幾十年來，過程寫作常因為『重內容輕形式』和『輕忽寫作成品』而導致批評聲浪不斷。 近年來，部落格網誌的四大特色 — 自我表達、自我反省、互動和發布 — 吸引學者和語言學習者的注意。本文旨在探討部落格融入『過程寫作』之教學如何影響四名台灣高三學生的寫作表現。文獻探討涵蓋過程寫作，部落格和三項共通因素 — 回饋、自我反省日誌和電子檔案評量。 本研究的對象是研究者所教授的過程寫作班的四位高三學生。本研究的程序以寫作循環 (writing cycle) 為主軸。資料包括多次校訂 (multiple revisions)、兩篇草稿 (前後測)、學生寫作態度問卷、教師日誌(teacher’s log)和訪談紀錄。首先，以Yagelski’s coding schemes (1995) 和Johnson’s (1994) 內容和組織指標 (indicators of content and organization) 解讀多次校訂，以了解學生的校訂類型 (types of changes in multiple revisions)。接著，分析前後測分數的差距 (score differences)及文章長度 (the length of essay)、探討多次校訂與前後測草稿的關聯性，再找出前後測草稿中的內容與組織指標，以顯示學生在兩篇草稿的進步程度。訪談資料則用於探討部落格的功能、學生遇到的困難和需要何種教師支援。至於學生的寫作態度，則以前後測問卷的分數差距 (score difference) 為主，再以訪談紀錄作為佐證資料或疑點澄清。最後，與教室情境有關的發現，則以教師日誌和訪談資料為主。 本研究的主要發現如下： 1. 生有自己偏好的校訂類型 (types of changes in multiple revisions)。 2. 作班的四位高三學生在內容和組織方面有顯著進步。 3. 級部落格在過程寫作的每個階段都有不同功能。 4.多次校訂的枯燥須加以克服，以及建議實施老師與學生間的迷你會議。 5.在信心、焦慮、實用性與偏好四方面，學生寫作態度改變。 6.教室情境所衍生的幾項發現。 最後，本研究對過程寫作在實際教學上應用與未來研究方向提供建議。 / Over the past decades of practice in process writing, criticism over “the stress on content over form” (Badger & White, 2000) and the neglect of final writing product (Barnes, 1983) has never ceased. Considering that blog has attracted scholars and learners for its unique features — self-expression, self-reflection, interactivity, and publication, this researcher integrated blog into the instruction of process writing to investigate the writing performance of the four 12th graders. The literature review covered studies on process writing, blog and three elements commonly found in both process writing and blog— feedback, self-reflection journals and e-portfolio. The participants of this study were four 12th graders of Taiwan’s high school in a blog-mediated process writing class taught by the researcher. The procedure revolved around the process writing cycle, in which these four participants repeated the recursive writing process. Data included multiple revisions, two drafts (pre-test and post-test), questionnaires on students’ writing attitude (pre-test and post-test), the teacher’s logs and interviews. First, to obtain what types of changes students made in multiple revisions, the 48 multiple revisions were coded by Yagelski’s coding schemes (1995) and Johnson’s indicators of content and organization (1994). Second, to investigate if the four participants made progress in content and organization, this researcher touched on four aspects of analysis: 1) the score differences between the pre-test and post-test drafts, 2) the length of essay, 3) a connection analysis between the multiple revisions and the two drafts and 4) a draft analysis using Johnson’s indicators of content and organization (1994). Third, the interview data helped to explore how the blog functioned in each step of process writing model, and to present the challenges students encountered and the teacher support they needed. Fourth, to discover if these students experienced any attitude changes, she also calculated the score differences between the pre-test and post-test questionnaires in students’ writing attitude and verified the questionnaire results or clarified the unclear points with interview data. Finally, some other classroom-context-related findings were also revealed in the analysis of the teachers’ logs and the interview data. The major findings were listed as below: 1) students showed preference for making some types of changes in multiple revisions; 2) the four students in the blog-mediated process writing class gained significant progress in content and organization; 3) the class blog functioned differently in each step of process writing model; 4) the boredom of doing multiple revisions and the teacher-student mini conference were the challenges encountered and the teacher support recommended; 5) there were writing attitude changes in the four categories — confidence, anxiety, usefulness and preference; and 6) several findings were also revealed in the context of classroom. Some pedagogical implications and recommendations for future research on process writing were presented at the end of the thesis.

