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1	Využití bankovních záruk v mezinárodním podnikání se zaměřením na srovnání různých teritorií / The use of bank guarantees in international business, focusing on a comparison of various territories. Žák, Pavel January 2009 (has links) This thesis deals with bank guarantees, an instrument widely used especially in the field of international trade. The aim of this thesis is to characterize bank guarantees and their application in commercial relations. In relation with the growing use of bank guarantees in international business, the customary treatment of this challenging banking instrument will be analyzed and compared in different regions of the world -- i.e. Turkey, Syria, Iran, countries in the Organization for the Cooperation Council of Arab Gulf Countries and the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa, - with the international standards of the International Chamber of Commerce. This thesis may be helpful for understanding demand guarantees and, due to the lack of comprehensive information, it could assist companies that trade in the above areas and are required to issue a guarantee to their customers.
2	國際貿易中所使用銀行擔保函之研究 / The Stydy of Bank Guarantees in International Trade 林玉惠, Lin, Yuh Huey Unknown Date (has links) 在二十世紀末的今天，國際間的技術輸出、工程開發、勞務僱傭以及精密技術的移轉等均有別於傳統有形物品的國際貿易，其金額與規模的鉅大，交易的頻繁，均呈現空前繁盛的情況，尤其國際間的營建工程也已成為國際貿易的一大項目，實乃始料所未及。由於工程龐大，涉及貨物或勞務的供應以及工作的履行，且需某種程度的技術與經驗,為確保工程依特定的規格或品質如期完成,業主乃要求承包商提供可靠的擔保，此乃國際上公認的正常保障措施。擔保的形式很多，擔保信用狀和「獨立性（單據化）的銀行保證函」乃最普遍、最常見，也最容易被各方所接受。雖然保證或保險公司也願簽發此種獨立性質的擔保函，而銀行也會有簽發傳統的從屬性保證函的情形，但銀行簽發的獨立性保證函與擔保信用狀仍為目前國際貿易上最盛行、最具代表性的保證方式，且其用途已不限於確保營建工程的履行，目前已被廣泛使用在各種層面的擔保上。但我國及其他大部分國家均未對此種與傳統民法炯異的銀行獨立性保證函加以立法，而許多人對此種獨立於基礎契約的保證也一知半解，因此易滋困擾。本研究的目的即欲提昇國人對獨立性銀行保證函的了解和認知，以利其發展。此外，針對受益人對獨立性銀行保證函的濫用及不公平索償的風險，本文也欲藉著探討擔保函中的條款及其所可能帶來的風險，而使當事人能於擬訂擔保函內容時，即將開發擔保函的風險減到最低。而為了與傳統民法所提的保證加以區別，本論文特將「獨立性的銀行保證函」稱為「銀行擔保函」(letterof bank guarantee)或簡稱為「擔保函」(letter of guarantee),以免因觀念相混淆而產生誤解。此外，由於擔保信用狀與銀行擔保函誠為一體兩面的擔保文件，故本文所稱的「銀行擔保函」或「擔保函」，實乃包括「擔保信用狀」。故除非必要，才會特別提及「擔保信用狀」一語，否則，本文所談有關銀行擔保函的性質、內容等，將適用擔保信用狀。銀行擔保函擔保函保證函即期擔保保證擔保信用狀 bank guarantees guarantee standby letter of credit bond suretyship demand guarantee
3	Les promesses de payer : essai de théorie générale / Promises to pay : essay of a general theory Stanczak, Romain 03 November 2015 (has links) Les promesses de payer sont des contrats par lesquels une personne s’engage envers un créancier à payer ce qui lui est dû. De tels actes sont courants ; leurs applications sont variées. Le cautionnement, l’acceptation d’une lettre de change, la promesse d’exécuter une obligation naturelle, l’engagement du délégué envers le délégataire, le constitut, la garantie autonome, la souscription d’un billet à ordre, etc., sont des promesses de payer. Plus précisément, ces actes sont des applications diverses d’une même figure juridique : la promesse de payer. Cette dernière, déshabillée des particularités propres à chacune de ses applications spéciales, se présente comme une figure juridique unitaire, pourvue d’une nature et de caractères permanents. Ayant pour objet un paiement, elle suppose toujours l’existence d’une dette à acquitter. Cette dette, ou « obligation principale », constitue sa cause objective. Contrairement à une simple reconnaissance de dette, la promesse ne se borne pas à déclarer l’existence de celle-ci. En tant qu’engagement d’exécution, elle donne naissance à une nouvelle obligation, l’ « obligation de règlement », venant s’adjoindre à la première en vue de son paiement. L’obligation de règlement, à ce titre, constitue l’accessoire de l’obligation principale. Son régime, de sa naissance à son extinction, sera donc plus ou moins lié à celui de cette dernière. / Promises to pay are contracts by which a person commits to pay to a creditor what is owed to him. Such acts are as common as they are various. For instance, bond, acceptance of a bill of exchange, promise to perform a natural obligation, commitment of the delegate to the delegatee, autonomous guarantee, subscription of a promissory note, etc. are promises to pay. In fact, such acts are different applications of a single legal figure : the promise to pay. Apart from the specificities of each of its applications, the promise to pay reveals itself as a uniform legal act with a permanent nature. Because its subject consists in a payment, the promise to pay always presupposes the existence of a debt. Such debt, or “primary obligation”, is the “objective cause” of the promise. Unlike a simple “IOU”, a promise to pay is not limited to declare the existence of the primary obligation. As a commitment, it also produces a new obligation, the “obligation to pay”, which coexists with the primary obligation. The obligation to pay, as such, is ancillary to the primary obligation. Its legal status, from its birth to its expiration, will be closely linked to that of the primary obligation. Promesse Paiement Pacte constitutae pecuniae Accessoire Reconnaissance de dette Cautionnement Constitut Garantie autonome Obligation de règlement Obligation principale Obligation naturelle Délégation Lettre de change Chèque Billet à ordre Crédit documentaire Codébiteur solidaire Sûretés Promise Payment Pactum constitutae pecuniae Accessory “IOU” Bond Natural obligation First demand guarantee Obligation to pay Primary obligation Delegation Bill of exchange Promissory note Irrevocable documentary credit Joint and several debtor Securities 346
