本論文「客語「放」及其同類動詞：框架語義與構式之互動」以Fillmore (1985)提出的「框架語義」以及Goldberg (1995)等學者提出的「構式語法」觀點為基礎，分析客語「放」字構式呈現的多義現象。客語「放」字涉及「使動事件」：空間位移與狀態變化。本文著重分析「使動結構」與客語「放」字在動賓、動補及句子等構式中語意－句法的互動。同時藉助隱喻與轉喻的強化，說明客語「放」字延伸語意之間的關聯性，並進一步闡述客語「放」字在動賓結構中詞彙化為複合詞的現象。此外，本文亦檢視客語其他放置類動詞：方向同類動詞、工具同類動詞、方式同類動詞，經由審視其詞彙化類型與框架語義之互動，說明其語意內涵與句法上的表現。因此，本論文經由分析詞彙化類型與探討事件架構中參與角色的展現與否，說明客語放置類動詞語意與句法間的相互關係。 / English verbs describing putting, a prototypical exemplar of a caused-motion activity, have been pervasively found to be the first acquired and the most frequently used verbs in many languages. Their semantic compatibility with various syntactic structures reinforces the association between verbal meanings and the constructions, giving rise to a grouping of related but distinct senses (Goldberg et al. 2004). Piong3 (放) ‘to put’ in Hakka is abundant in semantics. The basic meaning of piong3 designates a common pattern of human experience: An animate entity exerts manual force upon a physical object and causes the object to move. Adopting Goldberg’s (1995) Constructions and Fillmore’s (1985) Frame Semantics, this study aims to account for the meaning relatedness latent in piong3 and explicate the shades of meaning rooted in the set of its congeners with different degree of family resemblance. It is argued that the delicate nuances denoted by piong3 are derived from the interaction between frames and constructions while the extended meanings of piong3 are linked to its typical use through various metaphors and metonymies such as CONTAINER, EVENT STRUCTURE, CHANGE OF STATE AS CHANGE OF LOCATION metaphors and ACTION FOR RESULT metonymy. Furthermore, with regard to congeners of piong3 in Hakka, it is maintained that differences in profiling and lexicalization patterns capture the primary difference between piong3 and its congeners. Specifically, piong3 does not lexicalize other semantic elements (i.e. path, means, manner, result, and etc.) into its lexical meaning whereas its congeners explicitly do so, in that three subtypes of the congeners can be identified: directional congeners, means congeners, and manner congeners.

本研究以「意」的雙字詞彙為主要研究範圍，由詞彙內部結構及上下文切入以釐清「意」的多義現象。前人關於「意」的多義現象討論不多，僅有歷時的探源研究、與內在身體部位「心」的比較以及心理學認識活動的相關論述，至今尚未有關於「意」之共時性語料庫研究。於彙整《中文詞彙網路2.0》與《教育部重編國語辭典修訂本》中「意」的義項，並清楚制定「認知」、「情感」、「意志」三個語意類別後，本研究分析了《中央研究院現代漢語平衡語料庫4.0》一千萬詞條版本中的相關語料。研究結果包含了兩個面向的討論：「意」的詞彙內部結構和語意分佈之間的關係以及「意」的意象圖式。 首先，研究發現「意」在構詞上屬於名詞性黏著詞根詞素，可同時作為詞在句子中自由移動的情形不多；「意」在語意上則屬於「心理集合名詞」，而心理集合名詞為一多義詞素，詞彙語意的完整有賴其共現成分。其次，「＊意」結構的詞類包含了名詞、狀態動詞、動作動詞、副詞四種詞類，而「意＊」結構僅包含名詞、狀態動詞、動作動詞三種。其中，「＊意」的構詞能力較「意＊」強，語意分佈上則皆以「意志」類為主。 最後，從雙音詞的上下文中發掘了「意」的三條刺激反應路徑，統整出「意」的意象圖式，得知「意」的雙字詞多用於「報導」方面。若刺激類別為「文章/話語」或「外在景色」通常由「當局經驗者」報導概念內涵或刺激為其帶來之感覺，若刺激類別為「人際客體」則通常由「旁觀經驗者」報導當局經驗者理解概念之過程、心理狀態或意志狀態。華語教師在講解「意」之詞彙時，可透過解釋其共現成分之詞意為學生建立語意類別的概念，亦可運用刺激類別及報導的方式讓學生知道「意」的雙音詞使用上的差別。 關鍵字： 「意」、多義名詞、詞彙內部結構、意象圖式、中研院現代漢語平衡語料庫 / Key word: Yi4,polysemy, word component structure, image schema, Mandarin Corpus This thesis reports the polysemous usage of the disyllabic words containing Yi4 ‘meaning’ with the emphasis on their internal structure and co-text. Previous studies on Mandarin polysemy Yi4 mostly focused on the classic manuscripts, the comparison between Xin1 ‘heart’ and Yi4 ‘meaning’, or the philosophical system of knowing. However, none of them was based on real texts from the corpus. Based on the senses taken from the Chinese Wordnet 2.0 and the Revised Mandarin Chinese Dictionary, we categorized the usage of Yi4 as FEELING, COGNITION and INTENTION. Using these as the criteria, we analyzed the data from the Sinica Corpus 4.0. The results were discussed based on two aspects, the interrelationship between the internal structures and meaning distribution, and the image schema of Yi4. For the internal structures, we discovered that Yi4 serves