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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

資訊電子業委外設計製造代工之策略研究-供應商之觀點

宋國璋 Unknown Date (has links)
隨著科技的持續發展,全球資訊電子業的產值與其對人們生活的貢獻也不斷提昇,而資訊電子業的蓬勃發展和技術的不斷更新,也使得產品的生命週期持續縮短。為了因應市場的快速變化,許多資訊電子業品牌原廠開始將非核心價值的製造活動外包,以取得較低的成本與較佳的靈活度。許多專業製造代工廠商也因此應運而生,如SCI、Solectron..等EMS(Electronics Manufacturing Service:係指專業的資訊電子業製造商,本身並不涉入產品設計。EMS廠商的產品設計,元件的選用,及生產製造的規格皆遵照品牌原廠的原始設計,本身僅從事產品的生產與製造。)及其它專業製造代工廠商,以自建廠房或是向品牌原廠購入工廠的方式,建立龐大的產能,並提供品牌原廠全球製造及交貨的垂直分工服務。   在科技及產業環境日趨成熟,及新科技的不斷開發之下,資訊電子產品的主流也由辦公室用走向家庭及個人用的消費性電子產品,而複雜的系統與功能,及全球化的趨勢,也使產品的開發由以往的品牌原廠內部垂直整合解構。全球化也使得資訊電子業各個產品之間必需透過一定的協調機制,以確保各產品間,以及產品於不同地理位置的系統相容性。透過協調機制的產生,與因應產品的多樣性與上市時程(Time-To-Market)的市場需求,品牌原廠的外包策略也產生了改變,由原先的單純委外生產製造(Original Equipment Manufacturer ,OEM:係指資訊電子業製造商如EMS及其它從事相同活動的廠商,或指品牌顧客將產品委外代工給專業生產製造廠商的行為,OEM廠商的製造商品牌不會出現在品牌顧客的產品外觀上。),升級到委外產品設計與製造(Original Design Manufacturer, ODM:係指資訊電子業設計製造商,具有提供產品設計,產品軟、硬體元件的選用,及生產製造服務的能力(名詞)。或指品牌顧客將產品委託給資訊電子業設計製造商,以進行產品的設計及生產製造的行為(動詞)。ODM的製造商品牌不會出現在產品上。),以擴大產品研發資源,增加產品的種類及上市速度(Time-to-market)的競爭力。ODM廠商與品牌原廠之間是能力互補基礎下的結合,由於合作係在創造垂直分工的效益,互惠的目標則在增加各自在彼此產業中的水平競爭力。ODM廠商對產業的影響力來自於提供有競爭力的產品能力,並可透過ODM業務的承接,形成全球產能的佔有率,並透過規模與範疇經濟的追求,提高品牌原廠的依賴程度(陳振祥與李吉仁,1997)。   品牌原廠可以藉由委外設計製造代工的事業模式(Business Model)而將其經營的風險與固定資產支出,也就是交易成本理論的專屬性資產的風險,轉嫁到ODM供應商的身上。對ODM廠商而言,加入ODM的事業模式也就承接了這個轉嫁的風險,同時又增加了被品牌原廠轉單的關係風險,因此,會力圖降低與規避這個風險,並提高品牌原廠的轉換成本與對本身的依賴,以求取事業的長期穩定性。本研究首先將探討ODM的外部環境條件,亦即,在品牌原廠與代工廠商皆有意願從事ODM合作模式的假設之下,什麼樣的產業及科技的外部環境條件,會讓廠商認為風險是可控制的,並願意投入成為ODM供應廠商。透過文獻探討及產業分析,本研究指出長期穩定的ODM合作模式需要以下的外部必要環境條件: (1)該產業處於產品生命週期的成熟期 (2)該產業並非由品牌原廠垂直整合,而有獨立的主要系統元件供應商提供產品與服務 (3)該產業有明確、公開而統一的產業標準(通用的產品規格、測試與認證的標準與機制)   在品牌原廠委外代工由OEM轉變為ODM的過程中,顧客與供應商間的關係產生了極大的變化。此外“品牌原廠-供應商”的對偶(Diode)關係,因ODM廠商的加入而發展成為發展為“品牌原廠-ODM廠商-供應商”的三元關係(Triad)。這個三元關係其實是三個相關的對偶關係(“品牌原廠-ODM廠商”、“ODM廠商-供應商”、及“品牌原廠-供應商”)的組合,許多的研究已分析了“品牌原廠-ODM廠商”的對偶關係,本研究則加入供應商的觀點,以更完整的角度來探討ODM合作模式。在ODM的合作模式中,產品設計及軟、硬體主要元件選擇的決策權力開始分散,不再被品牌原廠單獨控制,而會由ODM廠商與品牌原廠作某種程度的分享。而元件的決策者與使用者又未必是同一個體(不論元件選擇的決策模式如何動態變化,ODM廠商都是實際上的元件使用者),此外,每個成員可以參予多個網路關係,而同一個個體於不同的網路關係中可能擁有不同的決策權力,也使得一個單純的顧客與供應商間的關係複雜化。對供應商而言,不論“顧客-供應商”的關係如何變化,最終目的都是使得本身的產品被使用,因此,必需了解這個關係,並明確定義出元件的決策者,及角色的動態變化,成為行銷的依據。而在從事產品研發時,ODM廠商所面對的情境是不同於品牌原廠的內部團隊的,分析及了解這個情境的變化,並提供適當的解決方案(Solutions)給顧客廠商,就成為供應商產品規劃的重點。 透過以上的研究及分析,本文的研究的目的在於對ODM合作模式做更完整的研究,並以供應商觀點提出一個供應商的行銷策略的建議,包括了(1)關係:透過與品牌原廠及ODM廠商的關係行銷及與顧客廠商的長期產品規劃,以強化三位體關係的穩固、(2)整合:透過內╱外部垂直整合,以協助顧客廠商及時上市(Time-To-Matke) 、(3)差異化:透過產品組合的彈性,提供顧客廠商多樣化的選擇,並建立差異化。亦即,供應商如何透過這三個角度,形成一個宏觀的角度及思維,提供適當的產品組合以滿足品牌原廠委外ODM代工的目的,並協助ODM廠商滿足品牌原廠的需求,而確保這個三位體共同成功。 / With the continuing breakthrough and development, The Information Technology Industry has been keep enhancing its importance and contribution to our life. Due to the fast growing and changing market demand, the life cycle of IT product keep shrinking, and many Branding company in this industry started to out-source the non core-compentecy value activities, to change for lower cost and better agility. Those manufacturing house like SCI, Solectron… etc started to engaged into the EMS business segment (Electronics Manufacturing Service, the dedicated manufacturing house. EMS only focus on production, and follow the specification from the Branding company in terms of product design, compoment selection and production specification) by either building its own facility or thru acquisition from the branding company, thus, build-up