1 |
比利時多元文化主義發展之研究 / A study on Belgium’s Multiculturalism黃鳳儀, Huang, Feng Yi Unknown Date (has links)
隨著世界地球村的概念發展,各國家族群間的文化也漸趨多元,而多元文化主義的興起,主要就是為解決一國之內多元族群間的文化差異造成的問題。近年在英國、挪威、法國發生了幾起相關的社會事件;在瑞士也出現過禁蓋伊斯蘭教宣禮塔的新聞;而法國、比利時則有禁戴伊斯蘭面紗的法案。因此多元文化主義的實行方向在歐洲又重新引起軒然大波,歐洲各國也紛紛開始檢視國內多元文化主義政策及未來發展。
本研究探討比利時政府在面對境內不同語區的文化迥異時,如何推動多元文化主義政策。研究中介紹比利時多元文化主義政策之各基礎面向、分析雙語族群間的歧異點,並藉由禁戴伊斯蘭面紗法案來探討比利時對待國內少數族群的態度。以上述層面來總結比利時多元文化主義發展及挑戰,希冀本研究提供臺灣在面對本土、新移民等文化融合時可做為參考、借鏡。 / With the development of the concept of “global village” , the cultures within the nation have become diverse, and the rise of “multiculturalism” is to solve the problem of cultural differences in the multi-ethnic states. In recent years, the social events in the United Kingdom, Norway, and in Switzerland, there is the ban of the mosque minaret; also in France, Belgium there is the ban of “burka”. Since the implementation of multiculturalism again caused an uproar in Europe, european countries have also begun to review the policy of multiculturalism and its future development.
This study examines how Belgian government promotes the policy of multiculturalism when facing the cultural differences between the two linguistic areas. It introduces Belgium’s policies of multiculturalism and the discrepancy points among the bilingual populations, and examines how Belgium confronts domestic minorities through the burka ban act. By summarizing the developments and challenges from the above mentioned, hope this study can provide a reference for Taiwan in the face of cultural integration.
|
2 |
歐盟整合下瑞典移民政策之研究 / A study on the immigration policy of Sweden in the context of EU integration洪敬峯, Hong, Jing Fong Unknown Date (has links)
位於北歐的瑞典以完善的社會福利制度與開放包容的形象所聞名於世,故自二戰以來,便持續地吸引著外來移民向瑞典移入。瑞典分別於1995年加入歐盟與2001年加入申根區,在人民有自由移動權利之歐盟原則與開放國界邊境之《申根公約》的情況下,瑞典將必須面對更多的外來移民。2010年,阿拉伯之春爆發,中東地區的動亂導致每年向歐洲國家尋求庇護的難民持續地增加,並因此形成了歐洲難民危機,若以2016年難民獲准庇護的人數並透過各國總人口之人均比例加以觀察,瑞典乃位居各成員國之冠。直至今日,在瑞典全國具有外國背景之人口已約占總人口五分之一,惟如此眾多的外來移民能否順利地融入瑞典社會與當地人民能否接納外來移民,這都將會是個很重要的課題與挑戰。
本研究以多元文化主義為研究途徑。多元文化主義強調在一個國家或社會內部中的各類民族或族群應能保留其獨特的文化特色,而彼此之間乃立基於平等的立場,相互尊重與和諧共處,其不僅僅是一種理念,同時也是國家或政府對於國內少數族群的具體政策執行。故本文即透過多元文化主義的觀點來探討瑞典的移民政策有何特色,而能夠促使外來移民向瑞典產生移民的行為。最後,本研究發現瑞典的移民政策於二戰以來至2016年為止,在以追求多元文化主義為理想之下,並未有劇烈性的變革,且若依瑞典國內政治與社會對於外來移民的態度而言,其政策方針與執行規劃乃是優於其他歐盟成員國的。 / Located in northern Europe, Sweden is known for its impeccable social welfare system and an open and inclusive image, so it has been attracting immigrants to Sweden since World War II. Sweden joined the EU and the Schengen Area in 1995 and 2001 respectively. Under the EU principles that people have the right to be free to move and the Schengen Convention that led to the removal of border controls between countries, Sweden will have to face more immigrants. In 2010, the Arab Spring outbreak that the turmoil in the Middle East resulted in more and more asylum seekers in European countries, and thus forming a European refugee crisis. On a per capita basis of the total population of countries, Sweden has taken in far more refugees granted asylum status in the member states of the EU. Until today, the population with a foreign background has accounted for about 1/5 of the total population in Sweden, but it will be a very important task and challenge whether so many immigrants can smoothly be involved in the Swedish society and local people can accept immigrants.
