Examines the relationship between early maternal attachment security and verbal emotional expression in males. Participants were 115 male college students aged 18 to 25 years (M=20.0 yrs.) who completed a questionnaire comprised of two measures of early maternal attachment security, two measures of emotional expression, and demographic items. Results showed a low to moderate relationship between early attachment security and verbal emotional expression.

Dans le cadre de la classification de sons,cette thèse construit des représentations du signal qui vérifient des propriétés d’invariance et de variabilité inter-classe. D’abord, nous étudions le scattering temps- fréquence, une représentation qui extrait des modulations spectrotemporelles à différentes échelles. Enclassification de sons urbains et environnementaux, nous obtenons de meilleurs résultats que les réseaux profonds à convolutions et les descripteurs à court terme. Ensuite, nous introduisons le scattering en spirale, une représentation qui combine des transformées en ondelettes selon le temps, selon les log-fréquences, et à travers les octaves. Le scattering en spirale suit la géométrie de la spirale de Shepard, qui fait un tour complet à chaque octave. Nous étudions les sons voisés avec un modèle source-filtre non stationnaire dans lequel la source et le filtre sont transposés au cours du temps, et montrons que le scattering en spirale sépare et linéarise ces transpositions. Le scattering en spirale améliore lesperformances de l’état de l’art en classification d’instruments de musique. Outre la classification de sons, le scattering temps-fréquence et le scattering en spirale peuvent être utilisés comme des descripteurspour la synthèse de textures audio. Contrairement au scattering temporel, le scattering temps-fréquence est capable de capturer la cohérence de motifs spectrotemporels en bioacoustique et en parole, jusqu’à une échelle d’intégration de 500 ms environ. À partir de ce cadre d’analyse-synthèse, une collaboration artscience avec le compositeur Florian Hecker / This dissertation addresses audio classification by designing signal representations which satisfy appropriate invariants while preserving inter-class variability. First, we study time-frequencyscattering, a representation which extract modulations at various scales and rates in a similar way to idealized models of spectrotemporal receptive fields in auditory neuroscience. We report state-of-the-artresults in the classification of urban and environmental sounds, thus outperforming short-term audio descriptors and deep convolutional networks. Secondly, we introduce spiral scattering, a representationwhich combines wavelet convolutions along time, along log-frequency, and across octaves. Spiral scattering follows the geometry of the Shepard pitch spiral, which makes a full turn at every octave. We study voiced sounds with a nonstationary sourcefilter model where both the source and the filter are transposed through time, and show that spiral scattering disentangles and linearizes these transpositions. Furthermore, spiral scattering reaches state-of-the-art results in musical instrument classification ofsolo recordings. Aside from audio classification, time-frequency scattering and spiral scattering can be used as summary statistics for audio texture synthesis. We find that, unlike the previously existing temporal scattering transform, time-frequency scattering is able to capture the coherence ofspectrotemporal patterns, such as those arising in bioacoustics or speech, up to anintegration scale of about 500 ms. Based on this analysis-synthesis framework, an artisticcollaboration with composer Florian Hecker has led to the creation of five computer music

Les maladies altérant le processus de la déglutition sont multiples, affectant la qualité de vie du patient et sa capacité de fonctionner en société. La nature exacte et la gravité des changements post/pré-traitement dépendent de la localisation de l’anomalie. Une réadaptation efficace de la déglutition, cliniquement parlant, dépend généralement de l’inclusion d’une évaluation vidéo-fluoroscopique de la déglutition du patient dans l’évaluation post-traitement des patients en risque de fausse route. La restriction de cette utilisation est due au fait qu’elle est très invasive, comme d’autres moyens disponibles, tels que la fibre optique endoscopique. Ces méthodes permettent d’observer le déroulement de la déglutition et d’identifier les lieux de dysfonctionnement, durant ce processus, avec une précision élevée. "Mieux vaut prévenir que guérir" est le principe de base de la médecine en général. C’est dans ce contexte que se situe ce travail de thèse pour la télésurveillance des malades et plus spécifiquement pour suivre l’évolution fonctionnelle du processus de la déglutition chez des personnes à risques dysphagiques, que ce soit à domicile ou bien en institution, en utilisant le minimum de capteurs non-invasifs. C’est pourquoi le principal signal traité dans ce travail est le son. La principale problématique du traitement du signal sonore est la détection automatique du signal utile du son, étape cruciale pour la classification automatique de sons durant la prise alimentaire, en vue de la surveillance automatique. L’étape de la détection du signal utile permet de réduire la complexité du système d’analyse sonore. Les algorithmes issus de l’état de l’art traitant la