當今行動裝置愈來愈普及，人們在接收和處理資訊、消費、娛樂以及種種生活便利服務的需求不減反增，衍生出的行動加值性服務也愈來愈多元，造就了行動商務的蓬勃發展。由於台灣行動電話持有率與全民上網普及率均在全球市場上名列前矛，然而消費者對行動商務的接受度普遍仍不高，因此本研究目的在找出影響台灣地區使用者採用行動商務的因素，並探索這些因素之間如何相互影響，最後如何影響使用者的採用意願。 本研究將以Sally& Indrit所提出的概念性整合性行動商務採用模型為基礎，加以修正後利用結構方程式進行假說驗證，並以不同類型的行動商務服務如功利型與享樂型作為調節變數，探討使用者在使用不同類型的服務時，影響其採用該服務的因素會對其採用態度有何種程度的影響，試圖解釋台灣地區使用者的採用行動商務之行為。 本研究結果發現： (1)使用者愈認為該行動商務的服務是有用的、有娛樂性的、使用過程是安全的和能維護隱私的，以及價格愈合理，使用者採用該行動商務服務的態度即愈正向。 (2)價格因素除了直接影響採用態度之外，還會對採用意願有直接影響。 (3)當使用者覺得該服務容易使用時，同時也較會認為該服務是有用的。 (4)當使用者認為該行動商務之服務為有用時，同時則認為該服務的娛樂性是較低的。 (5)使用者先前的使用知識與經驗及其所能掌控該服務的能力愈高，會增加其認知易用性，進而透過認知有用性的提升，其採用態度愈正向。 (6)使用者認為該服務有用與否及是否具有娛樂性，易受同儕或廠商的行銷活動影響，進而影響其採用態度，外部影響力與廠商的行銷活動對採用態度有間接的影響。 (7)使用者在使用功利型服務時，相較於使用享樂型的服務時，其對服務的認知有用性這項因素對其採用該服務的態度會有較大的影響。 (8)使用者所認知的易用性這項因素在使用者採用享樂型服務時更顯重要。 / With the higher availability of mobile devices, people’s needs in receiving information, consuming, pursuing entertainment, and other convenient services in life have augmented, resulting in the increase the variety of mobile services and attributing to the prosperity of mobile commerce. Both the possession rate of mobile phones and the penetration rate of the access to the Internet in Taiwan occupied the leading positions in global market, yet the consumers’ acceptance for mobile commerce is comparatively low. Thus, the purpose of the research is to discover possible factors that influence users’ adoption of mobile commerce in Taiwan, and to explore how these factors affect one another and further make impact on the users’ intention to use. This research, based on the conceptual framework for the acceptance of mobile commerce proposed by Sally & Indrit (2007), underwent the revision of the model and validated the hypotheses, including using different kinds of mobile services such as utilitarian and hedonic types as moderators to explore how these factors can influence the users’ attitude toward use differently when adopting different types of mobile services. The research intends to explicate the users’ adoption behavior of mobile commerce in Taiwan. The research induces the following findings: (1)The higher degree the users perceive that the mobile services are useful, joyful, secure, and that the price of the services is reasonable, the more positive the users’ attitude toward adoption for mobile services is. (2)The factor of price not merely influences the users’ attitude toward use, but also influences their intention to use. (3)When the users find the mobile services easy to use, they tend to feel that the services are useful. (4)When the users find the mobile services very useful, they tend to perceive less enjoyment of the services. (5)When the users possess more prior knowledge, experience, and behavior control for the mobile services, they tend to perceive higher degree of ease of use, which results in higher perceived usefulness, and their attitude toward use for mobile services will be more positive. (6)Peer influence and promotion from the enterprises can easily affect the users’ perception of usefulness and enjoyment for mobile services, which further influences their attitude toward use. External influence and promotion from the enterprises will make indirect impact on users’ attitude toward use. (7)The users’ perceived enjoyment makes greater influence to their attitude toward use when using utilitarian services than hedonic services. (8)The users’ perceived ease of use makes greater influence to their attitude toward use when using hedonic services than utilitarian services.

