Submitted by TAMIRIS DESTRO COSTA null (ta.dc@hotmail.com) on 2018-01-17T18:45:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TAMIRIS DESTRO COSTA DISSERTAÇÃO MESTRADO.pdf: 2780204 bytes, checksum: 28025dd7c6d56859f519bd486e58fc15 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Aparecida Matias null (alinematias@fclar.unesp.br) on 2018-01-18T10:56:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 costa_td_me_arafcl.pdf: 2780204 bytes, checksum: 28025dd7c6d56859f519bd486e58fc15 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-01-18T10:56:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 costa_td_me_arafcl.pdf: 2780204 bytes, checksum: 28025dd7c6d56859f519bd486e58fc15 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-26 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / No contexto de ensino e aprendizagem de língua inglesa para aprendizes brasileiros, nota-se que o foco de ensino ainda é centrado em questões gramaticais e lexicais, sendo o aspecto fônico, fundamental para uma produção de fala fluida e sem ruídos, muitas vezes facultado ou abordado de forma inadequada em sala de aula. Isto ocorre, por conta, principalmente, da falta de formação e de conhecimentos específicos dos professores em relação aos aspectos articulatórios e acústicos da língua materna (doravante LM) do estudante e da língua estrangeira (doravante LE). Considerando as várias diferenças nos níveis segmental e prosódico e os âmbitos acústico e articulatório entre ambas as línguas, o presente trabalho aborda uma intervenção didática para aprimorar a pronúncia em língua inglesa de estudantes de graduação em Letras de uma universidade pública do interior do Estado de São Paulo e investigar a produção dos sons vocálicos da língua inglesa /i:/ e /ɪ/ desses estudantes pré e pós essa intervenção por meio de um experimento de natureza fonético-acústica. A inexistência da distinção entre /i:/ e /ɪ/ na língua portuguesa pode resultar em dificuldades na percepção desses sons vocálicos em língua inglesa e, consequentemente, na sua produção, trazendo possíveis problemas de inteligibilidade e, em alguns casos, de fossilização para os aprendizes. Portanto, seu tratamento em sala de aula é fundamental. Para a realização de uma análise mais específica da aquisição e aprendizagem de sons da LE, baseamo-nos nos conceitos de “Surdez Fonológica” de Polivanov (1931) e de “Crivo Fonológico” de Trubetzkoy (1939), além de considerarmos o “Modelo de Aprendizagem da Fala” de Flege (1981, 1991, 1995). Ademais, fez-se o uso da plataforma PRAAT como auxílio na gravação e análise da produção de nossos aprendizes. Por meio deste estudo, esperamos proporcionar os saberes necessários para que os envolvidos e demais interessados no tema possam perceber as diferenças nos níveis segmentais e suprassegmentais entre a LE e a LM, com o intuito de refletirem de maneira mais aprofundada acerca de sua percepção e produção do aspecto fônico na língua alvo. / In the context of teaching and learning the English language for Brazilian learners, it is noted that the educational focus is still centered on grammatical and lexical issues, and the phonic aspect, essential for fluid speech production and no disturbance, is often provided or approached inappropriately in class. This occurs, mainly due to the lack of training and expertise of teachers in relation to the articulatory and acoustic aspects of the student’s mother tongue and his/her foreign language. Considering the various differences between the segmental and prosodic levels and the acoustic and articulatory levels of the two languages, this paper approaches a didactic intervention to improve the English language pronunciation of undergraduate students in Language and Literature in a public university in the state of São Paulo. It also investigates the production of the English vowel sounds /i:/ e /ɪ/ of these students pre and post this intervention by means of an acoustic-phonetic experiment. The nonexistence of the distinction between /i:/ e /ɪ/ in Portuguese may result in difficulties in the perception of these vowel sounds in English, and consequently in their production, contributing to possible intelligibility problems and, in some cases, fossilization for the learners, thus its treatment in the classroom is essential. To conduct a more specific analysis of acquisition and learning sounds of a foreign language, we rely on the concepts of "Phonological Deafness" of Polivanov (1931) and "Phonological Sieve" of Trubetzkoy (1939), and consider the "Speech Learning Model" of Flege (1981, 1991, 1995). In addition, we used the PRAAT platform to aid in the recording and analysis of the learners’ production. Through this study, we hope to provide the necessary knowledge for all parties and others interested in the subject so that they can perceive differences in segmental and prosodic levels between the foreign language and the mother tongue. Moreover, we aim to provide tools for them to reflect deeply about their perception and production of the phonic aspect of the target language. / 164816/2015-1

La présente thèse décrit un projet de recherche multidisciplinaire qui porte sur la reconnaissance de l’émotion dans les sons, couvrant les théories psychologiques, l’analyse du signal acoustique,l’apprentissage automatique et la dynamique chaotique.Dans nos interactions et nos relations sociales, nous dépendons considérablement de la communication de l’information et de notre perception des messages transmis. En fait, la communication se produit lorsque les signaux transmettent des informations entre une source et une destination. Le signal peut être verbal, et l’information est ensuite portée par des motifs sonores, tels que des mots. Dans la communication vocale non verbale, cependant,l’information peut être des modèles perceptifs qui véhiculent des indices affectifs, que nous percevons et évaluons sous la forme d’intentions, d’attitudes, d’humeurs et d’émotions.La prévalence de la composante affective peut être observée dans les interactions informatiques humaines (HCI) où le développement d’applications automatisées qui comprennent et expriment les émotions est devenu crucial. De tels systèmes doivent être significatifs et faciles à utiliser pour l’utilisateur final, de sorte que notre interaction avec eux devient une expérience positive. Bien que la reconnaissance automatique des émotions dans les sons ait reçu une attention accrue au cours des dernières années, il s’agit encore d’un jeune domaine de recherche.Non seulement cela contribue à l’informatique affective en général, mais il fournit également une compréhension approfondie de la signification des sons dans notre vie quotidienne.Dans cette thèse, le problème de la reconnaissance des affects est abordé à partir d’une double perspective: nous commençons par adopter une approche standard de l’analyse acoustique du signal, où nous examinons et expérimentons les fonctionnalités existantes pour déterminer leur rôle dans la communication émotionnelle. Ensuite, nous nous tournons vers la dynamique chaotique et la symbolisation des séries temporelles, pour comprendre le rôle de la dynamique inhérente des sons dans l’expressivité affective. Nous menons nos études dans le contexte des sons non verbaux, à savoir les sons vocaux, musicaux et environnementaux.D’un point de vue de l’écoute humaine, une tâche d’annotation est menée pour construire un ground-truth de voix de chant non verbales, marquées par des descriptions catégoriques du modèle bidimensionnel d’émotions. Deux types de sons sont inclus dans l’étude: vocal et glottal.D’un point de vue psychologique, la présente recherche porte sur un débat qui existe depuis longtemps parmi les scientifiques et les psychologues, concernant les origines communes de la musique et de la voix. La question est abordée à partir d’une analyse acoustique ainsi que d’une approche dynamique non linéaire.D’un point de vue de la modélisation, ce travail propose une nouvelle approche dynamique non linéaire pour la reconnaissance de l’affect dans le son, basée sur la dynamique chaotique et la symbolisation adaptative des séries temporelles. Tout au long de cette thèse, les contrastes clés dans l’expressivité de l’émotion sont illustrés parmi les différents types de sons, à travers l’analyse des propriétés acoustiques, les métriques de la dynamique non linéaire et les performances des prédictions.Enfin, d’un point de vue progressif, nous suggérons que les travaux futurs étudient des caractéristiques motivées par les études cognitives. Nous suggérons également d’examiner dans quelle mesure nos caractéristiques reflètent les processus cognitifs. En outre, nous recommandons que nos fonctionnalités dynamiques soient testées dans des études à grande échelle de la reconnaissance d’émotions à travers la participation aux défis expérimentaux, dans le but de vérifier s’ils obtiennent un consensus. / The present thesis describes a multidisciplinary research project on emotion recognition in sounds, covering psychological theories, acoustic-based signal analysis, machine learning and chaotic dynamics.In our social interactions and relationships, we rely greatly on the communication of information and on our perception of the messages transmitted. In fact communication happens when signals transmit information between a source and a destination. The signal can be verbal,and the information is then carried by sound patterns, such as words. In non verbal vocal communication however, information can be perceptual patterns that convey affective cues,that we sense and appraise in the form of intentions, attitudes, moods and emotions.The prevalence of the affective component can be seen in human computer interactions(HCI) where the development of automated applications that understand and express emotions has become crucial. Such systems need to be meaningful and friendly to the end user, so thatour interaction with them becomes a positive experience. Although the automatic recognition of emotions in sounds has received increased attention in recent years, it is still a young fieldof research. Not only does it contribute to Affective Computing in general, but it also provides insight into the significance of sounds in our daily life.In this thesis the problem of affect recognition is addressed from a dual perspective: we start by taking a standard approach of acoustic-based signal analysis, where we survey and experiment with existing features to determine their role in emotion communication. Then,we turn to chaotic dynamics and time series symbolization, to understand the role of the inherent dynamics of sounds in affective expressiveness. We conduct our studies in the context of nonverbal sounds, namely voice, music and environmental sounds.From a human listening point of view, an annotation task is conducted to build a ground truth of nonverbal singing voices, labelled with categorical descriptions of the two-dimensional model of affect. Two types of sounds are included in the study: vocal and glottal.From a psychological perspective, the present research addresses a debate that is of long standing among scientists and psychologists, concerning the common origins of music and voice.The question is addressed from an acoustic-based analysis as well as a nonlinear dynamics approach.From a modeling viewpoint, this work proposes a novel nonlinear dynamics approach for the recognition of affect in sound, based on chaotic dynamics and adaptive time series symbolization.Throughout this thesis, key contrasts in the expressiveness of affect are illustrated among the different types of sounds, through the analysis of acoustic properties, nonlinear dynamics metrics and predictions performances. Finally from a progressive perspective, we suggest that future works investigate features that are motivated by cognitive studies. We also suggest to examine to what extent our features reflect cognitive processes. Additionally we recommend that our dynamic features be tested inlarge scale ER studies through the participation in ER challenges, with an aim to verify if they gain consensus.