a huge manufacturing capabity around the world to provide professional manufacturing service. In accordance to the maturity of technology and industry environment, and also the new generation technology development, the mainstream of IT product has been expanding from office area to home and personal appliance. And, the trend of globalization and the complication of system and function also helped to the dis-integration of completely in-house product development by the same company. Globalization also enhanced a universal coordination mechanism to snsure the compatibility in-between different product and geographical location. Thanks to the universal coordination mechanism, globalization, and dynamics of the market, the out-sourcing strategy hand also enhanced from OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer, with similar definition of EMS) to ODM(Original Design Manufacturer, when the service not only including pure manufacturing, but also the product design, component selection and decision) , in order to expand the resource pool of product development, and thus enhance the product development cycle time (Time-to-market) and also the product offering. The ODM engagement is in the base of complementary between the branding company and the ODM house. Thru the cooperation, vertical dis-integration of value activities has been created, thus, enhance the competitiveness of both parties in its segment. The value of ODM house is to provide competitive design and manufacturing capability, and to increase the reliance of the branding company thru its economy scale (Chen and Lee, 1997). The branding company can, however, transfer the operation risk and the investment of fix asset to ODM house, thru the ODM business model. Therefore, it can transfer the risk of the propriterary asset under the transaction cost theory to the ODM house. For the ODM house, entering into ODM business model represent it is carrying this transferred risk, and with addition risk of order transfer to different ODM house from the branding company. Therefore, the ODM house will try its best to reduce this risk and creating a transfer cost of the branding companyi in order for long business stability. This research will first study the exterior environment condition of the ODM business model. Meaning, under the assumption of a strong wiliness from both the branding company and the ODM house, what kind of exterior industry and technology condition will make the parties conclude that the business risk are under control and willing to take action and entering into the execution. Thru the bibliography research, this research concluded the necessary exterior conditions of a long term and stable ODM business engagement are : (1) Such industry are in the mature phase of its life cycle (2) Such industry are not being integrated completely by the branding company, and full of independent main component suppliers to provide component and service (3) Such industry has a clear, public and universal industry standard, including product spec, and the mechanism for product testing and certification The “customer-supplier” relation has changed during the migration from OEM to ODM business model. This diode relation has actually changing into a “triad” relation (“branding company – ODM house – supplier”) as the ODM house has joined the loop