隨著網路時代的來臨，人際互動與溝通模式產生新的轉變，世界各地的網友可以藉由網路平台，表達自己的想法並且結交志同道合的朋友。喜歡特定品牌的網友們也會自行集結成立品牌社群，社群中的成員會以各種型式的創作與眾人分享其對於該品牌之愛好。有鑑於台灣寬頻網路普及率在世界名列前茅，品牌社群如雨後春筍般相繼成立，網友們也紛紛透過發表與瀏覽使用者創作與品牌社群成員互動，因此本研究目的在於找出影響網友加入品牌社群動機，及影響社群成員創作與消費使用者創作的因素，最後探討參與使用者創作對於品牌認同和社群認同的影響。 本研究以結構方程式來驗證Clary, Snyder, Ridge, Copeland, Stukas, Haugen, and Miene (1998) 功能性動機架構應用於品牌社群使用者創作之動機與態度，Eccles and Wigfield (1995) 的期望─價值理論對於使用者創作認知價值與態度間關係，以及Bagozzi and Dholakia (2005) 的品牌社群成員對於使用者創作態度及其使用者創作參與意圖的關聯，參與意圖對品牌與社群產生認同感之差異。 本研究有以下重要發現： 1. 社群導向加入動機會正面影響社群成員創作與消費使用者創作之態度，品牌導向加入動機則無顯著影響。 2. 品牌社群成員認為在社群中發表或瀏覽使用者創作越有價值，會更願意參與使用者創作的活動。 3. 對於創作使用者創作具有正面態度的社群成員，其參與使用者創作的意願越強，消費使用者創作態度較無顯著影響。 4. 社群成員參與使用者創作意願會強化品牌認同與社群認同，亦即越有意願參與使用者創作的成員對於品牌與社群之認同感越高。 / With the coming of the Internet age, people begin to change the way they communicate. People around the world can share their opinions on the Internet platform. Brand fanatics gather together and establish brand communities, and create different kinds of user-generated content to express their affections on the particular brand. In Taiwan, the assessiblity rate of Internet is occupied the leading position in the world. Moreover, brand community members interact with other members via publishing and consuming user-generated content. Thus, the purpose of the research is to find out the factors that influence brand community participation motivation, creating and consuming user-generated content, and the relation between user-generated content participation intention and brand identification and community identification. The Research is based on the conceptual framework of Functional Motivation proposed by Clary, Snyder, Ridge, Copeland, Stukas, Haugen, and Miene (1998) to investigate the relation between motivation and attitude toward user-generated content. With the Expectation – Value Theory proposed by Eccles and Wigfield (1995) to find out the influence of perceived value on attitude. Finally, the research will follow Bagozzi and Dholakia (2005) conceptual framework to discuss difference between the brand identification and community identification from the user-generated content participation intention. The research induces the following findings: 1. Community Oriented Participation Motivations will positively influence the brand community members’ user-generated contetent creation and consumpation attitude. Brand Oriented Participation Motivation will have no influence on the user-generated contetent creation and consumpation attitude. 2. The brand community members will base on the perceived value of creating and consuming user-generated content to engage user-generated content activity. 3. The attitude toward creating user-generated content will positively influence on the user-generated content participation intention. There is no significant influence from the attitude toward consuming user-generated content. 4. The user-generated content participation intention will reinforce the brand identification and community identification.