Submitted by Mariana Centanin Bertho (marianabertho@gmail.com) on 2018-07-26T01:02:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MarianaCentaninBertho_dissertação_2018.pdf: 2401328 bytes, checksum: 43156416c811b705e42ea7b990f0effd (MD5) / Rejected by Aline Aparecida Matias null (alinematias@fclar.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: 1) Numeração das páginas: as páginas pré-textuais devem ser contadas, com exceção da capa e ficha catalográfica, porém a numeração deve aparecer somente a partir da primeira página textual, a Introdução. Sendo assim sua Introdução começa na página 15. 2) Sumário: após renumerar o trabalho será preciso refazer o sumário para que ele reflita fielmente o trabalho. ATENÇÃO: Será preciso refazer também as listas de figuras, gráficos, quadros e tabelas para que as mesmas indiquem corretamente as páginas em que se encontram as figuras, gráficos, quadros e tabelas de seu trabalho. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2018-07-26T11:29:06Z (GMT) / Submitted by Mariana Centanin Bertho (marianabertho@gmail.com) on 2018-07-26T16:29:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertação_MarianaCentaninBertho_repositório_2018_v2.pdf: 2647710 bytes, checksum: a5954f6983e903ab348e80fbe80bcef6 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Aparecida Matias null (alinematias@fclar.unesp.br) on 2018-07-27T11:24:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 bertho_mc_me_arafcl.pdf: 2647710 bytes, checksum: a5954f6983e903ab348e80fbe80bcef6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-27T11:24:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 bertho_mc_me_arafcl.pdf: 2647710 bytes, checksum: a5954f6983e903ab348e80fbe80bcef6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo descrever as características acústicas dos fonemas /æ, ɛ, ɑ, ɔ, ə/ na produção em língua inglesa dos estudantes brasileiros de inglês como língua estrangeira (ILE). Esses fonemas, por vezes, sofrem a perda do contraste na produção dos estudantes brasileiros e são produzidos dentro do espaço perceptivo dos fonemas /a/, /ɛ/ e /ɔ/ do português. Os participantes selecionados são alunos de duas escolas de idiomas e passaram por um curso sobre os sons do inglês, parte do experimento desenvolvido para a coleta de dados. O experimento consiste na gravação da leitura oral de um corpus contendo vocábulos com os fonemas selecionados, que ocorre antes e depois da participação no curso, além da resposta a dois questionários, um inicial e um final. Posteriormente, as gravações são analisadas e comparadas entre si e a uma gravação do mesmo corpus feita por um informante americano, por meio do software PRAAT, versão 5.3 (BOERSMA & WEENINK, 2011). Como suporte teórico para essa análise, entendemos que a produção oral dos estudantes encontra-se no momento da Interlíngua (SELINKER, 1972), em que podem ser encontradas as estratégias utilizadas pelos estudantes na produção dos sons da LE. São fundamentais, portanto, para nossa análise, as teorias que se dedicam especificamente à descrição da aquisição/aprendizagem do aspecto fônico de uma LE, começando pelos conceitos de crivo fonológico, de Trubetzkoy (1939), e de surdez fonológica, de Polivanov (1931). Complementando esses conceitos, a análise é guiada pelos processos explicados por modelos, tais como o Modelo de Aprendizagem da Fala (Flege, 1981), o Modelo do Ímã da Língua Materna, de Kuhl & Iverson (1995), e o Modelo de Assimilação Perceptiva, de Best e Tyler (1994). Os resultados demonstram a ocorrência de certos fenômenos na Interlíngua dos estudantes brasileiros: a proximidade acústica do par de fonemas /æ/ e / ɛ/; a proximidade acústica do par de fonemas /ɑ/ e /ɔ/; a produção de /ɑ/ próximo de /a/ pela motivação ortográfica do grafema <a>; a produção de /ɑ/ próximo de /ɔ/ pela motivação ortográfica do grafema <o>; a produção de /ə/ como /a/ pela motivação ortográfica do grafema <a>. / This research aims to describe the acoustic characteristics of the phonemes /æ, ɛ, ɑ, ɔ, ə/ in the production of English language of Brazilian students of English as a foreign language (EFL). Those phonemes sometimes lack contrast in the production of Brazilian students and are produced within the perceptive space of the phonemes /a/, /ɛ/ and /ɔ/ of Brazilian Portuguese language. The selected participants are students of two language schools who took a course on the sounds of English, designed as part of the experiment developed for the data collection. The experiment consists in recording the oral reading of a corpus containing words with the selected phonemes, which occurs before and after participation in the course, besides the response to two questionnaires, applied at the beginning and at the end of the course. Subsequently, the recordings are analyzed and compared to each other and to a recording of the same corpus by an American informant, using PRAAT software, version 5.3 (BOERSMA & WEENINK, 2011). As a theoretical support for this analysis, we understand that students’ oral production is in their Interlanguage (SELINKER, 1972), in which the strategies used by students in the production of LE sounds can be found. Therefore, for our analysis, theories that specifically focus on the acquisition/learning of the phonic aspect of an LE are fundamental, starting with Trubetzkoy’s phonological sieve (1939) and Polivanov’s phonological deafness (1931). Complementing these concepts, the analysis is guided by the processes explained by models, such as the Speech Learning Model (FLEGE, 1981), the Perceptual Magnet Effect (KUHL & IVERSON, 1995), and the Perceptual Assimilation Model (BEST, 1994). Results show the occurrence of certain phenomena in the Interlanguage of Brazilian students: acoustic proximity of the pair of phonemes /æ/ and /ɛ/; acoustic proximity of the pair of phonemes /ɑ/ and /ɔ/; the production of /ɑ/ close to /a/ motivated by the grapheme <a>; the production of /ɑ/ close to /ɔ/ motivated by the grapheme <o>; the production of /ə/ as /a/ motivated by the grapheme <a>. / CAPES 1601804

