore this subject, a case study at DIGG was conducted as they act as the change agent for Swedish authorities to implement digitized solutions. The theoretical framework is built on the history and shift from modernity to postmodernity, and additionally, how change management has changed collectively with digitalization. The data was further generated through semi-structured interviews with change managers at DIGG who work closely with this task. Change managers at DIGG in the fragmented postmodern society face challenges due to the demand for customized solutions and limited flexibility from other authorities. Rigid bureaucratic structures persist, but Swedish authorities are adopting a postmodern adaptation to enhance flexibility. There is a growing emphasis on customer orientation and the development of inclusive solutions. unique approaches are needed for each change adaptation, highlighting the need for the public sector to become more individualized, customer-oriented and align with evolving needs.