4	Selective legal aspects of bank demand guarantees Kelly-Louw, Michelle 31 October 2008 (has links) Bank demand guarantees have become an established part of international trade. Demand guarantees, standby letters of credit and commercial letters of credit are all treated as autonomous contracts whose operation will not be interfered with by courts on grounds immaterial to the guarantee or credit itself. The idea in the documentary credit transaction/demand guarantee transaction is that if the documents (where applicable) presented are in line with the terms of the credit/guarantee the bank has to pay, and if the documents do not correspond to the requirements, the bank must not pay. However, over the years a limited number of exceptions to the autonomy principle of demand guarantees and letters of credit have come to be acknowledged and accepted in practice. In certain circumstances, the autonomy of demand guarantees and letters of credit may be ignored by the bank and regard may be had to the terms and conditions of the underlying contract. The main exceptions concern fraud and illegality in the underlying contract. In this thesis a great deal of consideration has been given to fraud and illegality as possible grounds on which payment under demand guarantees and letters of credit have been attacked (and sometimes even prevented) in the English, American and South African courts. It will be shown that the prospect of success depends on the law applicable to the demand guarantee and letter of credit, and the approach a court in a specific jurisdiction takes. At present, South Africa has limited literature on demand guarantees, and the case law regarding the grounds upon which payment under a demand guarantee might be prevented is scarce and often non-existent. In South Africa one finds guidance by looking at similar South African case law dealing with commercial and standby letters of credit and applying these similar principles to demand guarantees. The courts, furthermore, find guidance by looking at how other jurisdictions, in particular the English courts, deal with these issues. Therefore, how the South African courts currently deal/should be dealing/probably will be dealing with the unfair and fraudulent calling of demand guarantees/letters of credit is discussed in this thesis. / Jurisprudence / LL.D Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) UCP 600 UCP 500 Standby letter of credit Preliminary injunction Performance guarantee Performance bond Mareva injunction Letter of credit Irrevocable letter of credit International Standby Practices (ISP98) International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) Interlocutory injunction Interdict Interim interdict Injunction Independent guarantee Independence principle Illegality in the underlying contract Illegality Freezing injunction Fraud Documentary credit Doctrine of strict compliance Demand guarantee Bank guarantee Autonomy principle Anti-dissipation interdict Against good morals or public policy 346.74 Suretyship and guaranty Letters of credit Fraud
5	Selective legal aspects of bank demand guarantees Kelly-Louw, Michelle 31 October 2008 (has links) Bank demand guarantees have become an established part of international trade. Demand guarantees, standby letters of credit and commercial letters of credit are all treated as autonomous contracts whose operation will not be interfered with by courts on grounds immaterial to the guarantee or credit itself. The idea in the documentary credit transaction/demand guarantee transaction is that if the documents (where applicable) presented are in line with the terms of the credit/guarantee the bank has to pay, and if the documents do not correspond to the requirements, the bank must not pay. However, over the years a limited number of exceptions to the autonomy principle of demand guarantees and letters of credit have come to be acknowledged and accepted in practice. In certain circumstances, the autonomy of demand guarantees and letters of credit may be ignored by the bank and regard may be had to the terms and conditions of the underlying contract. The main exceptions concern fraud and illegality in the underlying contract. In this thesis a great deal of consideration has been given to fraud and illegality as possible grounds on which payment under demand guarantees and letters of credit have been attacked (and sometimes even prevented) in the English, American and South African courts. It will be shown that the prospect of success depends on the law applicable to the demand guarantee and letter of credit, and the approach a court in a specific jurisdiction takes. At present, South Africa has limited literature on demand guarantees, and the case law regarding the grounds upon which payment under a demand guarantee might be prevented is scarce and often non-existent. In South Africa one finds guidance by looking at similar South African case law dealing with commercial and standby letters of credit and applying these similar principles to demand guarantees. The courts, furthermore, find guidance by looking at how other jurisdictions, in particular the English courts, deal with these issues. Therefore, how the South African courts currently deal/should be dealing/probably will be dealing with the unfair and fraudulent calling of demand guarantees/letters of credit is discussed in this thesis. / Jurisprudence / LL.D Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) UCP 600 UCP 500 Standby letter of credit Preliminary injunction Performance guarantee Performance bond Mareva injunction Letter of credit Irrevocable letter of credit International Standby Practices (ISP98) International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) Interlocutory injunction Interdict Interim interdict Injunction Independent guarantee Independence principle Illegality in the underlying contract Illegality Freezing injunction Fraud Documentary credit Doctrine of strict compliance Demand guarantee Bank guarantee Autonomy principle Anti-dissipation interdict Against good morals or public policy 346.74 Suretyship and guaranty Letters of credit Fraud

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