人之性格與行為到底是由與生俱來的先天因素（nature）抑或環境行為等後天因素（nurture）決定呢？這方面的爭議是心理學家數十年來的興趣。然而，近十年中工業與組織心理學家才開始注意到，工作滿意與工作價值觀之氣質（disposition）源起與影響程度。本研究之目的，即在探討「五大人格特質」、「工作價值觀」、「工作滿意」三者間的關係。 本研究所使用的樣本乃為台灣之某一國營企業員工，有效樣本共568位。研究結果發現：五大人格特質與工作滿意是有所關係的，其中嚴謹自律性、外傾支配性、和善性分別對工作滿意具有預測力。五大人格特質對於內在滿意的影響則高於外在滿意；此外，研究者亦提出實徵數據佐證五大人格特質是可以有效地預測工作價值觀，解釋量約為45%；而且工作價值觀也會影響工作滿意且關係密切，與西方或是東方之台灣與韓國的研究相當一致。最重要的是本研究也發現工作價值觀(之工作目的性價值觀與工作手段價值觀均)為五大人格中之嚴謹自律性與內在滿意以及外向性與一般滿意之中介變項。此外，工作手段價值觀僅為五大人格中之和善性與一般滿意之中介變項。 綜合本研究結果與發現，研究者指出本研究之限制與未來研究方向，嘗試整合工作滿意之人格氣質緣起的架構並建立模式。以供工業與組織心理學家以及組織行為學者作為參考。 關鍵字：五大人格特質、工作價值觀、工作滿意、中介變項、氣質 / For decades, the debate over the issue of whether personalities and behaviors of human beings are determined by Nature or Nurture has been one of the major research interests of psychologists. However, it was not until the past ten years that industrial/organizational psychologists started to notice the dispositional sources of and their effects on job satisfaction and work values. In line with this trend, the present study aimed to investigate the relationships between the Five Factor Model of Personality (FFM, also known as the Big Five), work values, and job satisfaction. The study sampled 568 employees from one of the state-operated enterprises in Taiwan, and the Big Five was found to be related to job satisfaction, which could be predicted by Conscientiousness, Extraversion, and Agreeableness, respectively. The influence of the Big Five over intrinsic satisfaction was higher than that over extrinsic satisfaction. In addition, the researcher provided empirical data to substantiate the notion that the Big Five could predict work values effectively, accounting for 45% of the variance. The finding of a strong association between work values and job satisfaction was consistent not only with other research results obtained from eastern countries such as Taiwan and Korea, but also with those obtained in the West. Most important of all, terminal and instrumental work values were found to be the mediator between Conscientiousness and intrinsic satisfaction, as well as that between Extraversion and general satisfaction. However, only terminal work values served as the mediator between Agreeableness and general satisfaction. Summing up the results and discoveries of the present study, the limitations of it were pointed out, and directions for further investigation were suggested. Trying to construct a model by integrating the dispositional sources of job satisfaction and work values into a framework, the researcher wished to provide a footstone of future research for other industrial/organizational psychologists as well as organizational behaviorists. Keywords：Five Factor Model of Personality；FFM；Big Five；disposition；work values；job satisfaction；mediator

近年來，大型資料庫的建制與分析逐漸成為一種教育研究趨勢，本研究即以PISA 2003資料庫為例，目的是建立影響數學成就的結構方程式模型。在評閱相關文獻後，研究者採用內在動機、工具性動機、數學焦慮、自我概念與數學成就等變項，探討之間的影響關係模型。此外，為使本研究所建立的模型具有模型穩定之證據，因此，將有效樣本隨機分割為建模樣本與驗證樣本，進行最終模型的交叉驗證。 據此，本研究首先使用描述性統計以瞭解香港學生的整體表現傾向，其次，透過探索性因素分析確立研究問卷的信效度，最後，以結構方程式模型建立模型並交叉驗證。資料蒐集對象為香港十五歲之在學學生，有效樣本達4,389位。 依據統計分析結果顯示，內在動機與工具性動機對數學成就沒有直接影響效果，但是內在動機與工具性動機透過數學焦慮及自我概念對數學成就產生間接影響，本研究歸納出七點結論茲分述如下： 1.工具性動機較內在動機更為強烈 2.數學焦慮在動機與數學成就間扮演中介變項之性質 3.自我概念在動機與數學成就間扮演中介角色 4.自我概念在數學焦慮與數學成就間扮演中介角色 5.在內在動機、工具性動機與數學焦慮中，工具性動機扮演負向壓抑變項角色 6.在內在動機、工具性動機與自我概念中，工具性動機扮演負向壓抑變項角色 最後，根據研究結果提出各項建議，以供教學實務上及未來研究參考。 / Recently, establishing and analyzing databases becomes a trend in the field of education research. This study took PISA 2003 database as an example to create a psychometric model of factors that influence mathematics achievement. Based on the literature review, the researcher decided to put influential factors, including intrinsic motivation, instrumental motivation, mathematics anxiety, self-concept, and mathematics achievement into the model. Afterwards, through cross-validation the present study had verified the model stability. In the aspect of statistic analysis, the descriptive static shows HK students’ general learning tendency. Moreover, the exploratory factor analysis confirmed the reliability and validity of the questionnaires. Lastly, the structural equation modeling(SEM) was used to set structural model. The valid samples were 4,389 15-year-old students. According to the results, intrinsic motivation and instrumental motivation had no direct effect on mathematics achievement and had indirect effect through mathematics anxiety and self-concept. The results were summarized as follows: 1.Students had more instrumental motivation than intrinsic one. 2.Mathematics anxiety was a mediator variable between motivations and mathematics achievement. 3.Self-concept was a mediator variable between intrinsic motivations and mathematics achievement. 4.Self-concept was a mediator variable between mathematics anxiety and mathematics achievement. 5.Instrumental motivation was a negative suppressor variable among intrinsic motivation, instrumental motivation, and mathematics anxiety. 6.Instrumental motivation was a negative suppressor variable among intrinsic motivation, instrumental motivation, and self-concept. Finally, according to the findings, implications and suggestions for teaching of mathematics and future research were discussed.

本研究目的，在利用PISA 2003資料庫為例，分辨數學自我概念、自我效能與數學成就關係之模式的建構。本研究選香港為研究對象，以參加PISA 2003的4402名香港的15歲學生為樣本來進行本研究。本研究運用探索性因素分析(EFA)檢視自我概念與自我效能之測量指標的信效度。分析結果顯示，「自我概念」與「自我效能」的測量模式的建構達良好的信效度。另一研究結果顯示，學生數學自我概念對數學成就之間沒有直接的影響效果，但會透過數學自我效能此中介變項，而產生對數學成就的間接影響效果。此外，在雙交叉驗證方面，顯示研究二組樣本具有交叉效度，研究模式之接受性均相當高。 / The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among self-concept, self-efficacy, and performance in mathematics. The PISA 2003 Hong Kong data was used as an example. There were 4402 15-year-old participants in this survey. Explore factor analysis was used to identify the good measurement models of self-concept and self-efficacy in PISA 2003. The results showed that the measurement models had high reliability and validity. The other result showed self concept had no direct effects on the mathematics achievement. But under the mediation of the mediator, such as self-efficacy, there was indirect effect on the mathematics achievement. Analysis also showed that the two sets of samples have presented cross validity, the research model is highly acceptable.

在急速變遷與多元渾沌的現今，如何轉化複雜且遽增的壓力以提升個體本身的幸福感實屬一重要的議題。本研究主要目的在建立生活壓力、解釋風格與情緒幸福感的結構方程式模型，藉以探討之間的影響關係，進而瞭解解釋風格在這關係中所扮演的中介效果。 本研究以兩組各644位政治大學的大學生為研究對象，採問卷調查法施以生活壓力量表、解釋風格量表及情緒幸福感量表，使用的資料分析方法包括：t考驗、單因子變異數分析、因素分析、及結構方程式模型。本研究以第一組樣本探究不同性別與不同年級在研究變項上的差異，接著，經建構與修正模式後提出最終的關係模式，最後，以第二組樣本驗證最終模式的穩定性。主要結果茲分述如下： 一、在背景變項方面： (一)不同性別與不同年級大學生在「生活壓力」與「解釋風格」上有顯著差 異。 (二)不同性別與不同年級大學生在「情緒幸福感」上未有顯著差異。 二、在結構模式方面： (一)課業壓力、人際壓力對解釋風格有直接正向效果。 (二)課業壓力、人際壓力對情緒幸福感有直接負向效果。 (三)解釋風格對情緒幸福感有直接負向效果。 (四)人際壓力能直接影響情緒幸福感，也能透過解釋風格間接影響情緒幸福感。 (五)解釋風格在課業壓力與情緒幸福感間扮演完全中介變項的角色。 (六)最終模式的交叉驗證具有模式穩定性。 最後，根據研究結果提出建議，供諮商輔導實務及未來研究參考。 / With the rapid change and the multicultural context of the modern society, how to deal with the complicated and hastily increased stress and to promote people’s well-being is an important issue. The main purpose of this study is to construct the structural equation modeling (SEM) of stress, explanatory style, and emotional well-being. By this way, the researcher can explore the relationship among the three variables, and know the mediator variable of explanatory style. The participants were two groups of students at National Chengchi University, and each group included 644 college students. The data was collected by questionnaires, including the stress scale, the explanatory style scale, and the emotional well-being scale. Moreover, the data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, factor analysis, and SEM. The study, firstly, used the first group to explore the differences of gender and grade, and constructed the final structural model after setting and modifying model. Finally, the researcher used the second group to verify the stability of the model. The main results were summarized as follows: About the background variables: 1.Students with different gender and grade were significantly different in the scores of stress and explanatory style. 