O presente estudo tem como objetivo determinar se a gravidade da DPOC poderá ser estimada através da área do gráfico das intensidades sonoras dos sons respiratórios de pacientes com DPOC. O estudo realizado com 51 pacientes com DPOC leve, moderado, grave, muito grave e 7 indivíduos saudáveis não fumantes. Os sons respiratórios de cada participante, foram coletados através de estetoscópio adaptado com um mini microfone. O método compara as áreas das intensidades sonoras em função da frequência de pacientes de DPOC e indivíduos saudáveis. Neste contexto, para atender ao objetivo, um método foi proposto e testado baseado na combinação de técnicas de filtragem e TFTC, seguida de análise estatística, cálculo da média, desvio padrão e interpolação. Os resultados sugerem que a área do gráfico da variância da intensidade sonora em função da frequência diminui quando aumenta a gravidade da DPOC, exceto para os casos em que a bronquite crônica é predominante. / The present study aims to determine if the severity of COPD can be estimated through the chart area of the sound intensities of respiratory sounds in patients with COPD. The study included 51 patients with mild, moderate, severe, very severe COPD and 7 healthy non-smokers. The breathing sounds of each participant were collected through a stethoscope adapted with a mini microphone. The method compares the areas of intensity sonic densities as a function of the frequency of COPD patients and healthy individuals. In this context, to meet the objective, a method was proposed and tested based on the combination of filtering techniques and TFTC, followed by statistical analysis, calculation of the mean, standard deviation and interpolation. The results suggest that the area of the graph of frequency-frequency sound intensity variance decreases as the severity of COPD increases, except for cases where chronic bronchitis is predominant.

Quantificar e qualificar o bem-estar de animais de produção, ainda é um desafio. Em qualquer avaliação de bem-estar, deve-se analisar, principalmente, a ausência de sentimentos negativos fortes, como o sofrimento, e a presença de sentimentos positivos, como o prazer. O objetivo principal dessa pesquisa foi quantificar a vocalização de suínos em grupos sob diferentes condições térmicas. Em termos de objetivos específicos foram avaliar a existência de padrões vocálicos de comunicação entre animais alojados em grupo e extrair as características acústicas dos espectros sonoros das vocalizações relacionando com as diferentes condições do micro-clima da instalação. O experimento foi realizado em uma unidade de experimentação com suínos, junto à University of Illinois (EUA), com ambiente controlado. Quatro grupos de seis leitões foram utilizados para a coleta dos dados. Foram instalados dataloggers para registrar as variáveis ambientais (T, °C e UR, %) e posterior cálculo dos índices de conforto (ITU e Entalpia do ar). Foram instalados microfones do tipo cardióide no centro geométrico de cada baia que abrigava os leitões, para registro das vocalizações. Os microfones foram conectados a um amplificador de sinais, e este a uma placa de captura dos sinais de áudio e vídeo, instalados em um computador. Para as edições dos arquivos de áudio contendo as vocalizações dos leitões, o programa Goldwave® foi utilizado na separação, e aplicação de filtros para a retirada de ruídos. Na sequência, os áudios foram analisados com auxílio do programa Sounds Analysis Pro 2011, onde foram extraídos as características acústicas. A amplitude (dB), frequência fundamental (Hz), frequência média (Hz), frequência de pico (Hz) e entropia foram utilizados para caracterização do espectro sonoro das vocalizações do grupo de leitões nas diferentes condições térmicas. O delineamento do experimento foi em blocos casualizados, com dois tratamentos, e três repetições na semana, sendo executado em duas semanas. Os dados foram amostrados para uma análise do comportamento do banco de dados de vocalização em relação aos tratamentos que foram aplicados. Os dados foram submetidos a uma análise de variância utilizando o proc GLM do SAS. Dentre os parâmetros acústicos analisados, a amplitude (dB), frequência fundamental e entropia. Os tratamentos, condição de conforto e condição de calor, apresentaram diferenças significativas, pelo teste de Tukey (p<0,05). A análise de variância mostrou diferenças no formato da onda para cada condição térmica nos diferentes períodos do dia. É possível quantificar a vocalização em grupos de suínos em diferentes condições térmicas, por intermédio da extração das características acústicas das amostras sonoras. O espectro sonoro foi extraído, indicando possíveis variações do comportamento dos leitões nas diferentes condições térmicas dentro dos períodos do dia. No entanto, a etapa de reconhecimento de padrão, ainda necessita de um banco de dados maior e mais consistente para o reconhecimento do espectro em cada condição térmica, seja por análise das imagens ou pela extração das características acústicas. Dentre as características acústicas analisadas, a amplitude (dB), frequência fundamental (Hz) e entropia das vocalizações em grupo de suínos foram significativas para expressar a condição dos animais quando em diferentes