This study takes multiculturalism as the research approach. Multiculturalism emphasizes that various nationalities or ethnic groups should be in a position to retain their unique cultural characteristics in a country or society and they are based on the position of equality, mutual respect and harmony. It is not just a concept, but also the specific executive policy of the national or government for ethnic minorities. Therefore, this thesis attempts to explore the characteristics of Swedish immigration policy to promote immigrants to Sweden through multiculturalism. Finally, this study finds that Swedish immigration policy has not a drastic change between the Second World War and 2016 in the pursuit of multiculturalism as the ideal. And according to the Swedish domestic political situation and social attitudes to immigration, its policy and implementation plan is better than any member state of the EU.
|
3 |
閾限空間:薩爾曼•魯希迪《摩爾人的最後嘆息》之後殖民閱讀 / Liminal Space: A Post-Colonial Reading of Salman Rushdie's The Moor's Last Sigh黃信凱, Huang, Paul Hsinkai Unknown Date (has links)
薩爾曼•魯希迪的《摩爾人的最後嘆息》運用想像與史實描繪出一個印度家族的故事。這個四代家族所經歷的時間橫跨整個二十世紀,一般說來在這個世紀前半部分大多數國家經歷了殖民統治與帝國主義,而在後半部分則面臨去殖民與國家主義的風潮。因此,書中論及的這些殖民與後殖民的經驗也引發了一些重要的議題,像是混雜、多元文化,和國家主義。霍米•巴巴提出‘閾限空間’這個概念有助於對這本小說做深入的評價與賞析,特別是能促進對以上三個議題更深入而具體的認知。霍米•巴巴將許多概念納入‘閾限空間’這個總括性術語的討論範圍,因此本論文將從中擷取三個概念來論述這本小說,分別是混雜、文化差異、及國家意識。
本論文的導論先闡釋霍米•巴巴‘閾限空間’這個概念並且發掘魯希迪這本小說中許多重要的後殖民議題。這些議題與‘閾限空間’ 這個概念的關係密不可分,因此這個概念所延伸論及的理論便可用於理解並賞析這本小說。接下來的三章將分別以混雜、文化差異、及國家意識來發掘並建立《摩爾人的最後嘆息》與‘閾限空間’這概念之間的關係。第二章將藉由霍米•巴巴對殖民者與被殖民者之間的矛盾關係的論述進而深入理解小說中意欲呈現的殖民混雜與後殖民混雜。這種矛盾的關係理論上與他者化的過程有關聯,在這過程中身分認同與主體化不論是在後殖民理論還是此本小說中都是值得商榷的議題。第三章利用霍米•巴巴的‘文化差異’來重新檢視並且重新定義所謂的多元文化。魯希迪在小說中巧妙地將現在的印度重疊在過去由摩爾人統治的西班牙之上,這種後殖民的羊皮紙影像便可藉由文化差異與多元文化的概念得到更具體的意義。此外,閾限空間也是一種不同文化的接觸地帶,這樣的中介地域也有助於理解魯希迪在流行文化與高等文化間所採的折衷主義。第四章則著重於探討霍米•巴巴如何發展閾限空間與國家意識的理論關係,還有國家與敘事之間的關係。此章也將利用國家與敘事的關係來理解魯希迪是如何在這本小說中運用許多文學技巧在小說世界中重構國家形象,尤其是文本互涉的材料與歷史的指涉這樣的技巧。
最後的總論將重申在本論文中提及的一些重要的論點,藉由重申這些論點來總結論文提及的一些重要概念的大意,並且讓魯希迪的《摩爾人的最後嘆息》與巴巴的‘閾限空間’這個文本與理論相互闡釋並佐證的關係更為清楚。 / Salman Rushdie’s The Moor’s Last Sigh delineates, fictively and historically, a family saga in India. The four-generation family approximately spans the twentieth century that, generally speaking, has gone through colonization and imperialism in the first half as well as de-colonization and nationalism in the second half. Accordingly, they bring forth a few significant issues, such as hybridity, multiculturalism, and nationalism. Homi Bhabha’s idea of ‘liminal space’ is conducive to the evaluation of the novel, and expressly to the discussion of the above three concepts in a more specific way. He subsumes a lot of ideas under the umbrella term ‘liminal space’, so this thesis is to extract three ideas—hybridity, cultural difference, and nationness—to elaborate on the novel.