我國集合住宅市場常見一個案有數種面積產品混合之現象，在過去研究指出不同面積之產品進行投資組合已成為建商降低風險與穩定報酬的手段，僅在供給面被討論，卻忽略了住宅市場應以『使用』為目的，換言之，產品面積混合(Housing mix)隱含購屋者其生活水平及背景之異質性(Social mix)，將可能造成社區管理維護上之不易，本文試圖延伸過去此現象在需求面及管理維護上探討的不足。在實證方面，採問卷調查台北市建管處公寓大廈管理科所提供之已報備成立管理組織的主任委員2,877份，回收率為11.30%，剔除沒有舉辦活動之社區並符合設定樣本大小與母體可容忍誤差α=10%之要求下，共307筆有效問卷。輔以公寓大廈科報備資料掌握至所有面積及其對應之戶數，建立『面積混合度』之衡量，結合當前國內外住宅混合與住宅隔離議題，透過路徑分析方式衡量面積混合對社區管理維護績效之影響為直接影響或間接影響？釐清混合對管理維護影響過程之因果關係。 研究結果顯示，建商供給者之面積混合策略對於住戶需求者之管理維護績效將是間接負面影響而非傳統迴歸所觀察得到的直接影響，驗證了國外負面外溢效果在國內亦是如此。而主要影響路徑為面積混合愈高則提高了社區衝突，進而對管理維護產生負面影響。其次，過去認為除面積混合之外，新舊社區與大小規模亦會影響管理維護，故進行兩群分析究竟何者影響管理維護較大？實證發現混合社區在經過搬遷磨合期將減緩混合因異質性所造成的不和睦，但混合之負面影響仍大於新舊社區之影響。 / The phenomenon of one construction case with housing mix usually appears in the condominium market. Some studies indicated that the portfolio of housing mix has become a means of reducing risk and having a stable reward for construction companies. However, the discussion was only on supply, and ignored that “use” should be the main purpose in the condominium market. In other words, housing mix implied the social mix of homebuyers’ living standard and background, and it might make the community management and maintenance not easy. The study tries to extend the deficiency in the treatment of the phenomenon on supply or on community management and maintenance. In proof, a questionnaire survey was adopted in the study. There were 2877 pieces of questionnaires released to the chairmen of registered management organizations according to the data from the Apartment and Building Management Division in the Building Administration Office of Taipei City Government. The recovery rate was 11.3%. The communities without holding activities were culled out, and in order to satisfy the requirement of the set sample dimension and the error tolerance of matrix belowα=10%, total valid questionnaires were 307 pieces. The measurement of “housing mix” can be built up by the supplementary information from the Apartment and Building Management Division, which includes all square measure and corresponding houses. Combing the subjects of residential mix and residential separation at home and abroad, housing mix could be measured by path analysis to see whether it has a direct or indirect affect on community management and maintenance to further figure out the casual relationship during the affection process of the housing mix and the community management and maintenance. The study results show that the policy of housing mix from the suppliers, construction companies, has an indirect negative affection on the performance of community management and maintenance for residents, the demanders, instead of having a direct affection observed by traditional regression analysis. The result proves the negative spillover effect no matter at home or abroad. The path of impact is that the higher the housing mix is, the higher the community conflict will be, and the situation will generate negative affection on community management and maintenance. Furthermore, except the housing mix, new and old communities or the sizes of communities were thought to affect community management and operation, and they were usually divided into two groups to analyze which one has greater affection on management and maintenance ? It is found by evidences that the communities with housing mix show less disharmony caused by social mix after the run-in period of movement. However, the negative affection of housing mix is still higher than the one of new and old communities.

本研究旨在探討大學生的生活壓力、心理資本及憂鬱之關係。受試者為國立政治大學與國立交通大學的大學生，有效樣本為631人。本研究採問卷調查法施以生活壓力量表、心理資本量表及臺灣憂鬱症量表，使用的資料分析方法包括：t考驗、單因子變異數分析、因素分析、及結構方程式模型。本研究主要發現如下： 一、在背景變項方面： （一）不同性別大學生在「生活壓力」與「憂鬱」上有顯著差異。 （二）不同年齡大學生在「生活壓力」上有顯著差異。 （三）不同年級在各背景變項上皆無顯著差異。 （四）不同學院在各背景變項上皆無顯著差異。 二、在結構模式方面： （一）生活壓力對心理資本有直接負向效果。 （二）生活壓力對憂鬱有直接正向效果。 （三）心理資本對憂鬱有直接負向效果。 （四）生活壓力能直接影響憂鬱，也能透過心理資本間接影響憂鬱。 / The main purpose of this study was to explore the relationships among life stress, psychological capital, and depression of College students. The participants included 631 college students sampled from National Chengchi University and National Chiao Tung University. The data was collected by questionnaires, including the Stress Scale, the Psychological Capital Scale, and the Taiwan Depression Scale. Moreover, the data were analyzed by t-test, one-way ANOVA, factor analysis, and SEM. The main results were summarized as follows: About the background variables: 1.Students with different gender were significantly different in the scores of life stress and depression. 2.Students with different grade were significantly different in the scores of depression. 3.Students with different age were not significantly different in the scores of background variables. 4.Students with different faculty were not significantly different in the scores of background variables. About the structural model: 1.Life stress had negative influence on psychological capital directly. 2.Life stress had positive influence on depression directly. 3.Psychological capital had negative influence on depression directly. 4.Life stress had influence on depression directly, and it also affected depression through psychological capital.