condições térmicas. / To quantify and to qualify animal well-being in livestock farms is still a challenge. To assess animal well-being, it must be analyzed, mainly, the absence of strong negative feelings, like pain, and the presence of positive feelings, like pleasure. The main objective was to quantify vocalization in a group of pigs under different thermal conditions. The specific objectives were to assess the existence of vocal pattern of communication between housing groups of pigs, and get the acoustic characteristics of the sound spectrum from the vocalizations related to the different microclimate conditions. The trial was carried out in a controlled environment experimental unit for pigs, at the University of Illinois (USA). Four groups of six pigs were used in the data collection. Dataloggers were installed to record environmental variables (T, °C and RH, %). These environmental variable were used to calculate two thermal comfort index: Enthalpy and THI. Cardioid microphones were installed to record continuous vocalizations in the geometric center of each pen where the pigs were housing. Microphones were connected to an amplifier, and this was connected to a dvr card installed in a computer to record audio and video information. For doing the sound edition in a pig vocalization database, the Goldwave® software was used to separate, and filter the files excluding background noise. In the sequence, the sounds were analyzed using the software Sounds Analysis Pro 2011, and the acoustic characteristics were extracted. Amplitude (dB), pitch (Hz), mean frequency (Hz), peak frequency (Hz) and entropy were used to characterize the sound spectrum of vocalizations of the groups of piglets in the different thermal conditions. A randomized block design was used, composed by two treatments and three repetitions in a week and executed in two weeks. Data were sampled to analyze the behavior of the databank of vocalization as a relation to the applied treatments. Data were submitted to an analysis of variance using the proc GLM of SAS. Among the studied acoustic parameters, the amplitude (dB), pitch and entropy. The treatments (comfort and heat stress conditions) presented significative differences, through Tukey\'s test (p<0,05). The analysis of variance showed differences to the wave format to each thermal condition in the different periods of the day. The quantification of vocalization of swine in groups under different thermal conditions is possible, using the extraction of acoustic characteristics from the sound samples. The sound spectrum was extracted, which indicated possible alterations in the piglets behavior in the different thermal conditions during the periods of the day. However, the stage of pattern\'s recognition still needs a larger and more consistent database to the recognition of the spectrum in each thermal condition, through image analysis or by the extraction of the acoustic characteristics. Among he analyzed acoustic characteristics, the amplitude (dB), pitch (Hz) and entropy of the vocalizations of groups of swine were significative to express the condition of the animals in different thermal conditions.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-03-31T15:07:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 sarahstutzreis.pdf: 2710665 bytes, checksum: 3e112b0640b97d744e46b7134c227148 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-04-24T02:58:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 sarahstutzreis.pdf: 2710665 bytes, checksum: 3e112b0640b97d744e46b7134c227148 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-24T02:58:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sarahstutzreis.pdf: 2710665 bytes, checksum: 3e112b0640b97d744e46b7134c227148 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-01 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Os delfinídeos exibem grande plasticidade de sinais acústicos e são capazes de adequar suas emissões sonoras frente à diferentes circunstâncias. Atualmente, a poluição sonora dos oceanos constitui uma ameaça aos cetáceos e esta questão tem sido pouco estudada em relação ao boto-cinza (Sotalia guianensis). Logo, seus sinais acústicos representam um aspecto biológico importante a ser compreendido. Neste contexto, este estudo visou caracterizar o repertório sonoro e investigar o ambiente acústico dos botos-cinza que utilizam a baía de Benevente, ES. As gravações foram realizadas utilizando-se hidrofone Cetacean Research C54XRS acoplado a gravador digital Fostex FR-2 LE gravando a 96kHz/24bits. Os dados coletados entre dezembro de 2011 e julho de 2012 totalizaram 27horas e 55minutos de esforço de gravação. Foram analisados 69 assobios, 42 sons pulsantes explosivos e 33 cadeias de cliques. Dentre os assobios o contorno mais comum foi o do tipo ascendente (N=37; 53%), seguido pelos tipos ascendente-descendente (N=15; 22%), múltiplo (N=13; 19%). A frequência fundamental dos assobios variou entre 3,51 kHz e 37,56 kHz. Os parâmetros analisados foram: duração, pontos de inflexão, frequências inicial, final, mínima, máxima, variação e frequências a 1/4, 1/2 e 3/4 da duração. A duração média destes sinais foi 0,298 segundos (DP= 0,147). Quanto aos sons pulsantes explosivos, o sinal do tipo “bray call” (N=36) foi mais comum e mais longo que o “buzz sound”(N=6). Estes dois tipos ocorreram imediatamente após ou próximos a cliques de ecolocalização. Em relação a estes, 33 cadeias foram analisadas e estas apresentaram 36,45 cliques (DP= 43,47) e 11,404 (DP= 21,226) segundos de duração, em média. Os intervalos entre cliques (ICI) duraram 0,308s (DP= 0,301), em média. Verificou-se dois padrões