not only as a bound-root morpheme at the syntactical level but also as a semantically polysemous psycho-collection morpheme which needs the co-occurred morpheme to fulfill its word meaning. We also found that most instances in both ‘X+Yi4’ and ‘Yi4+X’ structures belong to INTENTION, and these include nouns, action verbs, and stative verbs. However, only the ‘X+Yi4’ structure, with its stronger word-forming ability, contains adverbial use. In addition to internal structures, for the analysis of co-texts, we came up with the image schema of Yi4 which contains three stimulus-response routes. If the stimulus is article/speech/scenery, Yi4 tends to have a direct experiencer conducting a first-hand report about his/her feeling. If the stimulus comes from a human body, Yi4 prefers having an indirect experiencer conducting a second-hand report about the direct experiencer’s emotion, cognitive process or willing. Finally, this thesis also offers some pedagogical suggestions and application based on the findings.

本論文目的於探討N-ga DEKIRU句構在何種情形下表達＜生起＞、＜完成＞以及＜可能＞中的其中一種語意。至今為止，N-ga DEKIRU被定位於可能表現的一種，而尚未有以N-ga DEKIRU為中心，針對其多義性分析的研究。針對動詞DEKIRU的多義性有所提及的只有針對DEKIRU的歷史上的型態與語意變化的研究以及辭典而已。因此，本論文藉由導入屬性結構（Qualia Structure），論述N-ga DEKIRU動詞句的語意是由名詞N和動詞DEKIRU兩詞組成分經由共構成的過程而衍生。又，本論文不局限於N-ga DEKIRU動詞句，也以句構單位來探討影響句子整體的要素。 　　本論文共7章，首先於序章闡述研究動詞及目的、研究方法與本論文的構成。於第一章，概觀先行研究，指出其問題點，並提出本論文的課題。在第二章，以認知語言學的分析方法探討動詞DEKIRU的多義性，並使用屬性結構探究其語意構造。於第三章，筆者以NINAL-LWP for BCCWJ語料庫收集與N-ga DEKIRU句構中的名詞作為本研究的考察對象，並將之分類為事件名詞（event noun）以及實體名詞（entity noun）。於第四章，筆者推論N-ga DEKIRU動詞句的語意是經由名詞與動詞兩者共構成而衍生，並探討共構成時所使用的類型強制的適用條件。最後於第五章，筆者以句構單位探討第四章所無法解決的多義性的問題。第六章為結論。 　　經由以上論述得到結論為，N-ga DEKIRU句構的語意，有取決於名詞的情形，也有在以N-ga DEKIRU動詞句單位時擁有兩義性的情形，而後者的語義又受附加部的有無、否定接詞nai以及時態等影響。 / The purpose of this study is to examine which meaning amoung OCCURENCE, PERFECTIVE, and POTENTIALITY is represented in case of ‘N-ga DEKIRU’ construction. In conventional research, ‘N-ga DEKIRU’ has been regarded as one of the potential expressions, but as for its polesemy, it has barely been studied yet. There is only one research focusing on the morphological and semantic change of the verb ‘DEKIRU’, and its polysemy is only mentioned in dictionaries. Accordingly, Qualia Structure is introduced into the study of N-ga DEKIRU construction to show that the meaning of N-ga DEKIRU is generated by means of the process of co-composition from its constituents, N and DEKIRU. Furthermore, I also investigate what elements affect the meaning of the whole sentence at the syntactic level. This thesis consists of 7 chapters. In the introduction, I describe the motivation and purpose of this work. In chapter 1, I point out the problems after reviewing the previous research, and present the subjects of this paper. In chapter 2, I examine the syntactical behaviors of the verb ‘DEKIRU’; meanwhile, I analyze its polysemy through cognitive linguistic approach, and stipulate its semantic structure. In chapter 3, I collect the nouns co-occuring with DEKIRU from the corpus named NINJAL-LWP for BCCWJ, and categorize them into event nouns and entity nouns. In chapter 4, I assume the meaning of the verb phrase ‘N-ga DEKIRU’ to be generated by the process of co-composition, and explore the condition of type coercion which is applied in the process of co-composition. In chapter 5, I examine the unsolved problems in previous chapters at the syntatic level. Finally, in chapter 6 comes the conclusion. From the above, the conclusion is that in some cases, the meaning of N-ga DEKIRU construction is determined by the nouns; whereas there are cases that the verb phrase ‘N-ga DEKIRU’ still represents two meanings. As for the latter case, adjuncts, negation, tense and aspects are the elements affecting the meaning of N-ga DEKIRU construction.

