京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第21065号 / 工博第4429号 / 新制||工||1688(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科建築学専攻 / (主査)教授 西山 峰広, 教授 竹脇 出, 准教授 聲高 裕治 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第21068号 / 工博第4432号 / 新制||工||1689(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科機械理工学専攻 / (主査)教授 北條 正樹, 教授 琵琶 志朗, 准教授 西川 雅章, 教授 平方 寛之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第21191号 / エネ博第365号 / 新制||エネ||71(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー基礎科学専攻 / (主査)教授 岸本 泰明, 教授 中村 祐司, 教授 田中 仁 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

現今資料大量且快速數位化的時代，各領域對資訊探勘分析技術越趨倚重。而在數位人文中領域中從2009年「數位典藏與數位人文國際研討會」開始，此議題逐漸受到重視，主要目的為將數位文物結合資訊分析與圖像化輔助，透過不同層面的詮釋建構出更完整的文物資訊。 本研究建構一個針對各種中文語料分析的工具，藉由latent semantic analysis、pointwise mutual information、Person’s chi-squared test、typed dependencies distance、word2vec、Gibbs sampling for latent Dirichlet allocation等計算語料中關鍵詞彙關聯強度的方法，並結合分群方法找出可能的主題，最後擷取符合分群結果的相關句子予以輔助人文學者分析詮釋。透過提供各種觀察語料的面向，進而提升語料相關研究學者的效率。 我們利用《人民日報》、《新青年》、《聯合報》、《中國時報》作為實驗與測試的中文語料。且將《新青年》藉由此套工具分析後的結果提供給專業人文學者，做為分析詮釋的參考資訊與佐證依據，並在「2015年數位典藏與數位人文國際研討會」中發表論文。目前我們透過各種中文語料評估工具的效能，且在未來將公開此套工具提供給更多學者使用，節省對於語料分析的時間。 / In recent years, a wide variety of text documents have been transformed into digital format. Hence, using data mining techniques to analyze data is becoming more and more popular in many research fields. The digital humanities gradually have taken seriously since "International Conference of Digital Archives and Digital Humanities" began in 2009. The main purpose of the digital heritage combined with information analysis and visualization could improve the effectiveness of cultural information through different levels of interpretation. In this study, we construct a set of tools for Chinese text mining, calculating associated strengths of collocations work through latent semantic analysis, pointwise mutual information, Person’s chi-squared test, typed dependencies distance, word2vec, and Gibbs sampling for latent Dirichlet allocation etc. The tools employ clustering method to identify the possible topics, meanwhile, the tools will extract the relevant statements according to the clustering results. These clustering and relevant statements contribute and improve the efficiency of humanities scholars’ analysis through providing a variety of observations about the corpora. At the experimental stage of this study, we considered the "People's Daily", "New Youth", "United Daily News", and "China Times" as as the corpora for testing. Among the research, humanities scholars analyzed the "New Youth" by the tools and published a paper in the "2015 International Conference of Digital Archives and Digital Humanities". Currently, we assess the effectiveness of the tools through a variety of Chinese corpora. In the future, we will make the tools freely available on the Internet for Chinese text mining. We hope these time-saving tools can assist in humanities scholars’ study of Chinese corpora.