本研究旨在分析臺灣英語系大學生在英語故事寫作方面的表現。研究對象為二十位某大學英語系三年級學生，藉由分析這些學生寫作的故事所呈現出的敘事結構，期望能發現學生寫作故事的模式，寫作上的長處與弱點，在寫作方面遇到的困難，以及文化背景是否影響其寫作表現。 研究結果顯示，學生寫作的故事呈現不同的敘事結構，而這些敘事結構反映出他們對於英語故事的基本元素已有初步的了解，但仍需要老師進一步在文體區隔、內容、以及校訂等方面給予指導，以增強其故事寫作技巧。此外，學生的作品中表現了許多文化特徵，這些特徵也同樣可在泰國、越南、不丹等學生的故事作品中發現，因此，本研究或許可作為亞洲文化間具有高度相似性的證明。 / The purpose of this study is to investigate the story-writing performance of college English majors in Taiwan in terms of narrative structure. A total of twenty stories composed by twenty junior English majors of one national university were analyzed based on the conventional English story structure. The collected stories were part of the students’ normal school work rather than specially designed tasks. Through a narrative structure analysis of the collected data, different structural patterns were discovered, including (1) Description, (2) Abbreviated Story, (3) Complete Story, (4) Lengthened Story, and (5) Complex Story. The structural uses not only reflect the learners’ writing styles but also represent their strengths and weaknesses in writing. Overall, the results show that although these students have possessed the basic knowledge of the structural conventions, they still need instruction in terms of content, editing, genre-distinction, or formal devices to enhance their story-writing skills. In addition, cultural characteristics were discovered in the writings. The preferences observed coincide with the characteristics of narrative writings of Bhutanese, Vietnamese, and Thai cultures in many ways. Therefore, the findings of this study may also serve as evidence for the great similarities that existed among Asian cultures.

No description available.

有鑒於英文寫作能力日趨重要，英文寫作的教學也愈來愈受到重視。然而在高職英文寫作教學方面來看，其成效卻往往不彰。基於這個原因，研究者運用透過電子郵件之「過程寫作」教學法，期能對高職學生在英文寫作能力的提升上有所裨益。 本研究以北縣某高職綜高學術學程部五十八位二年級學生為研究對象，研究者教導實驗組學生運用「過程寫作」的策略，配合在電子郵件的環境下加強英文寫作的能力；控制組學生則僅接受「過程寫作」策略之教學。實驗前，對實驗組及控制組學生施予前測來檢視學生英文寫作能力之起點行為；實驗後，對實驗組及控制組學生施予後測來檢視學生英文寫作能力之進步情形。實驗終了，再以一問卷來探討實驗組學生對實驗之態度及其自評成效。 研究結果如下： 一、 透過電子郵件之「過程寫作」教學法對學生英文寫作能力確有助 益。實驗組後測成績高於控制組；再者，實驗組在其前後測比較 下，整體寫作能力有顯著之進步。 二、 在電子郵件的環境下運用「過程寫作」的策略幫助學生在作文中之 內容、組織、文法、用字體例方面有所助益。實驗組與控制組之進 步情形雖無顯著差異，實驗組進步情形仍大於控制組。 三、 實驗組學生對透過電子郵件之「過程寫作」教學法，持正面的態 度。 四、 實驗組學生認為在接受透過電子郵件之「過程寫作」教學法之後， 自己的英文寫作能力進步了。 最後，研究者根據上述研究結果，對高職英文作文教學提出建言，作為未來從事英文寫作教學之教師及研究人員參考。 / Owing to the importance of English writing ability on various purposes, teaching writing has received more and more attention nowadays. However, the traditional teaching and then learning process does not work on vocational high school students. This failure inspires the researcher to resort to alternative methods to upgrade his students' English writing ability. The present study was intended to prove that the instruction of process writing via E-mail is effective in enhancing students' English writing ability. Fifty-eight second-year students from two intact classes of Academic Oriented Course in a comprehensive high school in Taipei County participated in this study. The experimental group was taught to apply the strategies of process approach in an E-mail environment at every stage during the experiment while the control group was instructed in process writing strategies solely. Before the experiment, the pretest was used to indicate the starting points of students' writing proficiency. After the experiment, the posttest was administered to examine the effectiveness of process writing via E-mail. In addition, a response questionnaire was given to the experimental group to probe students' attitudes and their self-evaluation of the experiment. The results were as follows. First, the instruction of process writing via E-mail enhanced students' overall English writing ability. The experimental group outperformed the control group in total scores of the posttest. In addition, concerning the total scores between pretest and posttest, the experimental group made a significant progress. Second, the experimental group outperformed the control group in content, organization, grammar, diction, and mechanics after the experiment although the results showed no significant difference. Still, the experimental group made more progress in all five subskills than the control group did. Third, the majority of students in the experimental group responded positively to the instruction of process writing via E-mail. Last, most students in the experimental group considered they made a progress in their English writing ability after the experiment of process writing via E-mail. The present study concluded the effects of process writing via E-mail. Based on the results, the researcher provided writing teachers and educators with constructive suggestions for conducting a writing class or further studies.