近年來，銀行業面臨過度競爭的困境，銀行家數過多使得業者紛紛採用價格競爭的方式來搶攻市場。加上普遍缺乏金融創新的能力，服務與產品趨向同質化，更使該產業處於競爭激烈的環境。政府為了提升公營銀行的經營績效，遂以民營化作為提升競爭力的方法，民營化後是否能夠有效提升績效，來解決效率不彰的問題，是個值得深入探究的議題。 本研究即探討公營銀行民營化前後經營績效的差異。從銀行經營的五大原則，安全性、經營能力、流動性、獲利性和成長性等五個財務因素切入，運用結構方程式模式探討因素間的關係，再進一步研究15項財務指標在民營化前後之差異。研究發現，安全性與成長性會顯著地正向影響獲利性，而經營能力也會顯著地正向影響成長性。表示銀行的管理者想要維持獲利能力，必須同時兼顧業務成長與風險的控管。 此外，在民營化之後顯著改善的財務指標有三個，分別為股東權益比率、流動比率與速動比率。顯著衰退的則有八個，分別為固定資產轉率、淨值週轉率、總資產週轉率、資產報酬率、淨值報酬率、純益率、淨值成長率與營收成長率等。因此，公營銀行在民營化之後，顯著改善了安全性與流動性指標，雖然加強了風險控管，但是在經營能力、獲利性與成長性指標中卻呈現顯著衰退現象。顯示民營化對於公營銀行競爭力的提升，在研究期間內成效並不如預期。 關鍵字：公營銀行、民營化、經營績效、銀行經營原則、結構方程式模式 / In recent years, there are many difficulties in the Taiwanese banking industry, especially the over-banking problem. Every bank uses the price competition to broaden its market share because they have no innovative ability to create new products and services. In order to solve this problem, Taiwanese government regarded privatization as the best way to improve state-owned banks’ operating performance. This issue has also become a very popular subject of studies. This study investigated the difference of operating performance between pre-privatization and post-privatization. It discussed and examined the relationship among Safety, Activity, Liquidity, Profitability and Growth. Based on the results, Profitability is directly affected by Safety and Growth. In addition, Growth is also directly affected by Activity. So, if managers of a bank want to make profit continuously, they have to care about not only sales growth but also risk management. After privatization, there are three increasing indicators, including equity ratio, current ratio and quick ratio. However, there are still eight decreasing ones, inclusive of fixed asset turnover ratio, equity turnover ratio, total asset turnover ratio, return on asset (ROA), return on equity (ROE), profit margin on sales, equity growth rate and sales growth rate. As a result, privatization is probably not the best solution to improve the operating performance of state-owned banks. Key words: state-owned banks, privatization, operating performance

2008年全球金融海嘯之後，製造業隨著產品的生產變成大批量定制方式，產品的利潤空間越來越受到擠壓，而服務價值所佔的比重需求越來越大，因此服務的增值變成傳統製造業所追求的重點，而逐漸形成製造與服務相融合的新產業形態－服務型製造。服務型製造商向客戶提供的不僅僅是產品，還包括產品的服務，或整體解決方案，也包括圍繞產品生產的各類服務。 透過本研究所設計中國大陸製造業服務化問卷調查，收集到 205 家企業總經理或總經理指定的發言人的意見。以產業組織理論中著名的「結構－行為－績效模型（Structure－Conduct－Performance Paradigm, SCP）」理論，做為製造業服務化的模型，並以結構方程模型(SEM)作為實證工具，檢驗五個假說： H1：製造業環境因素影響製造業服務化需求程度 H2：市場結構集中度愈大，製造業服務化需求程度愈小 H3：企業愈重視製造業服務化，其品牌形象則愈高 H4：製造業服務化程度愈高，則銷售業績會提高 H5：企業品牌形象愈高，則銷售業績會提高 實證結果顯示H1及H4不成立，而H2、H3及H5成立。由假說二成立顯示市場結構和製造業服務化之間存在負向關係，意即市場集中度愈小的廠商愈有傾向採行製造業服務化，而影響是否採行製造業服務化的因素。假說三及假說五的成立說明製造業服務化對銷售業績並未有直接關連，而是透過影響品牌形象後而增加銷售業績，因此存在著間接關係。 而造成製造業服務化與經營績效的因果關係之關鍵因素，本研究實證指出產品複雜度為市場結構構面中影響最大的因素；製造業服務化構面則以品牌行銷影響力最大，至於品牌形象構面因素中以公司形象最具影響力；而業績銷售構面則以營業淨利及營業額成長同樣重要。