過去全球區域雖發生過多次大小無數戰爭，已顯示在未來強權爭奪戰爭中將趨於所謂區域性「低強度衝突」，19世紀末葉時，所有戰爭的65﹪均可歸類為低強度衝突，在1970年代，80﹪的戰爭都是低強度衝突，到了1980年代，更有90﹪的戰爭都屬於低強度衝突。過去的核武嚇阻固然充分發揮了其功能與效果，尤有甚者，各核子強權間之相互嚇阻更進一步阻止了此等強權中之某個潛在侵略者發動傳統性戰爭去攻擊另一強權。 其理由至為簡單，因為任何擁有核子強權國家亦恐懼其如對他國發動傳統性戰爭當會招致其核武之報復，進而提升為一場核武大戰。因之，在相互嚇阻與其他一些因素限制條件下，「低強度衝突」便成為未來國際間戰爭之基本模式。 由於國際戰略力量對比的重大變化，改變了「冷戰」時期打世界大戰的力量結構和戰略態勢，在新的形勢下，當今世界軍事形勢和各國軍隊建設正處於一個大變動、大調整的時期，世界各主要國家都在調整自己軍事戰略和軍隊建設的重點。美國仍處當今世界唯一的超級強國，其面對新的國際環境，除在國防和軍隊建設中一方面採取削減軍費、裁減員額、逐步縮小規模，另一方面則透過調整軍備結構、突出發展重點於加強質量建設 ，以不斷提昇其綜合競爭與實戰能力。美國為維護及擴展在全球各地的戰略利益，正努力發展應付未來可能朝中、低強度區域衝突的力量結構和作戰能力，並同時調整其軍事組織架構編組。環顧新的世界局勢，中共軍事專家曾認為，當前國際走向世界大戰之可能性已不大，惟世界各地局部戰爭和地區性武裝衝突將日趨凸顯因而面對未來新的國際秩序和亞太環境， 中共除了積極發展先進具有嚇阻作用的戰略性武器外，首要即建立一支有效投射兵力的快速反應部隊，以因應未來可能出現的區域性小規模、高強度的局部性軍事作戰行動，而其性質並兼顧反恐怖、反暴亂、反劫持等特殊任務。 本篇論文藉由美軍、中共現有特種作戰部隊組建、任務遂行過程及發展趨勢例證中加以深入探討，進而研析國軍特種作戰部隊於現代戰爭型態 、環境下，應如何扮演、建構一支具有相當特色之戰力。期使在未來台澎防衛作戰中，發揮應有作戰效能；進而能擔任應急作戰之快速反應任務，俾供防衛作戰中用兵之參考。姑且不論未來作戰模式是「決定性或壓倒性武力」，都是贏得植基於「武力對武力」與「消耗」模式的下一場戰爭構想與作戰兩方面的基石中。快速掌控在透過「震撼」與「威懾」之運用，以影響敵之意志、認知與瞭解，使之屈從或順應我方之戰略政策目標。由此可知，若能運用一支量小質精兼具特種作戰效能的部隊，快速提供且能立即控制整個作戰利益地區及擴大其周遭環境之能力。除能達成決定性與優勢戰場覺知兩項任務外，預期快速掌控亦當能以更為有效的方法達成所列述之政治或軍事目的，以支持動用之武力，致使敵人全然無力對抗。故放眼未來，為順應此一自然趨勢，特種作戰部隊將會更加活躍、更受重視，特種作戰部隊的建設亦是當前國軍精進案中不可忽視的問題。 關鍵字：特種作戰、特種作戰部隊、特勤隊、快反部隊、非正規戰、反恐戰爭、低強度衝突

本文旨從語用和語音方面，來探討中文「敘述性」言談(narrative discourse)對話中，說話者自然產生的節拍手勢。在語用方面，主要是觀察說話者使用節拍手勢表達前後景(Grounding)和新/舊訊息(Information state)的關係。研究結果發現，說話者較常使用節拍手勢來傳達前景(foreground)的新訊息，以提示聽話者注意。此外，說話者在敘述的過程中，常使用節拍手勢來預示前後景訊息的轉換。在語音方面，主要探討說話者使用節拍手勢時，其所對應的語句之音調高低及說話能量強度的關係。研究發現，語句的音高和強度無法預測這類手勢的產生；但是，當傳達前景的新訊息時，這類手勢的出現常伴隨著較強的語氣。此外，研究結果也顯示，說話者使用節拍手勢通常是有規律性的。 / This thesis investigates gestural beats in Chinese narrative discourse at both pragmatic and acoustic levels. The relationship among grounding, information state and beat gestures is examined at the pragmatic level, and at the acoustic level, the relationship among pitch, intensity, and gestural beats is analyzed. Moreover, whether there is a rhythmic pattern for beat gestures is further studied. The subjects were four undergraduates who were asked to view an animated color cartoon episode and then to immediately recount the events in it to a listener. The subjects were audio-video taped. They were not informed of the particular interest of the study. 291 beats were transcribed and analyzed. The audio data was analyzed on Praat and a Kay’s Model 4100. The continuous beats were further analyzed to investigate the rhythmic patterns and were annotated in Anvil, a video annotation tool. Gestural beats, narrative data, and the annotations were statistically analyzed and five phenomena for beat gestures were explored. First, gestural beats can appear in both foregrounded and backgrounded clauses. Second, the occurrence of beat gestures signals shifts between levels of the narrative structure. Third, speakers usually incline to utter new information in foregrounded clauses in Chinese narrative discourse with accompanying beats. Fourth, neither intensity nor pitch changes can predict and correlate with the occurrence of gestural beats in the relationship between beats and two acoustic factors. However, when grounding and the information state of the associated referents are considered, beats are produced for new information in foregrounded clauses with greater intensity. Finally, there is a rhythmic pattern in the production of continuous beats and the regularity of the patterns correlates with the clause boundary. A close relationship is revealed between speech and gestures in this thesis. The findings provide some linguistic details that may help explore the performance of gestural beats and speech in Chinese narrative discourse.

