從過去承銷市場的經驗來看，初次公開發行的股票總是擁有顯著的初期報酬率，因此吸引許多投資人參與這塊市場。隨著承銷商的定價方針和市場新制度的引進，更增加了初次公開發行市場的效率性與自由度。台灣市場的競價拍賣經驗完整，本文根據Beatty and Ritter (1986)的假說，探討初次公開發行的折價程度與公司事前的不確定性之相關性，以及承銷商的定價經驗對於競價拍賣市占率之影響。結果發現，雖然競價拍賣具有價格發現之功能，市場整體的帄均值仍呈現顯著的初期報酬率。事前的不確定性因子則與推論相違背，並沒有和折價程度具有一致的單調關係。此外，銷商折價程度與其市占率之結果也不符合假說，但在加入分組的控制因子之後，較能呈現市場會因承銷商定價錯誤而給予懲罰。 / There have been significant initial returns in IPO market based on past experience and information that elicit lots of investors to participate. With the changes in pricing policy of underwriters and derivation of new underwriting systems, the efficiency and the degree of freedom in IPO market have been enhanced more than before. According to the propositions of Beatty and Ritter (1986), we found weak evidence to approve the monotone relationship between initial return and the proxies of ex ante uncertainty. Moreover, the changes in market shares has a positive relationship with the degree of underpricing that violates the proposition. After adding the control proxies of grouping into the model, we were able to get the result of punishment effect from the underwriting market.

本研究以民國93年至97年間在台灣以詢價圈購為承銷方式之新上市或上櫃之發行公司為樣本，並扣除由上櫃轉上市公司的部份，共計194間公司，此外本研究並考慮主辦承銷商及協辦承銷商之角色，進而探討以詢價圈購為承銷方式之初次公開發行股票是否存在折價現象，以及以詢價圈購案件為調查，探討承銷商聲譽與其市占率之間的關係。 根據本研究實證發現，以詢價圈購為承銷方式之初次公開發行公司的確存在折價發行之現象，並且以初期報酬率為例，平均折價幅度高達44.9%，而若以市場調整後報酬率為例，平均折價幅度也有58%；此外，本研究以承銷商訂價偏離程度訂定「標準平均殘差」進行承銷商之排序，將承銷商分為訂價正確(on the line)承銷商，與訂價偏誤(off the line)承銷商。藉由此研究方式，也發現承銷商的訂價偏離程度的確會影響其聲譽及市占率變化，在訂價正確承銷商組別中，在前後兩段時期市占率比較之下上升了2.75%，反之，訂價偏誤承銷商卻下降了5.68%，此實證發現承銷商的訂價能力越差，會使得未來的市占率有明顯下降之趨勢。 / Our sample contains 194 Taiwan Stock Exchange new listed companies from January 2004 to December 2008, excluding those converted their shares from GreTai Securities Market. Meanwhile, our research also considers the initial public offering that underwriters managed or co-managed. The main objective of our research is to test if IPO underwriting phenomenon exists in book building market and discover the relationship between underwriters’ reputation and their subsequent change in market share. According to our finding suggest, IPO underwrote by book building did exist upderpricing equilibrium. Take initial return as example, the average underpricing is at 44.9% level, furthermore, if we use adjusted- market return as our proxy, we still can find initial public offering was trading at a price 58% higher than its offering price, on average. The other main subject for our research is that we ranked underwriters in terms of their absolute standardized average residuals (SAR), standing for their capability to price correctly. The “off –the- line” category is referred to largest SAR and bad pricing capability and the “on- the- line” underwriters is with better pricing ability. Our research found that underwriters pricing on the line did get better reputation and their market share increased 2.75% from the previous period. Thus, in this paper we have provided the empirical evidence to prove underwriters have to take every IPO seriously in order to maintain their market share and reputation.

本研究探討以公開申購方式辦理初次上市(櫃)股票之折價幅度與承銷商市占率變化間之關係。實證結果指出IPO折價發行情形顯著存在於民國88年至95年的公開申購市場；公開說明書所載之資金用途數，為承銷案件事前不確定性之代理因子，與折價幅度呈現顯著的正向關係。至於訂價偏離程度過大的承銷商，本研究並無足夠證據支持其日後市占率下滑的推論。

本研究是利用代理人基模型 (Agent-Based model) 結合遺傳規劃法(genetic programming) 在模組化經濟體系下價格動態對市占率之影響。現今企業多數以市占率作為公司在市場上表現的主要指標，如果擁有高市占率的廠商，可以確定在這產業中生存。以往的文獻顯示模組化經濟下高價格廠商在市場上的表現會優於低價格廠商，取決重要因素為品質，因為高價產品通常品質也較高，容易取得消費者喜愛。本研究想探討是否在這個體系下，消費者所考量的都是以品質高低來決定是否購買產品，是否會有過去以往的價格競爭情形，以及在價格動態體系，市場所呈現的風貌如何。本研究設計39組的加成率參數組，並依據兩間廠商的決策上製作成價格動態矩陣圖表。試圖以這些已知參數組與線性內插法所預測之市占率的參數組進行分析。此研究模擬中發現，在模組化經濟下，價格競爭並不一定會讓市占率趨向於某一點均衡，也可能會趨向於一條路徑上。而且不一定是高價位的廠商會有很大機會獲得市場，也沒有所謂的贏家擁有超高市占率的情況產生。 / This study is the use of agent-based model combined with genetic programming to explore the impact of the price dynamics for the market share in the modular economy. Nowadays, the majority of enterprises use market share as the key performance indicators in the market, if the enterprise has a high market share, it can be determined to survive in this industry. The previous literature shows that manufacturers of high prices on the market under the modular economy will be better than the low-price manufacturers, depending on the important factors for quality. Expensive products are usually higher quality, easily favorite by consumers. My study is to investigate whether consumers consider in this system are based on the level of quality to decide to buy the product or not, and whether there will be price competitive situation, as well as the outlook presented by the market price dynamics system. In this paper, we design 39 markup rate’s parameter set and making price dynamic matrix diagram in accordance with the decisions of two manufacturers. Trying to analyze these known parameter set and the parameter set of the market share predicted by the linear interpolation. The simulation of the study found that in the modular economy price competition does not necessarily make the market share tends to a equilibrium point, or it may also tend to be a equilibrium path. But not necessarily high-priced manufacturers get to the market, there is no so-called winners with higher market share.