The introductory chapter expounds Bhabha’s idea of ‘liminal space’ and also explores a few post-colonial issues in the novel. The issues in question are related to Bhabha’s idea of ‘liminal space’, from which some key ideas are derived so as to appreciate the fictional world Rushdie constructs in the novel. The following three chapters are respectively based on the three liminality-related ideas, whereby to find the relation of the novel with Bhabha’s ‘liminal space’. The second chapter is to obtain a deeper apprehension of colonial and post-colonial hybridity through Bhabha’s argumentation concerning the ambivalent relationship between colonizer and colonized. The ambivalent relationship is theoretically associated with the othering process. In the process, identification and subjectification are moot questions not only in post-colonial theory but in the novel as well. The third chapter is intended to make use of Bhabha’s idea of ‘cultural difference’ to review and redefine what the word ‘multiculturalism’ is like. In turn, it helps to shed much more light upon Rushdie’s palimpsesting modern India over Moorish Spain. In addition, liminal space refers to a contact zone of cultural difference that elucidates Rushdie’s eclecticism between popular culture and high culture in the novel. The fourth chapter is to discuss the way Bhabha colligates liminal space and the idiolect ‘nationness’ and the way he relates the idea of nation to narration. The relationship between nation and narration is applied to the understanding of how Rushdie utilizes literary techniques, especially intertextual materials and historical allusions, for a re-construction of a nation in a fictional world.
The conclusive chapter is to reiterate some important arguments that are germane to the above key concepts and to the reciprocal clarification between Bhabha’s ‘liminal space’ and Rushdie’s The Moor’s Last Sigh.
|
4 |
國民教育階段中的宗教自由─多元文化主義的觀點 / Religious freedom in mandated education context─a multiculturalism perspective林榮光 Unknown Date (has links)
本論文係從多元文化主義之觀點來探討國民教育階段中的宗教自由。我國憲法第159條規定:「國民受教育之機會一律平等」。然而學生在教育過程中實質的平等受教育機會卻與其文化認同有密切的關係。如果學生的獨特文化認同不能在主流教育體制中受到尊重與接納,連帶的也會影響其學習上的成功機會。而透過對於法律「兼顧容納宗教自由」之案例的反省與分析,本論文引出了「宗教也是一深刻文化認同」之看法。筆者根據此一看法來重新思索宗教與國民教育之關係,並認為在憲法基本權利的層次,為了兼顧容納信徒基於宗教認同所產生之需求,我們必須承認「宗教學生平等受教育的權利」與「父母宗教教育之自由」。然而國家在國民教育階段中兼顧容納宗教自由,除了不應違背「政教分離」原則之外,也應以「民主教育」作為兼顧容納之重要界限。以上述想法為基礎,本論文也於最後具體探討我國的教育規範與教育實踐應如何作出調整,以建構一個兼顧信仰與學習的教育環境。 / This dissertation discussed religious freedom in mandated education context from a multiculturalism perspective. Article 159 of ROC Constitution provides, “The educational opportunities of citizens are equal.” Understood in a subjective sense, equal educational opportunities of students have much to do with their cultural identities. If a student’s unique cultural identity cannot be respected and accommodated in mainstream education system, his or her opportunities to success in the education process will be limited seriously. Through the discussion of cases of “accommodation of religious freedom”, this dissertation tried to propose the view that religion is also a profound cultural identity. Accordingly, the author indicated that in order to accommodate believers religious identity, “the equal educational rights of religious students” and “the freedom of religious education of parents” should be recognized in mandated education context. However, the efforts to accommodate religious freedom should also be balanced by the principles of democratic education, in addition to the requirements of secularism in public schools. Based on the ideas mentioned above, this dissertation reviewed educational regulations and practices in Taiwan in the final section, and proposed the ways to construct a education environment in which both the believers’ needs to learn and to develop religious identity can be respected and attended properly.
|
5 |
加拿大原住民自治體制與教育政策研究 / Aboriginal Self-government and education policy in canada鄒岱妮, Tsou, Dainie Unknown Date (has links)
本論文企圖回答四個問題,分別是:
1. 加拿大原住民教育的主體:原住民的認同、定義、類別、法定地位為何?
2. 原住民自治體制與自治體制下的政府關係為何?
3. 加拿大原住民的教育政策為何?加拿大原住民自治體制與教育政策的關係為何?
4. 原住民教育與多元文化主義關係為何?