University of Macau / Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities / Department of Chinese

本文以分三十年來（民國４２年至７１年）中央日報、中國時報、聯合報新聞寫作的 方式為主，採用內容分析方法，比較三報在不同時間、不同新聞種類上的差異，以及 各報本身的新聞寫作方式在三十年來的演變。本文將三十年分為三階段：民國４２年 至５１年；５２年６１年；６２年至７１年。又將新聞寫作的方式分六種：可追溯來 源的報導；不能追溯來源的報導；可追溯來源的推論；不能追溯來源的推論；可追溯 來源的判斷；不能追溯來源的判斷。並將新聞內容分成十二類：政治軍事、財經、災 禍、人情趣味、體育、文教、犯罪、科學、社會問題、社交新聞、公共事業以及交通 。本文共分為五章： 第一章、緒論，分為問題的陳述、研究目的以及論文組織三節。 第二章、文獻探討，分為有關消息來源及有關陳述方式兩節，並提出研究問題。 第三章、研究方法，分為研究對象、抽樣、分析方法、信度分析及統計方法五節。 第四章、資料分析。 第五章、結論與建議。

本研究旨在探討「中英文段落翻譯策略」對於高職學生在英文寫作中習得篇章連貫性的效用。本研究以新竹市新竹高商二年級，三十七位學生為研究對象， 每位寫四篇英文寫作及修改兩篇前測作文; 以148篇作文以及74篇修改後之作文為分析樣本; 並採用量的分析方法來驗證其效用。 本研究以兩階段驗證假設 : 第一階段以SPSS 10.0中之成對樣本T檢定(paired-samples t-test)來分析74篇前測與74篇後測英文作文; 第二階段用同樣的方式來分析74篇前測寫作與74篇學生修改前測後之作文。本研究結果顯示：（一）中英文段落翻譯練習，有助於學習者習得並運用凝結性(cohesion)技巧來提升寫作上篇章之連貫性(coherence)。（二）中英文段落翻譯練習，有助於學習者習得並運用凝結性(cohesion)技巧來修改寫作上缺乏篇章連貫性之部分。 總言之，本研究中所設計之中英文段落翻譯練習，能夠幫助高職學生習得篇章的連貫性並提升其寫作能力。翻譯練習中的凝結性技巧的設計，為學習者奠定了在寫作上習得篇章連貫性的基礎。本研究在最後，針對研究主題提出一些在英文寫作教學上的建議。 / This study aims to explore the effectiveness of Chinese-English paragraph translation device for vocational senior high school students in acquiring the coherent writing expertise. Subjects in this study are thirty-seven second-graders in Hsin-chu Commercial Vocational Senior High School in Hsin-chu city. Participants are required to finish four English compositions and two revision compositions. In total, 148 compositions and 74 revision compositions are analyzed to test the effectiveness on the basis of quantitative research. There are two stages of verification procedure. First, paired-samples t-test of SPSS 10.0 for Windows is used to analyze the seventy-four pre-test and seventy-four post-test compositions. Second, it is also used to analyze the seventy-four pre-test and seventy-four post-test revision compositions. Findings are summarized as follows: First, Chinese-English translation practice helps learners perform better in coherent writing. They acquire cohesive devices and better apply them to promoting their writing coherence. Second, Chinese-English translation practice helps learners perform a good job in revising incoherent parts of compositions. They acquire cohesive devices, apply them to revising compositions and thus promote writing coherence. To sum up, the findings show that Chinese-English paragraph translation practice in this study is effective to vocational senior high school students in acquiring coherent writing expertise and promoting their writing proficiency. The translation practice of the cohesive devices functions as a basis of acquiring coherent writing expertise for learners. Finally, some pedagogical suggestions based on this study are provided.

