在二十世紀末的今天，國際間的技術輸出、工程開發、勞務僱傭以及精密技術的移轉等均有別於傳統有形物品的國際貿易，其金額與規模的鉅大，交易的頻繁，均呈現空前繁盛的情況，尤其國際間的營建工程也已成為國際貿易的一大項目，實乃始料所未及。由於工程龐大，涉及貨物或勞務的供應以及工作的履行，且需某種程度的技術與經驗,為確保工程依特定的規格或品質如期完成,業主乃要求承包商提供可靠的擔保，此乃國際上公認的正常保障措施。擔保的形式很多，擔保信用狀和「獨立性（單據化）的銀行保證函」乃最普遍、最常見，也最容易被各方所接受。雖然保證或保險公司也願簽發此種獨立性質的擔保函，而銀行也會有簽發傳統的從屬性保證函的情形，但銀行簽發的獨立性保證函與擔保信用狀仍為目前國際貿易上最盛行、最具代表性的保證方式，且其用途已不限於確保營建工程的履行，目前已被廣泛使用在各種層面的擔保上。但我國及其他大部分國家均未對此種與傳統民法炯異的銀行獨立性保證函加以立法，而許多人對此種獨立於基礎契約的保證也一知半解，因此易滋困擾。本研究的目的即欲提昇國人對獨立性銀行保證函的了解和認知，以利其發展。此外，針對受益人對獨立性銀行保證函的濫用及不公平索償的風險，本文也欲藉著探討擔保函中的條款及其所可能帶來的風險，而使當事人能於擬訂擔保函內容時，即將開發擔保函的風險減到最低。而為了與傳統民法所提的保證加以區別，本論文特將「獨立性的銀行保證函」稱為「銀行擔保函」(letterof bank guarantee)或簡稱為「擔保函」(letter of guarantee),以免因觀念相混淆而產生誤解。此外，由於擔保信用狀與銀行擔保函誠為一體兩面的擔保文件，故本文所稱的「銀行擔保函」或「擔保函」，實乃包括「擔保信用狀」。故除非必要，才會特別提及「擔保信用狀」一語，否則，本文所談有關銀行擔保函的性質、內容等，將適用擔保信用狀。

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Submitted by Mariana Pereira de Morais Pacheco (marianapmpacheco@gmail.com) on 2018-02-15T18:45:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_final.pdf: 659810 bytes, checksum: 96b9dc5caecd59d87012b2db6362ec20 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Josineide da Silva Santos Locatelli (josineide.locatelli@fgv.br) on 2018-02-15T18:51:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_final.pdf: 659810 bytes, checksum: 96b9dc5caecd59d87012b2db6362ec20 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-16T11:43:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis_final.pdf: 659810 bytes, checksum: 96b9dc5caecd59d87012b2db6362ec20 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018 / This thesis discusses the financial, commercial, political and legal risks of international trade operations involving International Bank Guarantees. It starts by defining the most usual international trade instruments and, then, defining Standby Letters of Credit, Performance Bonds and Bid Bonds issued according to the ISP 98, URGD 758 or UCP 600 as International Bank Guarantees. Later, it explores each specific risk. The financial risks are divided into foreign exchange risk, applicant's default risk and bank reputation risk. It is considered as a commercial risks frauds and low quality products. Legal risks are legal battles and local legislation. There is a topic that discusses specifically the U.S. related risks, as the country has a very particular legislation when it comes to International Bank Guarantees. The political risks are related to commercial embargoes and sanctions, changes in foreign policy and to the deterioration of commercial reations. The following section discusses how to mitigate each of the risks discussed. It shows whether or not this risk can be mitigated and if it also affects internation trade operations that do not use International Bank Guarantees. Lastly, the thesis discusses about the ideal international trade instrument. At the moment, International Bank Guarantees are the best instrument, still not the perfect one as it has some limitations. / Esta tese debate os riscos financeiros, comerciais, políticos e legais relacionados a operações de comércio internacional. A tese começa definindo os principais instrumentos usados em transações de comércio internacional. Em seguida, define como Garantia Bancária Internacional as Standby Letters of Credit, Performance Bonds e os Bid Bonds, emitidos de acordo com a ISP 98, URGD 758 ou UCP 600. Depois, a tese explora os riscos específicos das Garantias Bancárias Internacionais. São considerados riscos financeiros o risco cambial, o risco de calote da parte que solicitou a garantia e o risco de reputação dos bancos envolvidos na transação. Riscos comerciais são as fraudes e produtos de má qualidade. Os riscos legais analisados são referentes a batalhas judiciais e legislação local. Além disso, há uma parte da tese dedicada a discutir especificamente os riscos relacionados a legislação americana, que é muito diferente dos outros países em relação a Garantias Bancárias Internacionais. São considerados riscos políticos embargos e sanções comerciais, mudanças na política externa e a deterioração das relações comerciais entre dois países. A última seção da tese discute como mitigar os riscos involvidos em transações com Garantias Bancárias Internacionais. Nesta parte, discute-se quais riscos podem ou não ser mitigados eq quais riscos são inerentes a transações comerciais internacionais, independentemente do uso de Garantias Bancárias Internacionais. Conclui-se que, no momento, Garantias Bancárias Internacionais ainda são o melhor instrumento para assegurar transações comerciais internacionais. Contudo, estes intrumentos ainda não são perfeitos e estão sujeitos a muitos riscos e limitações.