temporais distintos entre os ICIs: 81% (N=946) dos intervalos duraram entre 0,001 e 0,400 segundos e os 19% (N=224) restantes duraram entre 0,401 e 1,246 segundos. A maioria das médias dos parâmetros de frequência dos assobios foram superiores aos valores verificados em estudos com S. guianensis ao sul da área de estudo e inferiores aos valores de populações ao norte. Isto pode estar relacionado aos diferentes limites de frequência destes trabalhos e/ou à hipótese de que a frequência aumenta do sul para o norte. Os sons explosivos observados foram verificados anteriormente para S. guianensis e outros odontocetos. Além de apresentarem função social, também podem estar relacionados à obtenção de presas. A distribuição dos valores de ICI em padrões temporais distintos já foi observada para S. guianensis e outras espécies de golfinhos, podendo representar as distintas funções dos cliques de ecolocalização. O boto-cinza ocorreu em áreas onde existia um ruído antropogênico de baixa frequência. Na presença deste ruído ocorreram alterações no comportamento acústico que possivelmente expressam uma tentativa de compensar o efeito de mascaramento para manter a comunicação eficiente em um ambiente acústicamente poluído. / The Delphinidae exhibits great plasticity of acoustic signals and adapts their sound emission according to circumstances. Currently, ocean noise pollution is a threat to cetaceans and this issue has not been well studied in relation to the estuarine dolphin (Sotalia guianensis). Therefore, their acoustic signals represent an important biological aspect to be understood. In this context, this study aimed to characterize the sound repertoire and investigate the acoustic environment of estuarine dolphin in Benevente Bay, ES, Brazil. The recordings were performed using hydrophone Cetacean Research C54XRS coupled to digital recorder Fostex FR-2 LE recording at 96kHz/24bits. Data collected between December 2011 and July 2012 totaled 27 hours and 55 minutes of effort recording. We evaluated 69 whistles, 42 burst sounds and 33 clicks’ train. Among the whistles contour the most common type was ascending (N = 37, 53%), followed by ascending-descending (N = 15, 22%) and multiple (N = 13, 19%) types. The fundamental frequency of whistles ranged between 3.51 kHz and 37.56 kHz. The frequency parameters analyzed were: start, end, minimum, maximum, range and frequencies at 1/4, 1/2 and 3/4 of the duration. The duration and inflection points were also analyzed. The average duration of whistles was 0.298 second (SD = 0.147). About the burst pulse sounds the sign "bray call" (N = 36) was more common and longer than the "buzz sound" (N = 6). These two types occurred immediately after or near echolocation clicks. On these, 33 trains were analyzed and presented 36.45 (SD = 43.47) clicks and 11.404 (SD = 21.226) seconds, in average length. The interval between clicks or “Inter-click interval” (ICI) lasted 0.308 (SD = 0.301) seconds in average. It was also found two distinct temporal patterns for ICIs: 81% (N = 946) intervals lasted between 0.001 and 0.400 seconds and 19% (N = 224) lasted between 0.401 and 1.246 seconds. Most of the frequency parameters’ average from whistles were higher than those observed in studies with S. guianensis at south of the study area and lower than populations at north. This could be related to different frequency limits and/or the assumption that the frequency increases from south to north. The burst sounds observed were previously cited for S. guianensis and other odontocetes. Besides presenting a social function, these sounds may be related to obtaining prey. The distribution of the ICIs’ values in distinct temporal patterns was also reported for S. guianensis and other species of dolphins, which may represent the different functions of echolocation clicks. The estuarine dolphin occurred in the presence of a low-frequency anthropogenic noise. On this occasion there was a change in the acoustic behavior that possibly expresses an attempt to compensate for the effect of masking to maintain effective communication in an acoustically polluted environment.

La qualité sonore (QS) est un facteur important dans la conception et pour la perception des produits, notamment dans le cas des véhicules. Il est donc fondamental d'étudier la qualité sonore des véhicules récréatifs motorisés. L'objectif est d'étudier le bruit généré par un véhicule récréatif motorisé (VRM) et de rendre ce dernier plus agréable pour le conducteur afin de rajouter plus de plaisir à l'expérience de conduite. Le projet est basé sur trois volets importants. Le premier volet consiste à identifier les paramètres physiques des différents composants acoustiques d'un véhicule récréatif motorisé, de conduire des tests d'écoute et d'en faire une étude statistique. Pour ce faire, plusieurs bases de données ont été déjà établies par des enregistrements binauraux correspondants à la position du pilote. Le deuxième volet consiste à définir une méthode de prédiction des résultats de tests d'écoute de préférence par des indicateurs psychoacoustiques dits objectifs, issus des signaux mesurés pour les tests d'écoute de préférence. L'originalité de cette partie est l'utilisation des méthodes statistiques de régression linéaire multiple pour la conception du modèle perceptif, et notamment l'algorithme Lasso qui permet la création de modèles de prédiction de qualité sonore parcimonieux. Le troisième volet consiste à concevoir un dispositif de modification et d'amélioration du son moteur, par filtrage numérique des signaux binauraux, puis étudier son effet à partir de la reproduction de sons simulés et mesurés.