英文作文教學在英語學習上是不可或缺的一環，而實際上在台灣，英文作文教學仍是透過分析文法和句型來進行的，但這樣的方式忽略了英文寫作能夠成功的主要關鍵——連貫性。由於連貫性的晦澀難解，教師與學生皆會認為在教授和學習寫出有連貫性的文章是很複雜的。本文藉由教導學生如何於寫作時運用連繫功能詞(cohesive devices)和主題推進(thematic progression)兩種策略來探究作文中的連貫性，以研究其增進高中生英文寫作表現的可能性。本研究在不影響正常教學進度的前提下進行，研究者的39位臺北市高二學生首先接受如何分析課本文章連貫性的指導，並接著應用和檢視連繫功能詞以及主題推進於他們的寫作中。其中有兩位低成就者進一步地被挑選出來，藉由寫作會談(writing conference)以瞭解受試者在寫作時，如何利用以上兩種連貫性的策略於其英文寫作中；同時也透過訪談和日記撰寫的方式，來探討學生的學習連貫性策略的歷程。 由相關的量化和質性資料可看出，本研究的結果顯示受試者在作文整體表現與作文連貫性上的分數明顯偏高；他們也被證明能夠和其他研究中的高成就者一般，運用相同的連繫功能詞(指稱、連接與重述)和主題推進(線性推進與主題連續推進)種類。在這歷時五個月的研究中，受試者也在連繫功能詞與主題推進的協助下，培養出更注意作文內容以及進行適當修改的能力。此外，也由於受試者對於學習連繫功能詞與主題推進抱持著正面的態度，本研究建議應結合連繫功能詞和主題推進，並將其融入台灣現存的正規作文教學之中，藉著分析作文中的連繫功能詞與主題推進，協助學生理解抽象的連貫性進而使作文表現更進步。 / As an indispensable element in English learning, writing instruction in Taiwan actually has been given through the analysis of grammar and sentence patterns. This however ignores another primary key to successful writing—coherence. Due to its obscurity, teachers and students both find it complicated to teach and acquire the ability to organize a written text logically and coherently. The current study investigated the possibility to improve the high school students’ writing by instructing them how to apply the coherence strategies to their writing—cohesive devices (CD) and thematic progression (TP). In this study, with the teaching schedule unaffected, the researcher’s 39 second-graders in one Taipei senior high school were first taught how to analyze the coherence of the reading passages in the textbooks. Then they were required to apply and examine CD and TP when writing. Two low achievers of these students were further selected to investigate their writing development by examining their written texts with CD and TP applied in writing conferences, having interviews with the researcher and keeping journals between classes and writing conferences. Concluded from the quantitative and qualitative data collected, the results revealed that the two low-proficiency students were able to get high grades in the holistic writing performance and coherence of writing. They were meanwhile found to be able to apply the same categories of CD (reference, conjunction and reiteration) and types of TP (simple linear TP type and TP with a constant theme) as the ones used by the high-proficiency learners in previous studies. During the five-month study, the participants also cultivated the ability to focus more on content level and to revise properly in their writing with the help of CD and TP. Besides, since the participants held positive attitudes toward the learning of CD and TP, the researcher recommends that the combination of CD and TP should be integrated into the writing instruction in current normal English writing class in Taiwan to help students comprehend the abstract coherence and to improve their writing by analyzing CD and TP in the written texts.

本研究以網路小說為研究題材，探討網路小說的寫作經驗，以及存在於網路小說當中的作者—讀者關係。過往研究多將焦點置於寫作動機、參與寫作行為的理由，或是從社群觀點出發，而本研究則從寫作經驗切入，試圖瞭解網路小說的寫作者如何看待他們的作品、以及與他們在網路上交換訊息的讀者。 / 不同於以往的出版機制，網路這個開放人人使用的媒介使得以往無法發表的作品、以及無法出頭的寫作者得以大量曝光，相對的，也讓人充分理解到網路是一個允許人們自由發表創作的場所。相對的，在關於寫作的探討上，也就有新的理論產生。本研究將關注的焦點放在作者身上，因而理論探討也以作者、文本的意義為中心向外擴張，沿用與文學相關的理論、後結構主義觀點以及與網路書寫虛擬社群等相關理論，探討網路小說與傳統小說在寫作與閱讀方面的不同之處、作者在網路小說的寫作和發表過程採用何種經營態度或是策略、作品發表之後來自讀者的回饋對於作者本身和作品的內容造成之影響、以及社群、審稿機制等外在情境對於作者們的影響，發展出包含四大要素（作者權與詮釋權、網路小說與傳統小說之異同、回饋機制、社群與權力架構）的研究架構與研究問題，而成為本研究的理論基礎、以及實際進行研究時的操作原則。 / 本研究採行深度訪談法，訪問的對象為在網路上連載網路小說、與讀者有所接觸的作者，成功訪問到的樣本為十二人。從訪談當中，可以歸納出文本特性、作者風範、社群與權力觀點、現實社會的影響力、以及作者本身的變化等五點。 / 本研究發現，網路小說具備有後現代主義當中的拼貼特質，不管是在文類或是呈現的方式上都與傳統實體書出版的小說有相當的差異；而寫出網路小說的作者亦然，他們在網路上會承受到來自讀者、來自社群以及外在環境例如出版機制與來自市場的影響力，這些外在的力量會對存在於作者身上的主體性加以挑戰，而作者在回應挑戰的同時、除了衛護自己對於作品的主導權之外，自身的想法亦有所改變，呈現所謂「延異」的現象。