Magister Legum - LLM

Bank demand guarantees have become an established part of international trade. Demand guarantees, standby letters of credit and commercial letters of credit are all treated as autonomous contracts whose operation will not be interfered with by courts on grounds immaterial to the guarantee or credit itself. The idea in the documentary credit transaction/demand guarantee transaction is that if the documents (where applicable) presented are in line with the terms of the credit/guarantee the bank has to pay, and if the documents do not correspond to the requirements, the bank must not pay. However, over the years a limited number of exceptions to the autonomy principle of demand guarantees and letters of credit have come to be acknowledged and accepted in practice. In certain circumstances, the autonomy of demand guarantees and letters of credit may be ignored by the bank and regard may be had to the terms and conditions of the underlying contract. The main exceptions concern fraud and illegality in the underlying contract. In this thesis a great deal of consideration has been given to fraud and illegality as possible grounds on which payment under demand guarantees and letters of credit have been attacked (and sometimes even prevented) in the English, American and South African courts. It will be shown that the prospect of success depends on the law applicable to the demand guarantee and letter of credit, and the approach a court in a specific jurisdiction takes. At present, South Africa has limited literature on demand guarantees, and the case law regarding the grounds upon which payment under a demand guarantee might be prevented is scarce and often non-existent. In South Africa one finds guidance by looking at similar South African case law dealing with commercial and standby letters of credit and applying these similar principles to demand guarantees. The courts, furthermore, find guidance by looking at how other jurisdictions, in particular the English courts, deal with these issues. Therefore, how the South African courts currently deal/should be dealing/probably will be dealing with the unfair and fraudulent calling of demand guarantees/letters of credit is discussed in this thesis. / Jurisprudence / LL.D

Bank demand guarantees have become an established part of international trade. Demand guarantees, standby letters of credit and commercial letters of credit are all treated as autonomous contracts whose operation will not be interfered with by courts on grounds immaterial to the guarantee or credit itself. The idea in the documentary credit transaction/demand guarantee transaction is that if the documents (where applicable) presented are in line with the terms of the credit/guarantee the bank has to pay, and if the documents do not correspond to the requirements, the bank must not pay. However, over the years a limited number of exceptions to the autonomy principle of demand guarantees and letters of credit have come to be acknowledged and accepted in practice. In certain circumstances, the autonomy of demand guarantees and letters of credit may be ignored by the bank and regard may be had to the terms and conditions of the underlying contract. The main exceptions concern fraud and illegality in the underlying contract. In this thesis a great deal of consideration has been given to fraud and illegality as possible grounds on which payment under demand guarantees and letters of credit have been attacked (and sometimes even prevented) in the English, American and South African courts. It will be shown that the prospect of success depends on the law applicable to the demand guarantee and letter of credit, and the approach a court in a specific jurisdiction takes. At present, South Africa has limited literature on demand guarantees, and the case law regarding the grounds upon which payment under a demand guarantee might be prevented is scarce and often non-existent. In South Africa one finds guidance by looking at similar South African case law dealing with commercial and standby letters of credit and applying these similar principles to demand guarantees. The courts, furthermore, find guidance by looking at how other jurisdictions, in particular the English courts, deal with these issues. Therefore, how the South African courts currently deal/should be dealing/probably will be dealing with the unfair and fraudulent calling of demand guarantees/letters of credit is discussed in this thesis. / Jurisprudence / LL.D