2.Students with different gender and grade were not significantly different in the scores of emotional well-being. About the structural model: 1.Academic stress and relationship stress had positive influence on explanatory style directly. 2.Academic stress and relationship stress had negative influence on emotional well-being directly. 3.Explanatory style had negative influence on emotional well-being directly. 4.Relationship stress had influence on emotional well-being directly, and it also affected emotional well-being through explanatory style. 5.Explanatory style was a mediator variable between academic stress and emotional well-being. 6.Through the cross-validation, the final structural model was of model stability. Finally, based on the findings of the study, the researcher made some practical strategies for counselor and some suggestions for further studies.

本研究目的在探討我國大專院校的技術授權績效影響因素，並探討各變項的中介及調節效果解釋。透過相關文獻的整理，本研究將影響因素可分為五個族群種類，包含：投入資源、智慧財產、專業技轉組織、環境因素及學校因素等五個族群，而觀察指標則採用學校的授權績效，據此五類因素設計出三個主要的研究假設。 本研究收集採用2007年我國大專院校全體164所完整資料，整理出34個變項資料，對於我國技術移轉迴歸模型的有效解釋能力為71.5%至68.0%，認為各校的美國專利數是具有顯著中介效果的變項。具有顯著意義的調節變項中，可以歸納出TTO影響績效的三個主要變項群組，包含：(1)TTO總員工數能增強研發資源產生專利權的解釋；(2)推廣活動辦理能增強研發資源產生專利權與授權績效的解釋，唯發明人引介數與專利權有較顯著相關性；(3)TTO職員的專業背景也是重要的調節變項，當學校研發資源充足時會聘請技術及法律背景的員工。 另學校鄰近科學園區、設置醫學系、公立一般大學，這三項具有調節效果的環境及學校變項，對於解釋能力具有增強的效果，但是因果關係上傾向解釋為資源優勢，本研究認為環境變項具有顯著影響，但相對難以透過管理機制產生績效的實質影響，相對地，TTO影響的因素卻可以透過管理產生績效的實質影響，是當前各學校在發展技術移轉上可參考的重要實證資料。本研究最後提出針對大學技術移轉研究的侷限問題，以及五種能夠修正本研究限制的建議。 / The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors of technology transfer performance in the universities and colleges in Taiwan. Furthermore, this study finds the mediation variables within the factors. This study differentiates the factors into 5 major elements, including investments, intellectual property, TTO, social environments, and the university itself. The annual royalty is the dependent variable. The study builds three hypotheses according to the 5 major elements mentioned. The study collects the complete data in 2007 of 164 universities and colleges in Taiwan. The intervening and mediation variables are taken into the regression model; the higher R-square is 68.0% to 71.5%. The study divides the significant mediation variables into 3 groups, including (1) The TTO scope will increase R-square of the patents. (2) The promotion actives will increase R-square of the patents and royalties. However, there is the high correlation between inventor promotion and patents. (3) When there are sufficient RD resource in the universities, TTO will employ employees of legal and technology background. About the environments and university issues, there are three significant mediation variables, including the distance to Science Park, the faculty of medicine, the public or private universities. The environmental variables were the significant impact on regression model, but the variables were controlled difficultly by universities. Comparatively, the universities controlled the TTO variables easily, and its will be significant impact on the performances of TTO. The study argues that variables are the effect issues with resource advantage. At last, the study recognizes some limits about the research of technology transfer and proposes 5 suggestions for future research.