This triad relation is actually a comination of three diode (“branding company – ODM house”,”ODM house – supplier”, “branding company – supplier”). There were many research in the past addressing the diode of “branding company – ODM house”, this research will counting into the view point of the supplier, for a more completed ODM business model analysis. In the ODM business model, the decision power of product design and component selection has been expanded from the branding company to the ODM house or a join decision. However, this time the decision maker and the user of main component may be different (In any case of component decision maker, the actual user are always the ODM house). In addition, each party can participate into multiple networks, and one party may be owning different level of ruling power in different network, these has all contributed to a complicated relation. For the supplier, first it is vital to understand the change of business model, defining the ultimate component selection decision maker, and the dynamics of each role, so as to define an associated marketing strategy. Second, the ODM house are actually facing a very different environment and scenario of product development, comparing to the in-house product development team of the branding company. A good understating of this environment and scenario change are also necessay to help the supplier for product and solution planning. The objective of this research, is to study the ODM business model, and to generate a marketing strategy for the supplier including the focus of (1) Relation : Thru the relation marketing and good roadmap alignment with the branding company and the ODM house, to enhance the triad relation and its robustness. (2) Integration : Thru inter/outer integration to help the customer for time-to-market (3) Differentiation : Thru the flexibility of product combination to give multiple choice to the customer, and thus help to build up differentiation. In conclusion, from the three angle above, the supplier can make a suitable product offering in according to the ODM business model. And to support the ODM business model and also push for a “win – win – win” situation.
2

台灣TFT-LCD供應鏈廠商競爭策略分析, 以金屬零組件為例 / Taiwan TFT-LCD supply chain vendor's competitive strategy analyze, metal components as example

陳立輝 Unknown Date (has links)
人類由農耕生活,走進工業革命,再邁入現今資訊時代,而正由於資訊科技的蓬勃發展與交通運輸成本的下降,加上全球貿易自由化導致國際專業分工成為目前生產製造的主流,中間財貿易也因產業垂直分工而快速成長,在這種環境下TFT-LCD正是其中最明顯的一個例子。面對世界經貿全球化,台灣與中國也即將簽署「兩岸經濟合作架構協議」ECFA,未來以台灣為研發中心、大陸為製造基地的兩岸垂直分工會越來越明顯,兩岸的中間財貿易也將扮演兩岸貿易的重要角色。TFT-LCD產業為台灣國家級科技政策「兩兆雙星」之一,也是台灣在全球市場佔有率名列前茅的重要產業。對於TFT-LCD產業以及其五大關鍵性零組件已經有許多關愛與研究,然而其他不可或缺的零組件卻是甚少提及;有鑑於此,希望藉此機會就TFT-LCD產業供應鏈中的金屬零組件產業加以深入探討,能讓大家更深入瞭解TFT-LCD產業供應鏈之全貌。 除了對於全球TFT-LCD產業發展狀況、台灣TFT-LCD產業發展狀況、台灣TFT-LCD關鍵零組件產業發展狀況依序加以說明外,為客觀取得分析資料,本文所分析四家TFT-LCD金屬零組件中間財廠商均為股票公開發行之公司,將公開資訊觀測站各公司之財務報告書與公開說明書予以整理,詳盡分析各公司之營運狀況,並以五力分析與SWOT分析,更深入探討這四家TFT-LCD金屬零組件中間財廠商,最後分析各廠商在TFT-LCD金屬零組件產業所採取之競爭策略。最後,本文將對TFT-LCD金屬零組件廠商彙整三點競爭策略建議:1. 提升研發能力(包括專業模具能力、自動化生產製程、特殊專利技術)、2. 就近服務客戶(包括FDI)、3.追尋共創雙贏客戶。
3

能力分配、國際分工與生產模式之研究

謝中興 Unknown Date (has links)