一詞多義是所有語言會出現的共有現象，然而，過往較少探討多義詞整體結構與其各義項間的關聯，也鮮少討論句法結構延伸的原因。本篇研究將探討漢語日常使用頻率較高的移動動詞「跑」的多義性，以中研院語料庫之語料為本，客觀的回歸到語言事實作分析，並參照Talmy（1975, 1985, 2000）提出的移動事件框架，檢視「跑」所體現的概念結構及句法結構間的關聯，試圖解釋造成不及物用法至非常規賓語用法背後所展現的機制，此外，本文根據教育部重編國語辭典、中文詞彙網絡知識庫內「跑」的定義及參照Evans（2005）的原則性多義理論，確立「跑」的獨立義項並探討概念結構中不同元素的變化和「跑」多義性之間的關聯，進一步地說明各義項間的相關性與區別性，最後，參照Lakoff（1987）的放射形範疇結構整理出屬於「跑」的語意網絡圖。 本篇研究結果顯示，「跑」共有四種不同的句法結構，分別為最典型的不及物﹝A.名詞短語+跑﹞句式，由趨向介詞帶出名詞短語的﹝B.名詞短語+處所/趨向介詞+名詞短語+跑﹞句式及﹝C.名詞短語+跑+處所/趨向介詞+名詞短語﹞句式、從不及物用法延伸至非常規賓語用法的﹝D.名詞短語+跑+名詞短語（斜格）﹞句式，各句式映射到的概念結構皆不同，是概念結構內不同要素的變化影響句法結構的改變，人類的自然認知過程使路徑延伸出不同種類，造成「跑」的非常規賓語用法以及延伸出不同於字面義的其他義項。此外，本文確立「跑」的七個獨立義項為「以兩腿交互快速向前移動」義、「往特定目標移動」義、「為某事忙碌奔走」義、「迅速離開、逃走、躲避」義、「兩個以上的參與者競速」義、「交通工具或物體的移動」義及「離開原有的位置」義，各義項的出現與整體句法結構、概念結構及語境有很大的關聯，總結來說，「跑」所體現的概念結構、句法結構及語意三者之間的相互影響是造成多義現象的重要因素。 / This study investigates the prevalently used polysemous motion verb PAO “run” in Mandarin Chinese. The data are extracted from Academic Sinica Balanced Corpus of Modern Chinese. Under the framework of Motion Event Frame （Talmy 1975, 1985, 2000）, the study explicates the mechanism of PAO’s syntactic complexities in a more plausible manner. Four different structures of PAO are detected: the most typical intransitive structure [A. NP+PAO], structures with prepostions [B. NP+P+PAO+NP] and [C. NP+PAO+P+NP], and the unconventional transtive structure [D. NP+PAO+NP（oblique case）]. Each structure manifests different conceptual structures. It is claimed that the extention of Path has caused the usage of unconventional transtive structure and the polysemous phenomenon of PAO. In addition, this paper investigates the relationship between the different senses of PAO and elements in its conceptual structure. The relevance and distinction between the different senses of PAO are built as a radial categorization. PAO is suggested to have seven different senses: move quickly with legs, move to specific places, move for specific reasons, escape, two or more participants race, vehicles or objects move and leave the original location. Each sense is related to the overall syntactic structure, the conceptual structure and different contexts. In conclusion, the interaction between the conceputual structure, the syntactic structure and semantic meanings is a major factor that makes a polysemy.

