國際貿易實務上，「信用狀」係往來銀行提供信用狀擔保付款之模式，確保跨國貿易之順利完成、加速貿易進行，為當今世界重要付款方式。「信用狀統一慣例（UCP）」係國際商會（ICC）制定之信用狀交易實務慣例，自1933年首次頒布以來，目前已成為全世界公認遵行之信用狀標準處理方針。2007年，國際商會公佈最新修訂版本之第600號出版物“UCP 600”，明定因應銀行及航運實務發展、檢討UCP 500之規範文字及語體、抑制銀行拒絕付款率等為主要修訂目標。 鑑於UCP 600對於未來國際貿易發展之影響力，實有全面且深入研究UCP 600條款內容及規範目的之必要。本文以UCP 600新增定義解釋條款、審查單據條款、及運送單據條款為研究主題，透過闡釋條文涵義、比較與UCP 500之差異、探究新條款影響、檢討修訂目標之成效等，俾使信用狀當事人及相關銀行正確理解及適用UCP 600條款內容。 本文首先介紹信用狀之特性、經濟功能及信用狀統一慣例之定位適用等基本概念；其次從文義解釋、法律性質及當事人間法律關係等觀點切入，闡釋UCP 600本次新增之定義及解釋條款；並研究銀行實務最常發生爭議之審查單據程序，詳盡分析UCP 600規定之審單標準、符合提示、拒付瑕疵單據等重要條款。此外，本文探討UCP 600所規定國際航運常見之提單、多式運送單據、不可轉讓海運單及傭船提單等運送單據條款。最後，本文針對UCP 600條款之重要修訂內容予以彙整，嘗試提出該等條款之修正趨勢及未來發展。 / In international trade practice, “letter of credit”which is the most important type of payment in the world is the means of settlement that an issuing bank independently undertake to honour a complying presentation , and that ensures international trade to successfully completed, and speeded up the transactions.“ICC Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credit(UCP)”is the rules of international letter of credit practice promulgated by the Commission on Banking Technique and Practice of the International Chamber of Commerce(ICC).The 2007 Revision, UCP 600, is the latest of a series of revisions of these ICC rules that date from 1933 and have in their evolution become the universal norm for commercial letter of credit. The introduction of UCP 600 expressly indicated the main revised objective was to address developments in banking and transport industries, to look at the language and style used in UCP 500, and to reduce the rejections of the documents presented under letter of credit. In consideration of the influence of UCP 600 for the development of international trade in the future, it was necessary to generally and deeply research the clauses and provisions of UCP 600 and the revised objective. This paper’s research subjects include the formal definitions and interpretations of UCP 600, the provision regarding examination of documents, and the provisions regarding transport documents. In order to make the parties of letter of credit and the relevant banks correctly understand and apply the UCP 600 clauses, this paper interprets the meaning of UCP 600 clauses, compares the differences between UCP 600 and UCP 500, analyses the influence of new provisions, and look at the achievements of this revision. This paper first introduces the fundamental concepts included the characteristic of letter of credit, the economic functions of letter of credit, and the position and application of UCP 600.The second part is to discuss the formal definitions and interpretations that UCP 600 new formulated from the perspectives of language interpretation, quality of law, and the law relationship of the parties. Then this paper discusses the rules for the examination of documents that most controversial in banking industries, and analyses the important provisions regarding standard for examination of documents, complying presentation, and rejection of discrepant documents. Moreover, this paper is referring to the general transport documents clauses stipulated in UCP 600, including bill of lading, multimodal transport document, non-negotiable sea waybill, and charter party bill of lading. Finally, this paper synthesizes the significant revised provisions, and recommends several suggestions about modifying the relevant provisions in UCP 600 and development in the future.

在二十世紀末的今天，國際間的技術輸出、工程開發、勞務僱傭以及精密技術的移轉等均有別於傳統有形物品的國際貿易，其金額與規模的鉅大，交易的頻繁，均呈現空前繁盛的情況，尤其國際間的營建工程也已成為國際貿易的一大項目，實乃始料所未及。由於工程龐大，涉及貨物或勞務的供應以及工作的履行，且需某種程度的技術與經驗,為確保工程依特定的規格或品質如期完成,業主乃要求承包商提供可靠的擔保，此乃國際上公認的正常保障措施。擔保的形式很多，擔保信用狀和「獨立性（單據化）的銀行保證函」乃最普遍、最常見，也最容易被各方所接受。雖然保證或保險公司也願簽發此種獨立性質的擔保函，而銀行也會有簽發傳統的從屬性保證函的情形，但銀行簽發的獨立性保證函與擔保信用狀仍為目前國際貿易上最盛行、最具代表性的保證方式，且其用途已不限於確保營建工程的履行，目前已被廣泛使用在各種層面的擔保上。但我國及其他大部分國家均未對此種與傳統民法炯異的銀行獨立性保證函加以立法，而許多人對此種獨立於基礎契約的保證也一知半解，因此易滋困擾。本研究的目的即欲提昇國人對獨立性銀行保證函的了解和認知，以利其發展。此外，針對受益人對獨立性銀行保證函的濫用及不公平索償的風險，本文也欲藉著探討擔保函中的條款及其所可能帶來的風險，而使當事人能於擬訂擔保函內容時，即將開發擔保函的風險減到最低。而為了與傳統民法所提的保證加以區別，本論文特將「獨立性的銀行保證函」稱為「銀行擔保函」(letterof bank guarantee)或簡稱為「擔保函」(letter of guarantee),以免因觀念相混淆而產生誤解。此外，由於擔保信用狀與銀行擔保函誠為一體兩面的擔保文件，故本文所稱的「銀行擔保函」或「擔保函」，實乃包括「擔保信用狀」。故除非必要，才會特別提及「擔保信用狀」一語，否則，本文所談有關銀行擔保函的性質、內容等，將適用擔保信用狀。

Taiwan, an island with outstanding economic miracle, has deeply depended on international trades to increase economic growth and national wealth. There are many successful companies, including listed enterprises and SME, manufacturing and marketing Made-in-Taiwan products all over the world through international trade and commerce. Therefore, undoubtedly the power international trade is one of our strength and plays a key role on stimulating economy as well as elevating the living standard of people. . To compete with other international exporters, Taiwanese exporters must provide not only products with good quality and reasonable price, but also offer competitive payment terms to further strive for new clients and strengthen individual competitiveness. This is a recent trend of International Trade. From the risk-free payment term, such as- T/T Advance to O/A 90 days after shipment, Taiwanese exporters suffered both political risk and credit risk. Not to mention cash flow risk and exchange rate risk that normally appears during transaction. Remembered financial crisis in 2007, market failed and malfunctioned at that time. As for corporate side, individual companies faced difficulties of continuously operation. Some even seriously went bankruptcy during that time. In this circumstance, Taiwanese exporters, even successfully won the orders, could not receive the payment on time from foreign buyers. Some of them may even suffered huge loss because of intentional disputes or buyer’s closedown. Therefore, it goes without saying that risk aversion is becoming an important issue for Taiwanese companies to survive. There would be three major financial tools being introduced for risk aversion with three case studies. Each of them has its special features and functions by different needs. How and why does Taiwanese exporter choose and leverage for risk aversion will be explained and discussed. The purpose of this paper is to find out the solutions for Taiwanese exporters to reduce risk of international trade as well as increase competitiveness in the foreign trade and grow the economy as contribution in the long run.