détection du son de la déglutition dans le bruit environnemental n’ont pas montré une bonne performance. D’où l’idée d’utiliser un seuil adaptatif sur le signal, résultant de la décomposition en ondelettes. Les problématiques liées à la classification des sons en général et des sons de la déglutition en particulier sont abordées dans ce travail avec une analyse hiérarchique, qui vise à identifier dans un premier temps les segments de sons de la déglutition, puis à le décomposer en trois sons caractéristiques, ce qui correspond parfaitement à la physiologie du processus. Le couplage est également abordé dans ce travail. L’implémentation en temps réel de l’algorithme de détection a été réalisée. Cependant, celle de l’algorithme de classification reste en perspective. Son utilisation en clinique est prévue. / The diseases affecting and altering the swallowing process are multi-faceted, affecting the patient’s quality of life and ability to perform well in society. The exact nature and severity of the pre/post-treatment changes depend on the location of the anomaly. Effective swallowing rehabilitation, clinically depends on the inclusion of a video-fluoroscopic evaluation of the patient’s swallowing in the post-treatment evaluation. There are other available means such as endoscopic optical fibre. The drawback of these evaluation approaches is that they are very invasive. However, these methods make it possible to observe the swallowing process and identify areas of dysfunction during the process with high accuracy. "Prevention is better than cure" is the fundamental principle of medicine in general. In this context, this thesis focuses on remote monitoring of patients and more specifically monitoring the functional evolution of the swallowing process of people at risk of dysphagia, whether at home or in medical institutions, using the minimum number of non-invasive sensors. This has motivated the monitoring of the swallowing process based on the capturing only the acoustic signature of the process and modeling the process as a sequence of acoustic events occuring within a specific time frame. The main problem of such acoustic signal processing is the automatic detection of the relevent sound signals, a crucial step in the automatic classification of sounds during food intake for automatic monitoring. The detection of relevant signal reduces the complexity of the subsequent analysis and characterisation of a particular swallowing process. The-state-of-the-art algorithms processing the detection of the swallowing sounds as distinguished from environmental noise were not sufficiently accurate. Hence, the idea occured of using an adaptive threshold on the signal resulting from wavelet decomposition. The issues related to the classification of sounds in general and swallowing sounds in particular are addressed in this work with a hierarchical analysis that aims to first identify the swallowing sound segments and then to decompose them into three characteristic sounds, consistent with the physiology of the process. The coupling between detection and classification is also addressed in this work. The real-time implementation of the detection algorithm has been carried out. However, clinical use of the classification is discussed with a plan for its staged deployment subject to normal processes of clinical approval.

Population control programs such as family planning and the introduction of sex identification technologies has helped to create skewed sex ratios in northern India and particularly in the state of Haryana. Due to a surplus of men and the numbers of missing females, an organized business of bride trafficking has emerged where poor women from eastern and northeastern states of India are bought and brought to Haryana for the purpose of marriage. This thesis explores how skewed sex ratios have contributed to the phenomenon of bride trafficking in Haryana guided by the theoretical framework of violences of development which argues that there is a hidden paradox within development. This was done by conducting a conventional content analysis in order to create a deeper understanding of the phenomenon. There is scarce research on bride trafficking, therefore this study contributes with extended knowledge in order to shed a light on the increasing trade with females.

A child's internalized regulatory system and development of defenses is patterned after the parent-child attachment system. Therefore, measuring defenses can provide information about the quality of the internalized attachment relationship. This study examined the correlation of defenses in mother-son pairs. It examined defensive behaviors utilizing the Rorschach Test, as responses to the Rorschach are useful in describing a person's basic defensive functions. The study found that the defenses of regression, repression, avoidance, a personal defense stance and the quality of inner resources were positively correlated between mothers and sons. These correlations were .74, .53, .50, .48, and .44 respectively. This data indicates that, for this sample, a mother and son's defensive behaviors were correlated across several variables. These results suggest the Rorschach may be a useful instrument in studying the sequelae of the attachment relationship. This method may also offer the family therapist insights into what defenses are currently activated in the parent-child relationship.