Abstract This study focuses on a son's violence against his father. It consists of three substudies. The first substudy examines the incidence of patricide in Finland. The incidence was essentially the same in the beginning and in the end of 20th century: 0.07 and 0.06 cases of patricide per 100 000 per year respectively. At the same time the incidence of matricide increased from 0.01 to 0.07 per 100 000 respectively. The proportion of patricide and matricide of all homicides increased due to the decrease of all homicides in Finland during the study period. The incidences of parricides seem to be of the order of other western countries. In the second substudy, all the reports of 107 serious violent offences by a son against his father were extracted from among all the forensic psychiatric examination reports made in Finland in 1973-96. These index cases were compared to 107 control cases of homicide against other people. Various statistically significant differences were found between the groups. The controls had the following characteristics more commonly than the indexes: developmental problems (especially conduct disorders) in childhood, personality disorders, dependence on alcohol or drugs and criminal histories as adults. They were also married and left their childhood home before the crime more commonly than the indexes. The indexes had psychotic diseases and dependence on parents more commonly, but also better educational and professional success. The indexes were more commonly diagnosed as 'without legal responsibility' (33% vs. 12%) and the controls more commonly 'with diminished legal responsibility'. In the third substudy, five major predisposing factors for a son's violence against his father were identified (incidence in parenthesis): A son's dependence on his parents (70%), a son's tendency to violence (65%), psychotic disease of the son (31%), the fathers oppressive and violent behaviour against the son (36%), protection of the mother against the father's violence by the son (21%). One or more of these factors could be involved in any single case. It was found that oedipality could not explain the violence of a son against his father. Distant and aggressive fathering and close and caring mothering can be seen as predisposing factors both to violence against the father and to the claimed general high prevalence of oedipality in our culture. / Tiivistelmä Tämä työ koostuu kolmesta osatutkimuksesta. Ensimmäisessä tutkittiin pojan tekemän patrisidin eli isän surmaamisen esiintyvyyttä Suomessa. Patrisidin esiintyvyys pysyi suunnilleen samana, 0.07 ja 0.06 tapausta 100 000 asukasta kohti vuodessa, 1900-luvun alussa ja lopussa. Sen sijaan matrisidin eli äidin surmaamisen esiintyvyys kasvoi 0.01:stä 0.07:ään tapaukseen 100 000 asukasta kohti vuodessa. Patrisidien ja matrisidien osuus kaikista henkirikoksista Suomessa kasvoi 1900-luvun aikana, koska yleinen henkirikoskuolleisuus aleni kyseisen jakson aikana. Patrisidin ja matrisidin esiintyvyys vastaa muissa länsimaissa havaittuja esiintyvyyslukuja. Työn toisessa osassa tutkittiin mielentutkimuksessa vuosina 1973-96 olleiden 107 isänsä surmanneen tai pahoinpidelleen pojan ja heidän 107 verrokkinsa teon taustalla olleita tekijöitä. Useita tilastollisesti merkitseviä eroja havaittiin: verrokit kärsivät indeksejä yleisemmin lapsuudessa kehitysongelmista, etenkin käytöshäiriöistä, ja aikuisena persoonallisuushäiriöistä ja päihderiippuvuudesta sekä tekivät yleisemmin rikoksia. He myös solmivat parisuhteen ja lähtivät kotoa ennen väkivallantekoaan yleisemmin kuin indeksit Indeksit olivat yleisemmin psykoottisia ja riippuvaisia vanhemmistaan, mutta menestyivät paremmin koulussa ja työelämässä kuin verrokit. Indeksit todettiin mielentilatutkimuksessa yleisemmin syyntakeettomiksi kuin verrokit ja verrokit taas yleisemmin alentuneesti syyntakeiseksi kuin indeksit. Tutkimuksen kolmannessa osassa isään kohdistuneelle väkivallalle todettiin viisi keskeistä altistavaa tekijää (tekijöiden esiintyvyys 107 indeksin joukossa suluissa prosentteina): Pojan riippuvuus vanhemmistaan (70%), pojan väkivaltataipumus (65%), pojan psykoottinen sairaus (31%), isän alistava ja väkivaltainen käytös poikaa kohtaan (36%), äidin suojelu isän väkivallalta (21%). Kuhunkin tapaukseen saattoi liittyä samanaikaisesti yksi tai useampia tekijöitä. Oidipaalisuuden ei havaittu olevan keskeinen altistava tekijä pojan väkivallalle isää kohtaan. Etäinen ja väkivaltainen isyys ja suojaava ja huolehtiva äitiys voivat olla altistavia tekijöitä paitsi isään kohdistuvalle väkivallalle myös aiemmissa tutkimuksissa havaitulle oidipaalisuuden yleisyydelle kulttuurissamme.