本論文由三篇相關的文章所組成,第一篇文章討論勞動能力分配如何影響國際分工的型態,可分割生產技術的採用對所得分配的影響,以及國際貿易在這當中所扮演的角色。第二篇文章分析開放體系下,廠商滿足大眾訴求的核心能力和生產模式間的關係。第三篇文章建構動態的產業調整模型,分析廠商的異質性在生產模式的變遷過程中所扮演的角色,以及國際貿易如何進一步影響產業的調整時徑。 第一篇文章以一般均衡的異質性勞動模型,探討國際垂直分工的比較利益來源,以及從整合生產到國際垂直分工的經濟效果。各財的產出受象徵知識與經驗的勞動能力所影響,異質性最終財的生產涉及勞動能力邊際生產力遞增,與線性技術兩種不同性質的生產任務。在整合生產,兩種任務需一起執行,勞動能力在不同任務間具有模組互補的現象;在可分割生產時,不同的任務可以獨立由不同的生產單位執行,因此可以分地進行生產。第一篇文章的主要結論是:1. 國際垂直分工的比較利益來自於兩國勞動能力的絕對差異,或分配上的相對差異,這與傳統資源秉賦理論的精神相符;2. 當生產技術由不可分割演進到可分割時,兩國的所得分配均更為惡化,國際分工進一步影響兩國的所得分配。 第二篇文章探討最終廠商在消費價值創造上所擁有的核心優勢強弱,與其最適生產模式的關係。最終財廠商將一單位的中間投入,輔以消費價值的創造,才能將所得到的最終財銷售給消費者,而消費價值的創造直接反映在消費的效用水準。對於中間投入,最終廠商需決定整合生產或委外分工,二者均需考慮南北的區位選擇。企業家在決定其生產模式時面臨以下兩難問題:首先,垂直分工的價值來自供應商的專業經營,但除不完全契約問題外,還需要額外的固定成本。其次,在區位選擇方面,南國的工資水準較低,但組織成本要比北國高。本文說明在創造消費價值創造上所擁有的專業能力不同,上述兩難問題的得失輕重也有所不同。此外,關於國際委外的組織成本下降如何影響國際委外活動之進行,以及對各階層所得的影響,本文也提供相當直覺的剖析。 第三篇文章建構動態的產業調整模型,分析廠商的異質性在生產模式的變遷過程中所扮演的角色,以及國際貿易如何進一步影響產業的調整時徑。當中,最終廠商在滿足大眾訴求的專業能力各不相同。廠商可以將生產工序標準化為可交易的中間財,並與專業供應商垂直分工。委外分工可以降低生產成本,但也存在隨時間遞減的調適成本,最終廠商要決定的是最適化的調整時點。這篇文章的主要結論是:1. 對消費大眾愈具吸引力的廠商,調整生產模式的時點愈早; 2. 國際貿易同時具有催化延緩產業調整時徑的作用,開放體系下,外銷廠商的調整時點較封閉體系早,內銷廠商較封閉體系晚;3. 互惠性的降低貿易障礙或技術進步所致的貿易成本下降,將使外銷廠商的調整時點提前,內銷廠商則延後。
4

由垂直整合至分工--以家電公司為例

黃功傑, Huang, Kung Chieh Unknown Date (has links)
企業的策略制定與執行並非一成不變的,必須依產業的變化、競爭的動態況、及本身的資源多寡,隨時檢視是否需要加以修正,如此才能讓企業立於不敗之地,達成永續經營。在產業的生命週期步入成熟期以後,單靠『產品創新』與『流程創新』均不足以維持企業的競爭力,必須藉由『策略創新』來接續企業的生命力,所謂的『策略創新』也就是重組價值鏈,傳統上,許多企業對於重組價值鏈的做法是進行『垂直整合』。但在核心能力(Core Competency)的觀念普遍化之後,管理的鐘擺又朝向了垂直分工,於是降低垂直整合反而成為風尚,企業開始更加注重專注、輕裝、簡捷,把競爭力的重點放在自己最為優勢的領域,對於非核心能力價值活動,企業改以外包的方式來取代。 關於垂直整合策略或分工策略的相關研究,過去雖有諸多文獻探討,但其研究方向多著重在策略形成的動機、效益、成本、影響因素及與經營績效的關係,對於垂直整合的關鍵成功因素,及垂直整合策略在執行過程,若面對外在環境的變化需要調整時,引發策略需要改變的內外在因素為何?如何進行策略調整?以及如何進行策略調整後的管理,這些在過去的文獻中則較少學者加以探討,因此,本研究擬以與民眾生活密不可分的小家電產業為研究對象,探討以下問題,並希望能為小家電產業帶來實質的貢獻。 一、 導致企業由『垂直整合策略』走向分工的因素為何? 二、 企業應如何由『垂直整合策略』調整至『分工策略』? 三、 如何進行分工後外包的管理? 本研究以文獻探討為基礎,進行研究架構的發展,而在個案公司應具有代表性的考量下,選擇全球最大的小家電供應商-燦坤集團的小家電部門為研究對象,透過個案分析與資料整理,本研究獲得如下的結論: 一、 導致企業由『垂直整合策略』走向『分工策略』的因素 (一)、內在因素:垂直整合項目若未掌握關鍵成功因素,尤其是背離了『在可以成為核心能力的價值活動進行整合』,在經歷一定時間後,將會導致文獻中所提及的垂直整合的成本,且不斷地升高。 (二)、外在因素:當『產業規模經濟』的良性循環所彰顯的利益超越企業進行垂直整合的利益時,企業將會將『垂直整合策略』調整至『分工策略』,改以外包取代自製。所以,企業進行外包的動機,從個案公司的研究中得知,除部分項目與文獻所提的不同外,其餘項目諸如專注於核心能力,將資源聚焦,避免或減少資本支出、減少材料的損耗,及降低無效率,以取得較低的成本,改進服務的績效等,均與學者Lomas (1997) 與 Mariotti (1996) 提出的企業進行外包的動機相符。 二、 企業應如何由『垂直整合策略』調整至『分工策略』? 關於企業由『垂直整合策略』調整至『分工策略』的方法,結合文獻與個案研究的結果,本研究認為應包含三個部分,第一是決定外包的標的,第二是遵循外包的流程,第三是掌握外包的關鍵成功因素。在選擇外包的標的上,企業應將非核心或無效率的值值活動予以外包;而在外包的流程上,有二十一項的程序必須加以遵循。 外包的流程與外包的關鍵成功因素,兩者為一體兩面。 三、 如何進行分工後外包的管理? 關於如何做好分工後外包廠商的管理,本研究獲致的結論包含兩大部分: (一)、中心思想:企業在進行分工後的管理,必須與供應商構築穩固的關係,經由更好的協調,共同降低價值鏈中的成本,同時持續加以管理。 (二)、具體作法:此包括兩個部分,第一個部分是『建立分工後的管理作業程序』,包括改善作業流程及建立標準作業規範、組織與工作權責調整;第二個部分是『建立中衛體系運作的管理模型』。包括成立外包廠輔導小組主動協助改善外包廠之體質,包括管理、財務、技術、製程、行銷等功能,並透過衛星工廠管理辦法之建立及以衛星工廠聯誼會為溝通平台,使中心廠與外包廠之間保持連繫,發揮互相依賴、庇護、相輔相成的作用。 最後,本研究對個案公司及其他小家電企業提出如下的建議: (一)、對個案公司的建議 1、慎選有競爭力的外包廠。 2、以平等地位對待外包廠,互相合作、共存共榮。 3、快速落實合約,及標準作業規範,縮短磨合期。 4、規劃導入中衛發展中心所建議的,分工後管理外包的作法。 5、朝OVM的模式發展,研發更高附加價值的產品,以更多的專利,建立競爭障礙。 6、在中國市場重塑並發展自有品牌。 (1)、增加研發資源,積極開發符合中國人消費特點的小家電產品。 (2)、以代理、借牌、併購等方式取得國際品牌,進入中國小家電市場。 (二)、對其他小家電企業的建議 1、當產業具有產業規模大、企業數目多的特徵時,企業採取垂直整合所達成的規模經濟可以藉由產業之間的分工來達成,因此,垂直合策略與分工策略的選擇上,採取『分工策略』是較佳的策略選擇。 2、若企業因公司整體策略的需要,必須進行垂直整合時,必須把握垂直整合的關鍵成功因素(如表5-1)。 3、原本採取『垂直整合策略』的企業,若需要調整為『分工策略』時,在作法上,企業必須審視自身在『產業價值鏈』的地位,找出『核心能力』所在,集中資源予以強化;對於非核心的價值活動,則適當予以『外包』,借由『產業規模經濟』提升效率、降低成本。而為了確保『外包』的作法能夠成功,企業必須掌握外包的關鍵成功因素,選擇優秀的供應商,以公平、對等的合約與供應商建立起長期而穩定的『夥伴關係』,代替過去的『競爭關係』;同時對外包後的供應鏈進行持續的管理,如此才能成功的達成策略轉折的目的。 / To ensure sustainable development of a company, the relevant business strategies should be reviewed and adjusted from time to time, taking into account changes in the industry, dynamic status of competition and the availability of resources. Once the industry has entered the maturity stage of its life cycle, “Product Innovation” and “Process Innovation” no longer suffice the needs of a company to maintain its competitiveness in the market. “Strategic Innovation”, therefore, would be the key to maintain the vitality of an enterprise. “Strategic Innovation” implies the restructuring of value chain. To achieve this purpose, many companies adopt the traditional approach, i.e., vertical integration. With the popularity of the “Core Competency” concepts, however, the management focus has been shifted to “Vertical Disintegration”. Business entities have since paid more attention to achieving a concentrated, efficient and easily-mobile organizational structure, endeavoring to build up the company’s competitiveness by enhancing its key advantages. Value activities which do not involve the core competencies, therefore, are outsourced. From the existing literature, we can find that a lot of research has been done on both vertical integration and disintegration strategies. Less literature was found, however, about the key success factors for vertical integration, the internal/external factors necessitating strategic adjustments due to relevant changes in the external environment, methodologies for such strategic adjustments, as well as the management direction after the strategic adjustment, etc. In this research, therefore, we shall probe the following issues, focusing on the small home appliances industry: 1. What are the factors causing the shift of business focus from the “Vertical Integration Strategies” to the “Disintegration Strategies”? 2. Methodologies for companies to make strategic adjustments from the “Vertical Integration Strategies” to the “Disintegration Strategies”. 3. Outsourcing management after the disintegration process. By means of case studies and information integration, we have reached the following conclusion: I. Factors causing the shift of business focus from “Vertical Integration Strategies” to the “Disintegration Strategies”. (I) Internal Factors: Vertical integration may lead to a higher integration cost if the company failed to grasp the key success factors in the integration process, particularly if it failed to conduct the integration “within the scope of value activities which may develop into core competencies of the company”. (II) External Factors: Once the profit generated from the positive cycle of the “industrial economy of scale” has exceeded the profit resulted from the vertical integration, the company will adjust its business direction from the “vertical integration strategy” to the “disintegration strategy”, i.e., outsourcing of business rather than self-manufacturing. II. Methodologies for companies to make strategic adjustments from the “Vertical Integration Strategies” to the “Disintegration Strategies”. Based on results of documentation review and case study, we conclude that the strategic adjustments involve three parts: (1) Determine the business items for outsourcing, (2) Follow the procedures for outsourcing, (3) Grasp the key success factors for outsourcing. III. Outsourcing management after the disintegration process. Based on the results of our study, successful supplier management for outsourced business involves two major aspects: (I) Key Business Philosophy: To achieve successful management after disintegration, the company should build up a solid relationship with its suppliers and, through better coordination and mutual efforts, achieve a cost reduction for the value chain. Continuous efforts should be made in managing the outsourced business. (II) Specific Measures: This also involves two parts: (1) Establishing the “Post-disintegration Management Procedures”, including improved work flow, establishment of standard operational procedures and adjustment of organization and job contents, (2) Building up a management model for the corporate synergy system (CSS). Finally, we have the following recommendations to the target companies of our case study, as well as other small home appliances companies: (I) Recommendation to the target companies of our case study: 1. Carefully select the outsourced suppliers, ensuring their competitiveness in the market. 2. Treat the suppliers fairly. Build up a good partnership to achieve mutual prosperity. 3. Implement the contents of agreements and standard operational procedures speedily and effectively to shorten the period of mutual adaptation. 4. Introduce the methodologies for outsourcing management as recommended by the CSS Development Center. 5. Shift the business direction to the OVM model; make R&D efforts on high-value-adding products; build up barriers to competition by acquiring more patents. 6. Rebuild the brand image and develop self-owned brands in the China market. (1) Increase R&D resources. Aggressively develop small home appliances that can fully meet consumer demand in the China market. (2) Access to the small home appliances market of China through alliance with international brands, by means of distributorship, license-borrowing or acquisition, etc. (II) Recommendations to other small home appliances enterprises 1. For industries featured by large scope and number of companies, an “Economy of Scale” can be achieved by disintegration, rather than the conventional way of vertical integration. Between the options of vertical integration and disintegration, therefore, “disintegration” is a better strategy. 2. In the event that a company needs to adopt the vertical integration strategy to meet its overall strategic requirements, the company should ensure that the key success factors for vertical integration are fully grasped (Table 5-1). 3. For an enterprise contemplating a shift from the “vertical integration” strategy to “disintegration strategy”, it should first review its own position in the industrial value chain and identify its core competencies. The company should then focus its resources on enhancing its core competencies and outsourcing the value activities which do not involve core competencies, wherever deemed appropriate. In other words, the company should endeavor to improve its efficiency and lower costs by achieving an “industrial economy of scale”. To ensure the success of outsourced business, the company should also grasp the key success factors for outsourcing, select high-quality suppliers and build up a long-term and stable “partnership” with the supplier by means of a fair and equally-positioned agreement, instead of the “competitive relationship” in the past. Continuous efforts should be made to manage the value chain after the outsourcing to ensure a successful strategic change.