Ce travail de doctorat a été réalisé dans le cadre d'une cotutelle entre l'Université Grenoble Alpes en France et l'Université de Montréal au Canada. / Ce travail de thèse étudie les Troubles du Développement des Sons de Parole (TDSP). Les TDSP correspondent à un délai de développement des sons de la langue conduisant à un déficit d’intelligibilité (degré pour lequel la parole d’une personne est comprise) et d’acceptabilité (degré pour lequel la parole d’une personne est perçue comme différente). Les TDSP sont les troubles de la communication les plus fréquents chez la population pédiatrique et peuvent avoir des conséquences majeures sur la scolarité des enfants et sur l’inclusion sociale. Malgré la haute prévalence et les possibles conséquences à long terme, il n’existe actuellement que peu d’outils d’évaluation en français permettant l’identification des enfants avec un TDSP et la caractérisation du trouble. La partie théorique de la thèse met en évidence le manque d’outils et de critères diagnostics. L’objectif de ce travail est de proposer une batterie de tests, fondée sur un modèle psycholinguistique, permettant l’évaluation et le diagnostic des enfants avec un TDSP. L’outil d’évaluation, nommé EULALIES, comprend cinq tâches, impliquant chacune de façon différente des niveaux du modèle psycholinguistique : (1) une tâche de jugement de lexicalité, (2) une tâche de dénomination, (3) une tâche de répétition de pseudomots, (4) une tâche de diadococinésies et (5) une tâche de répétition de syllabes. Les données ont été collectées auprès de 119 enfants typiques et 9 enfants avec un TDSP. Tous les enfants sont francophones. La première partie des résultats s’intéresse spécifiquement à la tâche de répétition de pseudomots et démontre la validité de cette tâche. Nos résultats mettent en lumière le fait que le score à la tâche de répétition de pseudomots dépend de l’âge des enfants, de leurs habiletés de mémoire phonologique à court terme, de la présence d’un vrai mot inclus dans le pseudomot, de la structure et de la longueur du pseudomot. Les données recueillies montrent que la tâche n’est pas sensible aux facteurs sociolinguistiques tels que le statut socio-économique ou le statut linguistique, ce que nous recherchons pour une application clinique. La seconde partie des résultats aborde le diagnostic différentiel entre deux types de TDSP : la dyspraxie verbale et le trouble phonologique. Les épreuves de la batterie mettent en évidence des indicateurs spécifiques à la dyspraxie verbale, tels que la lenteur aux diadococinésies ou les erreurs sur les voyelles. Par rapport à ce qui est décrit pour l’anglais, certains indicateurs semblent être moins pertinents pour les enfants francophones. C’est le cas des épenthèses de schwas. A l’issue de ces travaux, nous soutenons que l’évaluation des enfCants présentant un TDSP doit prendre appui, à la fois sur l’analyse des patrons d’erreurs produits par l’enfant mais aussi sur une perspective psycholinguistique. Celle-ci permet de mieux décrire le profil de parole de l’enfant et de proposer une intervention adaptée. / This thesis work investigates Speech Sound Disorders (SSD). SSD are defined as a delay in speech sound development affecting intelligibility (degree to which a person's speech is understood) and acceptability (degree to which a person's speech is perceived as different). SSD are the most common communication disorder in the pediatric population. Children with SSD are at high risk for later academic and social inclusion. Despite the high prevalence and possible long-term consequences, there are currently few assessment tools available to diagnose French-speaking children with SSD and characterize the disorder. The theoretical part of this work highlights the lack of diagnostic tools. This work intends to create a speech sound assessment tool, based on a psycholinguistic model to diagnose children with SSD. The assessment tool, named EULALIES, includes five tasks, each involving different levels of the psycholinguistic model: (1) a lexicality judgment task, (2) a picture-naming task, (3) a nonword repetition task, (4) a diadochokinetic task, and (5) a syllable repetition task. Data were collected from 119 typical children and 9 children with SSD. The first part of the results focuses specifically on the nonword repetition task and describes the validity of this task. Our results highlight the fact that nonword repetition performance depends on children's age, phonological short-term memory skills, inclusion of a real word in the nonword, syllable structure, and length of the pseudoword. Data collected show that the task is not sensitive to sociolinguistic factors such as socioeconomic status or linguistic status, which is what we were looking for from a clinical perspective. The second part of the results addresses the differential diagnosis between childhood apraxia of speech and phonological disorder, both of which being subtypes of SSD. The assessment tool reveals specific markers for childhood apraxia of speech, such low diadochokinetic rate or errors on vowels. Contrary to what is described for English, some markers seem to be less relevant for French-speaking children. This is the case for schwa epenthesis. At the end of this work, we argue that children with SSD assessment should be based on the analysis of error patterns produced by the child as well as on a psycholinguistic approach. This helps to better describe the child's speech profile and to offer an adapted intervention.