Une grande diversité d’animaux produit des sons pour communiquer, s'orienter, ou lors de la réalisation d'actes comportementaux comme la prise de nourriture. Ces sons ne se répartissent pas aléatoirement dans l'espace et le temps suggérant l'existence de règles d'assemblage sonore qui structurent les populations et communautés acoustiques. Les environnements d'eau douce, et en particulier les mares, sont considérés comme les réservoirs d'une importante diversité biologique, et donc potentiellement abritant un nombre significatif d'espèces produisant des sons. Cependant la diversité acoustique de ces milieux naturels n'a jamais été explorée.L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'explorer pour la première fois la diversité acoustique présente dans les milieux d'eau douce en climat tempéré en étudiant les structures des populations et communautés acoustiques et en explorant les processus pouvant déterminer ces structures.Une revue bibliographique sur la production sonore par les organismes d'eau douce ainsi que des enregistrements d'espèces cibles effectués en laboratoire révèlent qu'une diversité acoustique particulière existe dans les environnements d'eau douce en milieux tempérés. Pour comprendre comment cette diversité est structurée, les communautés acoustiques de trois mares situées dans des environnements différents ont été enregistrées et suivies au cours du temps. Cette étude révèle que les trois mares sont caractérisées par des communautés acoustiques riches et distinctes ayant des dynamiques spatio-temporelles spécifiques. Les facteurs potentiels structurant les communautés acoustiques d’eau douce ont été recherchés en testant si la composition de communautés acoustiques dans six bras morts de la plaine d'inondation du Rhône était liée à des variables environnementales. Nos résultats montrent que les communautés acoustiques des bras morts sont significativement liées à une variable environnementale : le degré de connectivité entre les bras morts et le lit principal de la rivière. Ce résultat suggère un rôle clé de cette variable dans les règles d'assemblage des communautés. Enfin, pour comprendre les processus possibles liant la production de sons et l'environnement naturel, une population de l'insecte aquatique Micronecta scholtzi a été suivie par des enregistrements acoustiques dans une mare méditerranéenne. Le niveau d'activité acoustique de M. scholtzi a été estimé de façon continue à l'aide d'un réseau de 12 capteurs sonores synchronisés. L'activité acoustique était caractérisée par un rythme circadien, dont les propriétés étaient perturbées par la diffusion expérimentale d'un bruit d'origine anthropique. Cette expérience révèle que les effets de la pollution sonore peuvent être observés à l'échelle d'une population d'insectes aquatiques.Ce travail montre ainsi l'existence d'une diversité acoustique dans les milieux d'eau douce et identifie des relations entre production acoustique et facteurs environnementaux. Ce travail ouvre également des perspectives intéressantes d'utilisation de l'acoustique pour aborder des problématiques d'écologie fondamentale et appliquée en milieu d'eau douce. / An important diversity of animal species produces sounds during communication, orientation, movement, or prey-predator acts. These sounds are not distributed randomly in space and time and are therefore thought to follow assembly rules forming either acoustic populations or acoustic communities. Freshwater environments and ponds in particular, are considered as primary resources for biological diversity and as such host a potentially significant number of soniferous species. However the acoustic diversity of these natural environments remains totally unexplored.The main aim of this PhD was to explore for the first time the acoustic diversity found in temperate freshwater by studying the patterns and structural processes of a selection of acoustic populations and communities recorded in several types of freshwater environments. A review of the literature on sound production by freshwater organisms along with laboratory recordings of target species revealed that a valuable acoustic diversity can be found in temperate freshwater environments. To understand how the acoustic diversity is structured, the acoustic communities of three temperate ponds were acoustically monitored. This study revealed that the three ponds were characterized by rich and distinct acoustic communities with specific spatio-temporal dynamics. To further understand the potential factors structuring freshwater acoustic communities, environmental variables were assessed along with the composition of acoustic communities found in six secondary channels of the Rhône riverine floodplain. Two environmental variables were investigated: the water temperature and the level of lateral connectivity of the secondary channels to the main river. Acoustic communities in the Rhône riverine floodplain were clearly structured by lateral connectivity suggesting a role of this key variable as an assembly rule. Finally to understand the possible processes linking animal acoustics and the natural environment, a population of aquatic insect, Micronecta scholtzi, was acoustically monitored in a Mediterranean pond. The level of M. scholtzi acoustic activity was assessed continuously using a network of twelve synchronised acoustic sensors. The acoustic activity of \textit{M. scholtzi} showed a regular daily pattern that was modified in amplitude and phase by the playback of an anthropogenic noise. This experiment revealed that the effects of noise pollution may emerge at an aquatic insect population level. This PhD unraveled the existence of a significant amount of unexplored acoustic diversity in freshwater environments and identified links between acoustics and the environment. This research opens interesting perspectives in the use of acoustic to tackle fundamental and applied ecological questions in freshwater environments.

The purpose of this study compared the emotional closeness of 56 mothers of sons with autism to 57 mothers of typically-developing sons.