台北市政府長期推廣公共運輸發展，自民國98年至104年期間增加延長四條捷運路線，但其公共運輸市占率僅從34.1％微幅提升至37.4％，仍無法突破四成，顯示捷運里程數增加對搭乘使用率之提升助益有限，且與台北市交通局所期待市占率目標值有顯著落差。因此，本研究欲經由目前台北市民眾使用公共運具之情形，探討公共運輸市占率無法提升之背後原因，釐清影響旅運者搭乘公共運輸工具之環境因素，以利提升公共運輸市占率之目標。 首先，透過文獻回顧瞭解都市公共運輸旅運環境之組成，而良好旅運環境建構目的係協助旅運者順利完成都市生活所需活動，其中，硬體層面包含：人行步道系統、自行車道系統、道路系統與公共運輸系統所構成之硬體旅運環境，而軟體範疇含：即時訊息平台、遠端交通資訊控制中心及路況通報中心，旨在利用科技技術進行旅運品質管理，促使優化旅運環境。此外，為瞭解台北市旅運者搭乘公共運輸之特性，彙整影響公共運輸旅運環境因素為：「搭乘安全性之考量」、「無障礙性之設計」、「乘車環境之舒適度」、「運輸系統間之機動性」、「交通訊息通報之即時性」、「準確性之要求」以及「到達目的地之可及性」，這七大公共運輸旅運環境因素影響旅運者對於公共運具之選擇，並以這七大公共運輸旅運環境因素作為公共運輸環境各層面因素量表之設計基礎，進行問卷設計與實證分析。 本研究設定之研究對象為居住於台北市且曾經使用公共運具之民眾，問卷發放期間為民國106年3月1日至3月15日，最後共回收436份樣本，隨即透過結構方程式之雙因素模式進行實證分析，結果得知：當旅運者以捷運為交通運具之旅運決策時，會以七大公共運輸旅運環境因素進行整體性之考量，亦特別重視「可及性」特殊因素之考量。又，當旅運者以公車為交通運具之旅運決策時，針對整體旅運環境進行思考，「機動性」及「可及性」之特殊因素亦為決策重點。透過實證分析可瞭解旅運者搭乘公共運輸之行為意向及實際旅運需求，用以擬定公共運輸環境改善與整合策略，其策略包含：1.公共運輸環境改善策略：研擬道路空間管理、舒適的人行空間、安全候車空間及場站通用設計等面向之規劃策略，以期能藉由實質規劃策略提升公共運輸硬體層面之環境組成；2.公共運輸資源整合策略：研擬公共運輸系統之串聯、即時訊息管理等路網及軟體面向之規劃策略，藉此強化公共運輸軟體層面之應用，並提升公共運輸之旅運效率；3.相關配套措施研擬，旨在促使前述公共運輸環境改善與資源整合之規劃策略得以具體落實，形塑優善之公共運輸旅運環境，進而提升公共運輸市占率。

本研究的主要目的是藉由實徵的PISA資料庫資料將多層次結構方程式模型的方法學介紹到台灣的教育領域。多層次結構方程式模型適合應用在大型且具階層或巢狀結構的資料，可以解決因群集性抽樣設計所導致的樣本點相依的問題。 本研究中包含三個小研究。在研究一中，實徵的資料經由多層次結構方程式模型步驟化的分析，並與傳統的結構方程式模型的分析結果相互比較。一共有五個構念及其測量指標從PISA 2003資料庫中被選取來建構多層次結構方程式模型。樣本包含948個學校共26,884位15歲來自加拿大的學生。研究結果顯示某些結構係數的正負向關係在組內層次與組間層次是十分不同的，這也彰顯出多層次結構方程式模型與傳統結構方程式模型比較下的價值。研究一的發現指出，在數學興趣與數學工具性動機控制的條件下，教師的支持對學生的數學成績及數學自我效能在組間層次並無效果，但教師的支持對學生的數學自我效能在組內層次具有正向顯著的效果。此外，除了在組間層次上數學興趣對數學成績有顯著的負向效果以及數學工具性動機對數學自我效能沒有顯著效果外，數學興趣與數學工具性動機對數學成績及數學自我效能具有顯著的正向效果。另外，數學成績對數學自我效能具有很大的效果，特別是在組間層次。 在研究二中，藉由評估跨越不同層級二樣本大小（即120、240、360、480、600、720、840、948個學校）時的模式適配度及參數估計值的穩定性，來決定一個最小較佳的層級二樣本數相對於層級二估計參數數目的比值。研究結果顯示，該比值大約至少8：1是較可以被接受的結果。在研究三中，藉由多群組多層次結構方程式模型進行跨國家的比較。根據研究二的較佳最小比例以及亞洲國家在PISA 2003資料庫中有限的層級二樣本數，一個將焦點集中在數學興趣對數學成績的不同層次預測關係之新多層次結構方程式模型被提出。由再次隨機取樣的加拿大145所學校作為西方國家的代表樣本，而由只有143所學校的日本樣本作為東方國家的代表。研究結果顯示，跨越加拿大與日本樣本，在任一層級中出現十分不同的預測效果。數學興趣對數學成績的預測效果在加拿大樣本中的兩層級皆是正向地顯著，但在日本樣本中卻都是負向地顯著。這意謂著未來某些重要的教育及心理學變項之間關係的跨國研究應該在被重視。 / The main purpose of this research was to introduce multilevel structural equation modeling methodology to Taiwan education field by applying empirical example from PISA 2003 database. Multilevel structural equation modeling was suitable to be applied to the large-scale and hierarchical or nested data structure. It could solve the problem of dependency among sample units resulted from clustered sampling design. There were three studies in the research. In study one, the empirical data dealt with multilevel structural equation modeling analysis was undertaken step by step and compared with conventional structural equation modeling analysis. There were