Previous research indicates that gay men‟s relationships with their mothers are generally more warm, supportive, and emotional than their relationships with their fathers, and that fathers are less likely to be told, less likely to be told first, and more likely to react negatively to disclosure than mothers would. Most of these findings are derived from asking sons to report on their parental relationships. As such, very little is known about the nature of the father-son relationship before, during, and after disclosure, from the father‟s perspective. The aim of this thesis, therefore, is to uncover and explore first-hand accounts of the experiences and taken-for-granted meanings that potentially shape heterosexual fathers‟ relationships with their gay sons. A sample comprising six Afrikaans-speaking, white fathers, between the ages of 53 and 61 years, from a middle to upper-middle income bracket, and residing in Gauteng, South Africa, were selected purposively through the use of opportunistic or convenience sampling. Utilising an interpretivist approach located within the qualitative research paradigm, an individual in-depth interview strategy was adopted as a means of gathering data. A brief questionnaire probing demographic characteristics was also utilised to further contextualise the data obtained in the interviews. All the interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed for later coding and analysis. Through the use of thematic network analysis, eight organising themes were uncovered, including (a) subliminal awareness prior to coming out; (b) epistemic rupture of internal system of beliefs; (c) personal paradigmatic shifts; (d) acceptance as a complex and ongoing dialectical and reconciliatory process; (e) ambiguous loss; (f) persistent history of thought; (f) wrestling with the reason why; and (g) coming out as a dual experience. Each organising theme contained several basic themes. On the whole, the themes support the view that most parents are neither totally rejecting nor fully accepting of their gay sons. The fathers are seen to navigate their way through a plethora of experiences and meanings that are not only likely to inform the development of their multidimensional identities as men and fathers, but also shape their unique relationships with their gay sons. While the fathers may have attained a level of “loving denial” in their relationships with their gay sons, most continue to struggle with the meaning and expression of same-sex sexuality, and appear to wrestle with the challenge of integrating their understanding of same-sex sexuality with their constructions of traditional Afrikaner masculinity, as well as their meanings associated with having a gay son. However, unlike prior reports of a poor father-son dyad, the fathers reported a general improvement in their relationship with their gay son after he came out. This discrepancy may be attributed to the possibility that the particular group of fathers who volunteered to discuss their father-son relationships willingly were further along in the acceptance process. Recommendations for future research, includes an exploration of the dynamic interaction between heterosexual and gay constructions of masculinity within the father-son dyad before, during and after disclosure, examining the role that mothers play in influencing the quality of the father-son relationship before, during and after disclosure, uncovering the intra- and inter-personal variables that may facilitate the adaptive adjustment processes among fathers over the longer term, and exploring the contexts and processes associated with transitions within fatherhood across the life course of fathers of gay sons. / Heterosexual fathers' relationships with their gay sons / Psychology / D. Phil.