本研究的主要目的在探討研究者所發展的「同儕回饋」作文教學模式對於高中生作文表現之影響。「同儕回饋模式」主要根據寫作認知歷程模式與社會互動模式，並結合同儕互評之相關研究為核心所建構而成。 本研究以新竹縣某國立高中二年級三個班級為研究對象，採準實驗研究設計中的不等組前後測設計，教學實驗共實施十一週。第一類組與第二類組的班級採取「同儕回饋」作文教學，第三類組的班級為「範文寫作」教學；其中「同儕回饋」作文教學包含「接受回饋」與「給予回饋」兩種實驗處理。 資料蒐集後進行統計分析，並以學生作品作為分析之參照，分別簡述如下： 1.以前測為共變項，將前測差異影響予以排除後，進行共變數分析，以了解自變項對依變項後測的影響。 2.根據受試者在教學實驗後所知覺到的作文表現情況進行回饋問卷調查，並對不同組別在各問題進行平均數差異檢定。 本研究之結果如下： 1.接受回饋與給予回饋組之整體作文表現的提升顯著優於範文寫作組，且給予回饋組在自我知覺「作文表現能力的提升」亦高於範文寫作組。 2.同儕回饋中接受回饋組與給予回饋組在整體作文表現的提升無顯著之差異。 3.以班級而言，第一類組同儕回饋在作文表現的提升是最為顯著。 4.以作文表現「組織結構」而言，第二類組學生對於「給予回饋」的提升效果是優於「接受回饋」實驗處理。 研究結果顯示，在高中階段的作文教學中應用「同儕回饋」模式對於學生作文表現有正面之影響，良好的同儕互動與有品質的同儕回饋意見將促使學生投入學習活動之中，進而提升在作文上的表現。 關鍵字：同儕回饋、範文寫作、作文表現 / The main purpose of this study was to explore the effects of the “peer feedback writing instruction model” developed by the researcher on the writing performance of senior high school students. This peer feedback model was constructed based on the cognitive processing writing model and the the social interaction model, and some peer evaluation theories. The teaching experiment lasted for eleven weeks, in which the quasi-experimental nonequivalent pretest-posttest theories were applied. Participants were juniors in three different classes of a national senior high school in Hsin-Chu County. Students in Class One and Class Two participated as the peer-feedback group, which was further divided into two subgroups: the feedback-receiving group and the feedback-giving group. Students in Class Three participated as the control group, which was also the model-essay group. Listed below were analyses of the experimental data with reference to students' writings: 1.In the experiment, the pretest was set as covariance. To investigate the influence of independent variable on the dependent variable(posttest) , one-way ANCOVA statistics was conducted after exclusion of pretest-difference. 2.After the teaching experiment, a feedback-questionnaire survey on how the participatns perceived their writing performance is carried out. One-way ANOVA is applied for every question among different groups. The results of the study were as follows: 1.Overall writing performance of students in the feedback-receiving and feeback-giving groups was significantly better than the model-essay group. For self-perception of the improvement in writing ability, the feedback-giving group also scored higher than the model-essay group. 2.In terms of improvement in overall writing performance, no significant difference was found between the feedback-receiving and feedback-giving groups. 3.Classwise, Class One benefited most from peer-feedback and hence made the most improvement in writing performance. 4.As far as structure organization in writing is concerned, Class Two students in the feedback-giving group performed better than students in the feedback-receiving group. The study results showed that the peer feedback model has a positive effect on the writing performance of senior high school students. Peer interaction and peer feedback of good quality stimulate students into learning, and hence improve their writing performance. keywords:peer feedback、writing with model essay、 writing performances