five constructs and their measurement indicators from PISA 2003 database mapped to form the multilevel structural equation model. The sample was 948 schools with 26884 15-year-old students from Canada. The result showed the valences of some structural coefficients were quite different in between-level and within-level structural equation models, which characterisized the value of multilevel structural equation modeling when compared with the outcomes from conventional structural equation modeling analysis. The findings of study one indicated that teacher support had no effect on students’ mathematics grades and mathematics self-efficacy in between-level part but had a significant positive effect on mathematics self-efficacy in within-level part when both interest in mathematics and instrumental motivation to mathematics grades were considered in the model. Besides, interest in mathematics and instrumental motivation had positive effects on mathematics grades and mathematics self-efficacy except for negative effect from interest in mathematics to mathematics grades and no effect from instrumental motivation to mathematics self-efficacy in between-level part. In addition, mathematics grades had great influences on mathematics self-efficacy, especially in between-level part. In study two, a better minimum ratio of the number of level-2 units relative to the number of parameter estimates in between-level part was searched by evaluating the model-fit and stability of parameter estimates across several Canada samples with 120, 240, 360, 480, 600, 720 ,840, and 948 schools. The result showed that the ratio at least about 8:1 was appreciated. In study three, cross-national comparisons were processed by multiple group multilevel structural equation modeling. Based on the better minimum ratio from study two and limited level-2 sample sizes from Asian countries in PISA 2003, a new multilevel structural equation model was proposed focusing on the structural coefficient of mathematics grades regressed on interest in mathematics in each level. A random resampling Canada sample with 145 schools was served as the representative of the West nations and the Japan sample with only 143 schools was on behalf of the East nations. The result showed that quite different predictive effect in either level across the Canada sample and the Japan sample. The predictive effects of the interest in mathematics to mathematics grades were positively significant in the Canada sample in each level but were negatively significant in the Japan sample in each level, which implied that cross-national studies in some important relationships among educational and psychological variables should be emphasized in the future.