根據這四個問題,來進行章節的鋪陳:
第一章為政策的主體,加拿大原住民的定義,本論文嘗試從政治層次與憲法層次來討論加拿大民的地位、類別、位階與認同;並簡述加拿大原住民的教育概況。在研究中,我們發現,加拿大原住民的定義,不是來自文化、生態的因素,而是因為歷史與政治背景使然,1982年的加拿大憲法,正式承認了北美印地安人、梅蒂斯人與因紐特人為加拿大原住民,並且承認原住民的「現有權利」(existing rights),讓加拿大原住民成為有別於為加拿大其他「少數族裔」人口的一個「顯著的社會」(distinctive society),但是憲法的承認緊接而來的不是嚴謹的識別工作,所以關於身份問題,還有許多爭議,旋而未決。
第二章對第二章主要討論加拿大原住民自治的發展與規劃,並以尼斯加自治政府、努納弗特自治領地與梅蒂斯墾殖地議會等有土地基礎的原住民自治政府為例,來討論加拿大原住民自治的實踐。加拿大原住民自治政策的發展以及自治體制的規劃非常分歧,沒有辦法用統一的原則來描述。這種多元發展的現象來自於多元分歧的背景因素,有歷史上的民族關係,有身份識別的因素、有政府管轄權的爭議、原住民的人口、居住與地理特性、也有原住民的偏好與政府的協商底線規範。
第三章討論加拿大原住民教育的演進與趨勢。筆者在這一章試圖以較宏觀的角度來檢視加拿大原住民教育的發展,可以從政策制訂的背景、政策論辯的參與者、以及關鍵議題三個方向,來找出加拿大原住民教育的政策發展脈絡與階段特色。關於加拿大原住民教育的演進,約可以分為1996年的「RCAP報告書」為界,筆者將1996年之前的原住民教育分為四個階段,分別是同化教育(1867-1967)時期、整合政策、多元文化教育與印地安教育(1967-1982)時期、原住民教育的肇端(1982-1988)以及自治體制下的原住民教育(1988-1996)。第二節的重點則在於詳細討論1996年加拿大皇家原住民委員會(RCAP)原住民報告書關於原住民教育所提出來的建議與政策規劃。皇家原住民委員會關於原住民的報告書,宣告了加拿大政府與原住民之間新的關係的開展。筆者結合Frank Abele的觀點,發現加拿大原住民教育有下列趨勢:
1. 在原住民教育政策的層級上,逐漸由地方、省的層次上升到與國家對等的自治層次然而,原住民教育在國家層次所獲得的關注與討論並未如省的層次來得熱烈。
2. 在論述模式上,逐漸由同化論述模式轉向原住民自治的權利基礎與責任之模式,與公共政策論述之模式。
3. 在原住民教育的對象上,逐漸由部分「印地安人」(有身份的印地安人),轉向集體單位、泛稱性的原住民,乃至不同族裔屬性的原住民族。
4. 在原住民教育的層級上,關注的焦點逐漸由初等、中等教育轉向高等教育人才的培育,企圖以一種整體性(holistic)的觀點與策略來解決原住民教育問題。
5. 在教育目的上,從對同化教育的的反抗,到以文化純續為目的,發展至更積極的觀點,企圖透過教育,來彌補其與主流社會的落差、強化原住民的文化活力與創意,進一步培養自治的人才,可以說是一種以自治為目的(education for self-government)的教育政策。
6. 原住民教育與多元文化主義的關係,遠較Frank Abele所指稱的要複雜,原住民教育政策在理念上,曾採借多元文化主義關於人性尊嚴、人權與平等權的概念,但是在國家政策的場域,卻出現相互扞格、衝突的情形。
7. 在教育系統上,原住民歷經了由聯邦政府主導的「同化-隔離」系統、到進入與主流族群教育體系的「整合系統」、到目前要求與主流族群分立、由原住民主控教育內容、評鑑標準以及行政事務的「獨立系統」。
第四章是針對自治體制下的原住民教育,所做的案例分析。我們舉尼斯加自治政府的社學校委員會以及努納弗特自治領地的官方語言教育計畫為例,說明不同的自治政府體制、規模與民族屬性下的教育政策規劃。
第五章針對下列四個議題,討論加拿大原住民自治體制與教育政策面臨的挑戰:
1. 身份定義問題:自治的構成原速與教育政策的主體問題。
2. 管轄權議題:自治管轄權、教育管轄權、與教育實務之間的關係。
3. 理論基礎的衝突:多元文化主義與原住民主義的爭論。
4. 實務問題:原住民團體的需求差異與經費來源的問題
在結論部分,我們對本文重點作一個回顧,並根據自治體系的政府關係、自治與原住民教育、自治設計與教育系統的開放性提出筆者的看法與建議,分列如下:
1. 台灣應重新省思「Nation to Nation」的實質關係,務實面對自治議題。
2. 觀察加拿大原住民自治與教育政策,不能忽略多元文化主義、多元文化教育與原住民主義、原住民教育的衝突現象。
3. 台灣應著手進行符合社會現實,務實、開放、有效的自治規劃與教育規劃,而非理論的空談或國外政策的仿效。
|
Page generated in 0.0265 seconds