詞彙的修辭成份屬於較難或無法翻譯的部分，造成不少翻譯上的等值問題。本論文以帶有修辭色彩的俄語詞彙為研究對象，從俄語詞彙學與修辭學的既有架構出發，搭配翻譯等值與轉換理論，探討詞彙的功能語體限制以及情感評價成份對翻譯造成的影響。 本文的研究主旨，在於突顯詞彙修辭色彩的重要性。並試圖從修辭功能的角度，來補償翻譯過程中，原詞彙修辭與情感評價色彩上的損失，以建立原文與譯文之間的功能等值。

本論文以語意學、認知語言學及心理語言學的觀點，探討中文名詞的多義現象。本篇論文討論詞彙多重意義的語言及心理語言表徵，並研究詞義如何在心理詞彙庫中被擷取。 文中藉由認知語言學者Tuggy（1993）所提出的認知語意架構，及詞彙語意學中「同形異義詞（homonymy）」、「一詞多義（polysemy）」及「模糊意義（vagueness）」等觀念之區辨，探索詞義之本質。本文所談之意義（sense）根據Ahrens（1999）之定義有以下三個特性：（1）意義非轉喻（metonymy）或部分/全體（meronymy）之延伸，但可以是隱喻性延伸；（2）意義之間的延伸關係無法由在同類名詞中直接以規律獲得；（3）除非特意，一詞的不同意義不會在同一語境中同時出現。 針對詞彙辨識歷程的語意效應，本論文有三大研究主題--意義數目效應、意義相關性效應及相對意義頻率效應。各效應之預測如下：「意義數目效應」認為意義數目較多的詞彙在詞彙判斷作業（lexical decision tasks）中比較容易辨識；「意義相關性效應」認為當一個詞的意義之間的相關性較高時，該詞的辨識時間亦會較快；「相對意義頻率效應」則認為一個詞意義之間頻率差異程度越小，該詞越有歧義之特質，也因此越容易辨識。 本研究旨在以實證方式探討這些語意向度在詞彙辨識歷程中所扮演的角色。由受試者提供200個中文名詞的意義並決定意義間的相關性；進行電腦詞彙判斷作業，得到辨識每個詞所需的反應時間；再由統計考驗反應時間來驗證各效應。 本研究結果發現只有「意義數目效應」達顯著水準，意義數目較多的詞彙在詞彙判斷作業中比較容易辨識。此一效應支持心理詞彙庫的隨機觸接模型（random access model）及平行觸接模型（parallel access model）並駁斥「序列搜尋模型（serial access model）」。 / This thesis studies the multiple senses of Chinese nominals from semantic, cognitive linguistic, and psycholinguistic viewpoints. It discusses the linguistic and psycholinguistic representations of a word's multiple senses, and the access of these senses in the mental lexicon. The nature of lexical meaning is examined by discussing lexical semantic notions such as homonymy, polysemy, and vagueness, and by introducing Tuggy's (1993) cognitive linguistic representation of a word's multiple lexical meanings. The "senses" of a word are defined according to the lexical semantic theory of Ahrens (1999) as having three properties: (1) A sense is not an instance of metonymic or meronymic extension, but may be an instance of metaphorical extension. (2) The extension links between two senses cannot be inherited by a class of nouns. (3) Senses cannot appear in the same context (unless the complexity is triggered). This thesis specifically looks into three semantic effects on word recognition, including the word's number-of-sense (NOS) effect, the effect of sense relatedness, and the effect of relative sense frequency. The predictions of these effects are as follows: The NOS effect predicts that words with more senses are recognized faster than those with fewer senses. The effect of sense relatedness predicts that words with more closely related senses are easier to recognize than those with distantly related senses. The effect of relative sense frequency predicts that words with equal sense frequencies are more easily recognized than words with unequal sense frequencies. This research aims at empirically verifying these three effects during the recognition of isolated lexical items. Subjects generate the senses of 200 Chinese nominals, and rate the relatedness among these senses. Lexical decision tasks are conducted to obtain the reaction times required to recognize each stimulus item. The semantic effects are verified by comparing the reaction times of different groups of experimental stimuli. The experimental results confirm only the NOS effect, giving support to the random and parallel access models of lexical access, and refuting the serial access model of the mental lexicon.