本研究的目的在於結合部份計分模式(partial credit model, PCM)與模糊集合論(fuzzy set theory)，提出評定量表的不同計分方式：模糊部份計分法(fuzzy partial credit scaling, FPCS)。FPCS是根據 PCM 所估計出的梯度參數(step parameters)來建構三角形模糊數，三角形模糊數代表選擇某個特定選項的受試者的能力分配情形。接著，利用中心法(center of gravity method) 將三角形模糊數解模糊化為純量。最後，利用隸屬度當作權重，計算個別受試者的模糊觀察分數，並且用模糊觀察分數當作量表的總分。 本研究採用貝克憂鬱量表(Beck Depression Inventory-II, BDI)中文版為研究工具。本研究的樣本分為憂鬱症病患與非憂鬱症的一般大學生兩大類。240位憂鬱症病患樣本是由台北市立和平醫院精神科門診募集而來；321位大學生則以便利抽樣的方式募集而來。 為了驗証FPCS的有效性，本研究進行三個子研究，來比較FPCS與傳統計分法在信度、效度、集群分析的分類正確性。 子研究一探討FPCS的信度。本研究以Cronbach alpha係數來衡量量表的內部一致性，並且以結構方程式模式(structure equation modeling)進行驗證性因素分析所估計的各試題的變異數被潛在構念解釋的比例當作信度的指標。由研究結果顯示，以量表整體而言，FPCS計分的結果得到較高的內部一致性；以各題而言，量表各試題的變異數被潛在構念解釋的百分比高於傳統的原始分數。此結果顯示FPCS的計分方式可以降低測量誤差，提升信度。 子研究二探討FPCS的效度，本研究以精神科醫師的診斷當作效標，分別以FPCS與原始分數兩種不同的計分法當作自變項，以預測效度當作效度的指標。首先，將是否罹患憂鬱症編碼為二元變數，不同計分法所得到的量表分數當作自變數，進行Logistic迴歸分析。研究結果顯示，相較於原始分數，FPCS預測罹患憂鬱症的正確率由 74.8% 提升到 77.2%。接下來，依照所有樣本的憂鬱程度，區分為一般樣本、憂鬱症且緩解、憂鬱症無緩解三類，進行區別分析。研究結果顯示，相較於原始分數，FPCS分類正確率由 71.2% 提升到 80.7%。上述的研究結果顯示，FPCS具有較高的效度，可以降低誤判憂鬱症的機率。 子研究三比較模糊集群分析(fuzzy c-means, FCM)與傳統明確邏輯的集群分析。首先利用分群效度(clustering validity)指標，決定群數為三群。並以此結果，指定模糊集群、Wald法、k-means法之群數。為了比較分類的效果，將模糊集群之樣本，指定給獲得最大隸屬度之集群。並且以醫師的診斷的憂鬱程度當作評估分類結果之標準。研究結果顯示，相較於傳統明確邏輯的集群分析(Wald法、k-means法)，模糊集群分析得到分群結果，與醫師的診斷的結果有最高的相關。結果顯示模糊集群分析更能夠忠實的反映資料結構。 整體而言，相較於原始分數，FPCS有較高的信度、效度、分類正確性。此實証性研究結果支持了模糊集合論應用於心理學研究的可行性；多值的模糊邏輯比二值明確邏輯更能夠正確反映出人類的思維。 / The aim of this study was to propose and validate the new scaling method, fuzzy partial credit scaling (FPCS), which combines fuzzy set theory with the partial credit model (PCM) to score rating scales. To achieve this goal, the Chinese version of BDI (Beck Depression Inventory-II) was administrated to a depressed sample of patients and a non-depressed sample. The depressed sample consisted of 240 outpatients who were diagnosed as depressed by a psychiatric doctor, while 321 undergraduate students were recruited for the nondepressed sample. In FPCS, triangular fuzzy numbers were generated by step parameters to characterize distributions of each alternative value. Next, the center of gravity (COG) method was applied to “de-fuzzify” the fuzzy number into a scalar. Then, the “observed fuzzy scores” defined in FPCS were calculated as the sums of fuzzy number values weighted by membership degrees for the following analysis. Three studies were performed to compare the differences in reliability, validity and clustering precision between the raw score and FPCS. In Study One, the reliability issue of FPCS was discussed. The results of confirmatory factor analysis demonstrate that the BDI reliability was higher in FCPS than in raw scoring. That is, compared with raw scoring, scoring via FPCS produced fewer measurement errors, meaning that more variances in an item of BDI were explained by depression. In Study Two, the predictive validity issue of FPCS was investigated. First, logistic regression analysis was used to predict the odds of suffering depression based on FPCS and the raw scores. The analytical results showed that, via FPCS, the probability of correct classification of depressed and non-depressed was raised from 74.8% to 77.2%. Next, discrimination analysis was performed to classify the subjects according to the severity of depression into three categories: non-depression, depression with remission and depression without remission. The analytical results exhibited that, via FPCS, the probability of correct classification of severity of depression was raised from 71.2% to 80.7%. These two statistical analyses consistently show that FPCS exhibited higher predictive validity than did the raw score. That is, BDI scoring via FPCS makes more accuracy predictions for depression than raw score. In Study Three, fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering was applied to partition the sample according to severity of depression. To examine explore whether fuzzy-based clustering methods uncover the information inherent in the latent structure more accurately than crisp clustering, FCM, Wald’s method, and k-means method were performed. The analytical results reveal that the association between the original and classified membership generated by FCM was stronger than that of the Wald and k-means methods. Hence, FCM revealed the data structure most accurately. Overall, FPCS has been consistently shown to be superior to raw scoring in terms of reliability, validity, and clustering accuracy. This study has empirically shown that fuzzy set theory is applicable to psychological research.