Previous research indicates that gay men‟s relationships with their mothers are generally more warm, supportive, and emotional than their relationships with their fathers, and that fathers are less likely to be told, less likely to be told first, and more likely to react negatively to disclosure than mothers would. Most of these findings are derived from asking sons to report on their parental relationships. As such, very little is known about the nature of the father-son relationship before, during, and after disclosure, from the father‟s perspective. The aim of this thesis, therefore, is to uncover and explore first-hand accounts of the experiences and taken-for-granted meanings that potentially shape heterosexual fathers‟ relationships with their gay sons. A sample comprising six Afrikaans-speaking, white fathers, between the ages of 53 and 61 years, from a middle to upper-middle income bracket, and residing in Gauteng, South Africa, were selected purposively through the use of opportunistic or convenience sampling. Utilising an interpretivist approach located within the qualitative research paradigm, an individual in-depth interview strategy was adopted as a means of gathering data. A brief questionnaire probing demographic characteristics was also utilised to further contextualise the data obtained in the interviews. All the interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed for later coding and analysis. Through the use of thematic network analysis, eight organising themes were uncovered, including (a) subliminal awareness prior to coming out; (b) epistemic rupture of internal system of beliefs; (c) personal paradigmatic shifts; (d) acceptance as a complex and ongoing dialectical and reconciliatory process; (e) ambiguous loss; (f) persistent history of thought; (f) wrestling with the reason why; and (g) coming out as a dual experience. Each organising theme contained several basic themes. On the whole, the themes support the view that most parents are neither totally rejecting nor fully accepting of their gay sons. The fathers are seen to navigate their way through a plethora of experiences and meanings that are not only likely to inform the development of their multidimensional identities as men and fathers, but also shape their unique relationships with their gay sons. While the fathers may have attained a level of “loving denial” in their relationships with their gay sons, most continue to struggle with the meaning and expression of same-sex sexuality, and appear to wrestle with the challenge of integrating their understanding of same-sex sexuality with their constructions of traditional Afrikaner masculinity, as well as their meanings associated with having a gay son. However, unlike prior reports of a poor father-son dyad, the fathers reported a general improvement in their relationship with their gay son after he came out. This discrepancy may be attributed to the possibility that the particular group of fathers who volunteered to discuss their father-son relationships willingly were further along in the acceptance process. Recommendations for future research, includes an exploration of the dynamic interaction between heterosexual and gay constructions of masculinity within the father-son dyad before, during and after disclosure, examining the role that mothers play in influencing the quality of the father-son relationship before, during and after disclosure, uncovering the intra- and inter-personal variables that may facilitate the adaptive adjustment processes among fathers over the longer term, and exploring the contexts and processes associated with transitions within fatherhood across the life course of fathers of gay sons. / Heterosexual fathers' relationships with their gay sons / Psychology / D. Phil.

L’amusie congénitale est un trouble neurodéveloppemental qui affecte la perception mélodique, malgré une ouïe et une intelligence normale. Un déficit de la discrimination des fines variations de hauteur des sons serait à l’origine de ces difficultés. Les études ayant permis de caractériser les corrélats neuronaux de ce trouble ont mis en lumière des anomalies anatomiques et fonctionnelles du réseau fronto-temporal droit dans l’amusie. Notamment, les processus tardifs et conscients de détection des fines variations de hauteur sonore apparaissent perturbés chez les amusiques, alors que le traitement plus précoce et automatique de ces mêmes variations de hauteur serait normal. À ce jour, la vaste majorité des études sur l’amusie congénitale ont été effectuées auprès d’adultes et nous détenons peu d’informations sur la façon dont ce trouble se manifeste au cours du développement. La présente thèse vise ainsi à caractériser les corrélats comportementaux et neuronaux de l’amusie congénitale chez l’adolescent, pour ensuite explorer les perspectives de réhabilitation de ce trouble neurodéveloppemental. Dans une première étude, nous avons tenté de mieux comprendre comment le cerveau d’adolescents amusiques traite les fines variations de hauteur des sons, tant en ce qui a trait aux processus précoces et automatiques (associés à la composante de potentiel évoqué mismatch negativity; MMN) qu’au niveau du traitement conscient et plus tardif (associé à la composante de potentiel évoqué P300), en comparaison aux contrôles. Nous avons étudié les effets d’un mois d’écoute musicale quotidienne chez ces participants. Une deuxième étude a ensuite été effectuée, afin d’examiner l’impact de trois mois de leçons de guitare sur le traitement des fines variations de hauteur sonore chez des adolescents ii amusiques et leurs témoins. Nous nous sommes intéressés aux effets de cette formation musicale sur diverses composantes des potentiels évoqués, dont la P300 et la MMN. Les résultats de cette thèse révèlent que l’amusie peut se manifester à part entière à