台北市政府長期推廣公共運輸發展，自民國98年至104年期間增加延長四條捷運路線，但其公共運輸市占率僅從34.1％微幅提升至37.4％，仍無法突破四成，顯示捷運里程數增加對搭乘使用率之提升助益有限，且與台北市交通局所期待市占率目標值有顯著落差。因此，本研究欲經由目前台北市民眾使用公共運具之情形，探討公共運輸市占率無法提升之背後原因，釐清影響旅運者搭乘公共運輸工具之環境因素，以利提升公共運輸市占率之目標。 首先，透過文獻回顧瞭解都市公共運輸旅運環境之組成，而良好旅運環境建構目的係協助旅運者順利完成都市生活所需活動，其中，硬體層面包含：人行步道系統、自行車道系統、道路系統與公共運輸系統所構成之硬體旅運環境，而軟體範疇含：即時訊息平台、遠端交通資訊控制中心及路況通報中心，旨在利用科技技術進行旅運品質管理，促使優化旅運環境。此外，為瞭解台北市旅運者搭乘公共運輸之特性，彙整影響公共運輸旅運環境因素為：「搭乘安全性之考量」、「無障礙性之設計」、「乘車環境之舒適度」、「運輸系統間之機動性」、「交通訊息通報之即時性」、「準確性之要求」以及「到達目的地之可及性」，這七大公共運輸旅運環境因素影響旅運者對於公共運具之選擇，並以這七大公共運輸旅運環境因素作為公共運輸環境各層面因素量表之設計基礎，進行問卷設計與實證分析。 本研究設定之研究對象為居住於台北市且曾經使用公共運具之民眾，問卷發放期間為民國106年3月1日至3月15日，最後共回收436份樣本，隨即透過結構方程式之雙因素模式進行實證分析，結果得知：當旅運者以捷運為交通運具之旅運決策時，會以七大公共運輸旅運環境因素進行整體性之考量，亦特別重視「可及性」特殊因素之考量。又，當旅運者以公車為交通運具之旅運決策時，針對整體旅運環境進行思考，「機動性」及「可及性」之特殊因素亦為決策重點。透過實證分析可瞭解旅運者搭乘公共運輸之行為意向及實際旅運需求，用以擬定公共運輸環境改善與整合策略，其策略包含：1.公共運輸環境改善策略：研擬道路空間管理、舒適的人行空間、安全候車空間及場站通用設計等面向之規劃策略，以期能藉由實質規劃策略提升公共運輸硬體層面之環境組成；2.公共運輸資源整合策略：研擬公共運輸系統之串聯、即時訊息管理等路網及軟體面向之規劃策略，藉此強化公共運輸軟體層面之應用，並提升公共運輸之旅運效率；3.相關配套措施研擬，旨在促使前述公共運輸環境改善與資源整合之規劃策略得以具體落實，形塑優善之公共運輸旅運環境，進而提升公共運輸市占率。

2004年4月，歐盟執委會頒佈了新的「技術授權協議集體除外規則」及其「指導原則」，以取代1996年開始實施的舊規則。這個規則係在規範技術授權行為於歐體條約第81條下之合法性。其改革所代表的意義，主要則體現於兩個層面。其一，本次改革顯示了歐盟官方對於智慧財產權與競爭政策之關係的態度。其二，則是涉及到歐體競爭法之集體除外制度，乃至於競爭法本身如何更驅現代化的發展軌跡。以前者而言，歐體競爭法在執法思考上傾向於更加尊重智慧財產權之行使；就後者而言，則不論是在競爭規範或執法上，均更強調經濟導向的思維模式。尤其在集體除外規則中設計了以市占率為門檻之安全區制度，將使主管機關更能專注於真正重大限制競爭之案件，並使事業有更大的彈性空間因應日益複雜化的授權實務。 在現今全球化的商業實務，授權活動不可避免地將更具跨國性。因此本文的目的，即在於剖析歐盟新的集體除外制度，希冀提供各界參酌。除此以外，並藉由對歐盟新制的探討，回頭檢視我國公平法對於授權活動之規範。尤其，係對照分析公平會技術授權處理原則之規範說明。希望藉由探討歐盟新架構下的規範思考，亦能夠帶給我國規範或執法上一些新的啟發。 / On 7 April, 2004, the European Commission adopted a new Block Exemption Regulation with respect to technology transfer agreements (TTBER) along with some detailed Guidelines. The new Regulation, which replaces the Reg. 240/96, addresses the evaluation on licensing activities under Article 81 of the EC Treaty. This reform shows the official attitude toward the interaction between Intellectual Property Rights and the Competition Law. Moreover, it demonstrates the path of the modernization of Block Exemption Regulations, and also the EC Competition Law itself. This article will illustrate the framework of the new TTBER with comparison to the old one and the U.S. approach. Furthermore, it will survey our position on licensing practices, especially focusing on our “Fair Trade Commission Guidelines on Technology Licensing Arrangements”. Based on the research, a proposed revolution for Taiwan FTC’s measures concerning the licensing activities will be provided at the end of this article.