本論文評量臺灣學生國中三年對英文重音與語調的學習成果，並探討造成學生學習困難的原因。五，名高一學生唸相同兩篇對話和十名母語為英語的外藉人士比較。結果顯示可暗示說話者態度的調型對學生最難，一些特殊句型的調型次之，而普通句型的升、降調最容易。重音方面則以牽涉到英文節奏和前後文的重音型較難。 　　經由對比分析，發現英文本身的問題和中英文的差異都對學習不利。英文本身的問題包括重音與語調的多變性和書面表示方式的不足。中英文的差異包括音調的範圍、語調對單字發音的影響、訊息焦點的表示方式、態度的表示方式、音調的高低度、以及中文調型的干擾。另外，由五十位國中老師和五十位學生所回答的問卷結果也顯示一些教學上的因素也會造成某種程度的干擾。 　　文末對教學方法、教材以及老師和學生的教學均有建議，期望對英語教學的更臻完善有所幫助。 / This thesis evaluates Taiwan junior high school students' performances in English stress and intonation and uncovers some reasons causing students' learning difficulties.　Compared against ten native speakers' performances, forty students' performances in reading two dialogues are evaluated.　The results show that the contours with attitudinal meanings are more difficult for students than the contours of special grammatical constructions, which in turn are more difficult than ordinary falling and rising contours.　And students have more difficulties in the stress patterns involving English rhythm and discourse knowledge than those that do not. 　　Through contrastive analysis, we find intralingual and interlingual factors interfering with students' learning. Intralingual factors include the variability of English stress and intonation, and the deficiency in their representation.　Interlingual factors include the scope of pitch, the influence of intonation on citation forms, expressions of focus, expressions of attitudes, ranges of pitch, and interference from Mandarin contours.　Moreover, the results of two sets of questionnaires answered by fifty teachers and fifty students show some pedagogical factors also come into play. 　　Suggestions for teaching methods, teaching materials, teachers, and students are also given with a view to helping improve English teaching and learning.

本篇研究的目的是要去比較中文跟英文小孩的誘發過度泛化現象的不同之處。誘發過度泛化現象指的是小孩子因為受到之前誘發過的字的影響進而造成對物品過度泛化現象的情況而稱之。Gershkoff-Stowe et al. (2006) 認為Dell (1986) 提出的擴散激活機制 (spreading activation mechanisms) 可用來解釋小孩的三種泛化錯誤類型: 類別錯誤 (category errors) 、語用錯誤 (pragmatic errors) 跟提取錯誤 (retrieval errors)，此三種泛化錯誤的基底機制應該都是同樣的。另外，他們也認為最近激活跟形狀的類似對小孩的命名應該都扮演了很重要的角色。年紀較大的小孩也應該會擁有比較成熟的心理詞彙所以會比起年紀較小的小孩比較不容易受到之前提取過的字的影響。因為中文跟英文心理詞彙的不同，我們想去檢視是否一樣的理論也可套用在中文小孩身上。實驗方法沿用了Gershkoff-Stowe et al. (2006)的相同實驗法，做了與他相同的兩個實驗。第一個實驗是熟悉物與不熟悉物的命名，兩歲小孩要做六次的試驗，然後我們是用三張圖片做為誘發圖片，然後請小孩去命名一個真實的物品。第二個實驗是虛構物品命名，我們在這個實驗裡比較兩歲小孩跟四歲小孩的不同表現。實驗過程跟實驗一是一樣的，只是實驗二是看虛構物品不是真實物品，且有八個試驗機會而不是六個。結果顯示有一個跟英文大致上類似的結果。然而我們仍有發現一些不同之處。第一，我們發現熟悉物在中文裡比起英文似乎有更強的力量。第二個則是兩個語言不同的構詞法可能會對於比較成熟的心理詞彙造成不一樣的誘發方式。 / This purpose of this study is to compare the difference of priming overextension phenomena between Mandarin Chinese children and English children. Priming overextension means that children overextend some words due to the effects of the previously primed words. Gershkoff-Stowe et al. (2006) found that spreading activation mechanisms (Dell, 1986) should be the underlying mechanisms of three types of children’s overextension errors, i.e., category errors, pragmatic errors, and retrieval errors. Moreover, they thought that recent activation and perceptual similarity both play an important role on children’s object naming. Besides, older children should have a more mature mental lexicon and thus less susceptible to previously retrieved words than younger children. Due to the difference of the lexicon networks between Mandarin Chinese and English, we want to examine whether the same theory also could apply to Mandarin children. Two experiments which followed Gershkoff-Stowe et al. (2006) were conducted. The first one was familiar or unfamiliar object naming. 2-year-old Children underwent six trials and were primed by three pictures and then were asked to name a real object. The second experiment was novel object naming. We compared the performances of children aged 2 and aged 4 together. The procedure was the same as the experiment 1 despite the fact that children in experiment 2 named novel objects rather than real ones and they underwent 8 trials rather than six. And results showed a generally similar finding with English. However, there are still something different between these two languages. First, we found that familiar objects should have stronger strengths in Mandarin than in English. Second, different morphology in two languages may result in different priming way for more mature mental lexicons.

University of Macau / Faculty of Law

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Chinese

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Chinese

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Chinese

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Chinese

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Chinese

University of Macau / Faculty of Education

近年來網路社群非常活躍,非常多的網民都以社群媒體來分享與討論時事。 不傴於此,網路上的群聚力量已經漸漸從虛擬走向現實,社群媒體的傳播力已 經可以與大眾傳媒比擬。像台大 PTT 的八卦版就是一個這樣具指標性的社群媒 體,許多新聞或是事件都從此版開始討論,然後擴散至主流媒體。透過觀察, 網路鄉民常常會以略帶灰諧的方式,發明新的詞彙去討論時事與人物,例如: 割闌尾、祭止兀、婉君、貫老闆...等。這些新詞的出現,很可能代表一個新的熱門話題的正在醞釀中。但若以傳統的關鍵詞搜索,未必能找到這些含有此類新詞的討論文章。因此,本研究提出一個基於「滑動視窗(Sliding window)」的技巧來輔助中文斷詞,以利找出這些新詞,並進而透過這些新詞對來探詢社群媒體中的新興話題。我們以此技巧修改知名的Jieba 斷詞工具,加上新詞偵測的機制,並以 PTT的八卦版為監測對象,經過長期的的監測後,結果顯示我們的系統可以正確的找出絕大多數的新詞。此外,經過與主流媒體交叉比對,本系統發現的新詞與新話題的確有極高的相關性。 / Internet new residents like to share society current event on the social media website and the influence is propagate to the reality now. For example: On Gossip(八卦版) discussion board of 台大 PTT BBS that had many post are turn into the TV News every day. After some survey we found people like to crate new words to explain society topics, This paper attempt to build up a system to detect the new words from social media. But detect the Chinese new words from unknown words is a thorny problem, on this paper we invent a way – 『Sliding Window』 to elevate the new words detection from Jieba in Chinese words Segmentation, After testing we got 96.94% correct rate and cross valid the detection result by ours system with News and Google Trending we proved the new words detection is a reasonable way to discover new topic.