l’adolescence. Plus précisément, les adolescents amusiques présentent un profil hautement similaire à celui documenté chez l’adulte, soit une incapacité à détecter consciemment les fines variations de hauteur des sons, associée à l’absence de la composante P300, en dépit d’un traitement précoce et automatique normal tel que reflété par une MMN comparable aux contrôles. En outre, il appert qu’un mois d’écoute musicale quotidienne ne constitue pas une technique de réhabilitation efficace dans l’amusie, dont les manifestations sont demeurées inchangées suite à cette intervention. Par ailleurs, nos résultats révèlent qu’il est possible pour de jeunes amusiques d’apprendre à jouer d’un instrument de musique et que cette formation musicale a le potentiel d’engendrer des phénomènes de plasticité cérébrale prometteurs chez certains d’entre eux. Plus précisément, nous observons l’émergence de la composante P300 associée à une amélioration des capacités de discrimination des fines variations de hauteur chez trois amusiques sur quatre suite à cette intervention. Ces résultats enrichissent notre compréhension de l’amusie et de sa trajectoire développementale, en plus de motiver de futurs travaux de recherche qui pourraient mener au développement d’interventions optimales dans une perspective de réhabilitation de ce trouble neurodéveloppemental. / Congenital amusia is a neurodevelopmental disorder that specifically impairs melodic perception despite normal hearing and intelligence. The disorder is thought to arise from a deficit in perceiving fine-grained pitch changes. Studies that aimed to characterize the neural correlates of congenital amusia have highlighted anatomical and functional anomalies along the right fronto-temporal pathways. Notably, the amusic brain has been shown to perceive fine-grained pitch distinctions at an early and automatic level of processing, but this does not reach higher levels of conscious processing. To date, the majority of research on amusia has been performed with adults and consequently little information has been acquired on how this disorder manifests itself during development. The goal of this thesis is therefore to characterize the behavioral and neural correlates of congenital amusia during adolescence, and then to explore different rehabilitation strategies in an attempt to attenuate the perceptual deficits. In a first study, we documented how amusic adolescents process fine-grained pitch changes using event-related potentials, both in terms of early and automatic processing (as indexed by the mismatch negativity component; MMN) and conscious processing (associated with the P300 component) compared to controls. We also explored the effects of a month of daily music listening among these participants. A second study was then conducted to explore the impact of three months of weekly guitar lessons on fine-grained pitch processing in amusic adolescents and controls. In particular, we investigated the effects of musical training on various evoked-potential components, including the P300 and the MMN. The results show that amusia can be fully expressed in the developing brain with manifestations that are similar to those observed in adults. Specifically, the amusic adolescent brain does not elicit a normal positivity (P300) in response to small pitch changes, while early and automatic processing of these pitch deviations appears normal (as indexed by the MMN). In addition, it appears that a month of daily music listening is not an effective amusia remediation strategy, since all electrophysiological and behavioral manifestations were unchanged following this intervention. Furthermore, we show that it is possible for amusic adolescents to learn to play a musical instrument despite their perceptual deficit and this intervention as the potential to induce promising brain plasticity phenomena for some of them. Specifically, a P300 response elicited by fine-grained pitch changes was seen after three months of guitar lessons in three out of four amusic adolescents. Importantly, the emergence of the P300 was paralleled by an improved perceptual ability to detect fine-grained pitch changes. These findings add to our understanding of congenital amusia and its developmental trajectory, while motivating future research that could lead to the development of optimal interventions to help young people with amusia engage with music.

De nouvelles marques de commerce ont fait progressivement leur apparition, des marques qui font appel à nos cinq sens que sont la vue, l'ouïe, l'odorat, le goût ou même le touché. Ces nouvelles marques, que l'on appelle parfois les marques non traditionnelles, posent quelques difficultés pour être enregistrées. En effet, certains pays refusent leur enregistrement, d'autres sont plus réceptifs à l'arrivée de ces nouvelles marques. Notre mémoire se propose d'analyser la possibilité ou non d'enregistrer certaines de ces marques au Canada, et d'examiner également ce que d'autres pays ont prévu pour ces marques non traditionnelles. Au final, nous serons en mesure d'élaborer des recommandations pour l'intégration de ces nouvelles marques dans le droit canadien. / In recent years, new trademarks have progressively appeared: trademarks appealing to all of our five senses, sight, hearing, smell, taste or even touch. These new trademarks, sometimes called non-traditional marks, raise difficulties for registration. Indeed, some countries refuse registration, others are more open to the arrival of these new trademarks. This thesis analyses the possibility of allowing these non-traditional trademarks to be registered in Canada, and examines the conditions under which other countries accept to register them. In conclusion, our analysis will allow us to formulate recommendations on how to integrate these new trademarks into Canadian law.