本研究的目的主要在於探討消費者在初進入陌生環境，不具備決策所需的相關資訊時，口耳相傳資訊的搜尋行為在消費者決策的過程中所扮演的角色，以及口耳相傳資訊在最終決策時發揮有效性的影響因素。 本研究以選課決策、參加社團選擇決策、學校附近飲料購買地點選擇決策等消費者會展現出不同涉入程度的三類決策為實驗標的，並以較不具備環境知識的大學新鮮人為受測對象，以實驗方法來探討涉入程度不同的決策類型與口耳相傳資訊搜尋行為、社會關係強度之關聯。 由實證結果可知，消費者在進行涉入程度較高的決策類型時，對於口耳相傳資訊的搜尋將愈趨積極，並愈傾向於向與本身具有較強社會關係的口耳相傳資訊提供者探詢意見。此外，當消費者對於口耳相傳資訊的搜尋愈趨主動時，也會愈傾向於向與本身具有較強社會關係的口耳相傳資訊提供者探詢意見，且由口耳相傳資訊搜尋活動中所獲致的助益也愈高。 在消費者個人的特質方面，本研究引入消費者國籍此一變數，受限於樣本的數目，本研究對於國籍議題所作成的初步結論為：來自不同國家的消費者，當其面對涉入程度不同的決策類型時，其對口耳相傳資訊的搜尋數量是有所差異的。

研究發展與廣告活動是市場上常見的非價格之差異化訴求，且投入與產出間皆具有未來之遞延效益。Sougiannis(1994)認為在衡量研發支出與企業價值之關聯性時應同時考量對盈餘的影響，方能真正衡量研發活動的效益。本研究延續這樣的觀念，不直接將研發、廣告活動與企業價值予以聯結，而試圖找尋存在兩者間的中介績效變數，透過這些績效變數與研發、廣告活動之投入關係來衡量無形資產生產力及對企業的績效貢獻。 　　異於過去之研究，本研究除探討研發、廣告投入的強度之外，尚考量投入的持續性對企業經營績效之影響。依據投入強度與持續性兩項標準將研發、廣告投入區分為高、低群組，檢定不同群組下研發、廣告投入與四項績效指標（市場佔有率、營收成長率、營業利益率及資產報酬率）的關聯性，並以其中最能代表企業本業營運活動的營業利益率為經營績效變數，分析在不同產業下企業研發、廣告支出與經營績效間之關聯性。 　　本研究之主要結論，就單變量之分析結果顯示，以研發投入強度及持續性為區分要素，塑化業、紡織業、機電業、資訊電子業樣本中高研發群組之營業利益率顯著優於低研發群組；以廣告投入為區分要素下則以食品業較具顯著性。同時以研發、廣告投入為區分要素時，塑化業、資訊電子業樣本中高群組之營業利益率顯著優於低群組。迴歸分析結果顯示，塑化業、紡織業、機電業、資訊電子業樣本之研發投入強度及持續性愈高，其營業利益率愈大，食品業、塑化業樣本的廣告投入愈大，其營業利益率愈高。 　　本研究之實證結果隱喻，研發、廣告活動之支出效益具產業差異，而此處資源耗用與預期經營績效具產業差異性之實證發現，或可提供各企業評估是否投入研發或廣告支出決策時之參考。 / Featured with differed and uncertain future economic benefits, investments in research and development (R&D) and advertising activities have been concerned as two major means for non-price competition. Sougiannis (1994) argues that without an understanding in how R&D activity contributes to firm value, the relationship found between R&D intensity and stock price could be spurious. Based on Sougiannis’ perspective, this thesis attempts to explore the productivity of these two long-term or asset-like expenditures. Specifically, this thesis examines the relation between R&D (Advertising) outlays and financial performance measures. 　　This thesis differs from previous studies in that this research considers not only the magnitude of R&D and advertising outlays but also the continuity in term of time horizon of such outlays. Based on the magnitude and longitude of R&D and advertising expenditures, the sample firms are divided into high and low groups by both criteria. The thesis first tests the correlation between R&D and advertising outlays and some performance measures. The thesis then examines in regression analysis the benefits of R&D and advertising expenditures to operating income in different industries. 　　The empirical results show that the operating income of high group is significant different from that of low group in Plastics and Chemicals, Textiles, Machineries, Electrical and Electronics. When the grouping is classified by advertising, the operating income is significant different in Foods industry only, while the grouping is based on both R&D and advertising, the significant difference exits in Plastics and Chemicals, Electrical, and Electronics industries. The regression results indicate that R&D outlays displays a significantly positive effect on operating income in Plastics and Chemicals, Textiles, Machineries, Electrical and Electronics industries, while the influence of advertising expenditure is found in Plastics and Chemicals, and Foods industries only. These findings may serve as a basis for strategic decision as to whether to invest heavily on R&D and advertising activities, since the productivity of R&D and advertising outlays, measured as the relationship between the related expenditures and firm operating income, differs across industries.

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