近年來，大型資料庫的建制與分析逐漸成為一種教育研究趨勢，本研究即以PISA 2003資料庫為例，目的是建立影響數學成就的結構方程式模型。在評閱相關文獻後，研究者採用內在動機、工具性動機、數學焦慮、自我概念與數學成就等變項，探討之間的影響關係模型。此外，為使本研究所建立的模型具有模型穩定之證據，因此，將有效樣本隨機分割為建模樣本與驗證樣本，進行最終模型的交叉驗證。 據此，本研究首先使用描述性統計以瞭解香港學生的整體表現傾向，其次，透過探索性因素分析確立研究問卷的信效度，最後，以結構方程式模型建立模型並交叉驗證。資料蒐集對象為香港十五歲之在學學生，有效樣本達4,389位。 依據統計分析結果顯示，內在動機與工具性動機對數學成就沒有直接影響效果，但是內在動機與工具性動機透過數學焦慮及自我概念對數學成就產生間接影響，本研究歸納出七點結論茲分述如下： 1.工具性動機較內在動機更為強烈 2.數學焦慮在動機與數學成就間扮演中介變項之性質 3.自我概念在動機與數學成就間扮演中介角色 4.自我概念在數學焦慮與數學成就間扮演中介角色 5.在內在動機、工具性動機與數學焦慮中，工具性動機扮演負向壓抑變項角色 6.在內在動機、工具性動機與自我概念中，工具性動機扮演負向壓抑變項角色 最後，根據研究結果提出各項建議，以供教學實務上及未來研究參考。 / Recently, establishing and analyzing databases becomes a trend in the field of education research. This study took PISA 2003 database as an example to create a psychometric model of factors that influence mathematics achievement. Based on the literature review, the researcher decided to put influential factors, including intrinsic motivation, instrumental motivation, mathematics anxiety, self-concept, and mathematics achievement into the model. Afterwards, through cross-validation the present study had verified the model stability. In the aspect of statistic analysis, the descriptive static shows HK students’ general learning tendency. Moreover, the exploratory factor analysis confirmed the reliability and validity of the questionnaires. Lastly, the structural equation modeling(SEM) was used to set structural model. The valid samples were 4,389 15-year-old students. According to the results, intrinsic motivation and instrumental motivation had no direct effect on mathematics achievement and had indirect effect through mathematics anxiety and self-concept. The results were summarized as follows: 1.Students had more instrumental motivation than intrinsic one. 2.Mathematics anxiety was a mediator variable between motivations and mathematics achievement. 3.Self-concept was a mediator variable between intrinsic motivations and mathematics achievement. 4.Self-concept was a mediator variable between mathematics anxiety and mathematics achievement. 5.Instrumental motivation was a negative suppressor variable among intrinsic motivation, instrumental motivation, and mathematics anxiety. 6.Instrumental motivation was a negative suppressor variable among intrinsic motivation, instrumental motivation, and self-concept. Finally, according to the findings, implications and suggestions for teaching of mathematics and future research were discussed.