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垂直分工,內生性切割技術及政府政策 / Vertical specialization, endogenous fragmentation and government policy

黃士真 Unknown Date (has links)
本文利用納入外生性切割技術之李嘉圖模型,探討生產流程切割、垂直分工、福利及政府政策之間的關係。文章的第一個部份假定切割技術的取得是外生給定,藉由上述設定,本文首先探討外生性提高生產流程切割程度會如何影響兩國的分工型態及福利水準。文中除了指出兩國的生產技術及勞動稟賦差異是關鍵因素外,切割程度提高會如何影響生產階段在兩國之間的移動是另一個探討重點。相較於切割技術的外生給定,文章的第二個部份則假定生產流程切割方式為模型內生決定,除了藉此探討是否存在單一切割技術能夠替兩國帶來最高福利,還是兩國會各自偏好不同的切割技術外,亦探討本國廠商基於極小化成本所選擇的切割技術,是否同時也是提高兩國福利的最適選擇,以及本國政府是否能夠藉由限制特定生產階段外移,來迫使本國廠商採行有利於本國福利提高的切割方式。
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台灣IC設計產業之競爭策略與創新經營

張仕岦, Chang, Andy Unknown Date (has links)
台灣半導體產業發展所形成獨特的產業垂直分工與產業上、中、下游完整價值鏈的群聚效應,是締造今日台灣IC設計產業快速成長的主因,2004年創造年產值83億美元(新台幣2,608億元),在全球330億美元的產值中占有率近25%,世界排名第二。人才、資金、技術及市場是IC設計產業成功發展的基本要素,而「行銷通路管理(Sales-Channel M.」、「價值鏈管理(Supply-Chain M.」、「智慧資本管理(Intellectual-Property M.」、以及「顧客導向管理(Customer- Driving M.」之S2IC核心能力,則是台灣IC設計業者經營的關鍵成功因素(KSF)。 面對潛在競爭者如中國大陸、日本、韓國、及印度IC設計業者急起直追的競局中,尤其是中國大陸挾帶廣大半導體IC產品需求、電子資訊產品的內需市場、充沛的人力、低廉的成本結構、加上政府政策的優惠獎勵措施及國際大廠的投資設廠,大陸IC設計公司以接近消費市場與擁有營運成本的優勢,將成為台灣IC設計業者未來最大的潛在競爭者。 半導體產業逐漸進入微利時代,台灣IC設計業者將面臨製造成本優勢不再,產業群聚的邊際效益正逐漸遞減中,企業為避免陷入價格戰,必須跳脫昔日以成本優勢為唯一考量的經營模式,在既有核心能力與競爭優勢的基礎上,試圖朝向提升產品與服務價值的方向發展,利用「營運模式創新」與「產品功能創新」來達到企業經營效率的提昇與附加價值的創造,朝價值鏈兩端的創新經營延伸,才能因應產業在全球化過程中,新興競爭者崛起所帶來的競爭威脅,建立企業之持久競爭優勢。 對於未來IC設計產業的發展方向有一、整合軟體、硬體、及IP技術的系統單晶片SoC產品發展;二、營運型態朝向策略聯盟之垂直似整合的合作模式;三、大者恆大的集團化趨勢;四、大陸市場崛起的商機掌握。台灣IC設計業者要在產業的垂直似整合中,利用既有的競爭優勢,締造未來市場雙贏的榮景。從企業的發展機會來看,市場上沒有絕對的競爭,只有無法掌握的機會。

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