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俄羅斯與喬治亞貪腐之比較研究 / A Comparative Study on Corruption in Russia and Georgia藍逸丞 Unknown Date (has links)
法治國原則作為當代政府治理所不可或缺之憲法規範,其之精義涵括了課予政府依法行政、恪守現行法律規範及法律原則等義務;承上所述,倘一國公部門行政為諸多貪腐情事所囿,其不僅意謂著違法行政與牴觸法治國原則之狀態,其猶與國家制度發展的健全性與否相涉。
再者,學界為求分析前開指涉的不利情狀,業已有繁多的相關文獻證實貪腐對經濟及社會環境造成的損害;於此,本研究對貪腐所進行之研究的動機,蓋可歸因於國際透明組織所釋出的貪腐印象指數報告;詳言之,除探索部分後共國家為何特別易於為貪腐所囿乃係本研究之所由外,此等國家的公部門於千囍年後的發展亦為所欲考查之部分。
總此,有鑑於對前述的後共貪腐情形為審慎評估之必要性,本研究應用了文獻分析、個案分析及法律分析方法進行諸多探討;又本研究作為和政府廉政與否具關聯性之議題,不僅政府與社會關係乃係觀察重點,公部門貪腐現象、警察制度發展、抑或是政府肅貪辭令及現實,亦為本研究就後共俄羅斯與喬治亞於斯範疇所欲分析之課題。 / The principle of rule of law acts as a crucial constitutional element in contemporary governance, it requires the government to exercise its power in accordance with well-established and clearly written rules, regulations, and legal principles, hence if a state's public sector has been affected by entrenched corruption, it not only means equally to the illegal status of administration, the breach of rule of law, but also correlates with the quality of a state's institutional development.
In view of those aforementioned detrimental conditions, since lots of research effort had already verified the disastrous economic and social consequences of corruption, this study’s research motive was inspired by corruption perceptions index released by transparency international; in other words, why some post-communist states had been bothered with various corruptions after dissolution of the Soviet Union, and how do their public sectors evolve after Millennium.
In order to make proper assessment on those illegal phenomena above, this study was constructed by document Analysis, case study analysis and legal analysis. As a study relates with government’s integrity issues, this case study surveys on the relationship between government and society. And by means of exploring corruption phenomena in public sector, the development of police institutions, as well as anti-corruption rhetoric and its realities in Russia and Georgia during the post-communist period.
Keywords: Corruption; Anti-corruption; Integrity; Post-communist transition; police institution
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共黨國家二元領導體制之研究----蘇聯與中共個案分析 / Dual Leadership Regime in Communist States - A Comparison of Former Soviet Union and the PRC包淳亮, Pao, Chwenliang Unknown Date (has links)
共黨國家雖為一黨專政,但在最高領導層常形成具有二元領導的意涵的集體領導。二元領導體制是有兩位行政領導人的體制;由於二元領導體制符合許多政治狀況的需要,全世界有四分之一以上的國家採取二元領導體制,其中多為半總統制。本文認為東歐後共國家普遍形成半總統制的原因,在於共黨統治時期採取二元領導,以使統治菁英的集體領導得以鞏固。在此二元領導體制下,黨書記通常主管黨務、軍事,總理主管行政、經濟。
本文的重點在於第三章第二、三節的分析。第二節首先從黨內權力制衡的需要分析,指出共黨國家在初期的強人政治或單一領導之後,制度的要求與交易上的精英集體的利益極大化,共同促成一種展現為國家與黨的領導人和行政領導人的分立的二元領導體制。其後從權力繼承制度化與幹部年輕化的重要性進行分析,指出共黨國家二元領導體制要走向成熟,必須破除領導職務終身制。
在第三章第三節,本文引入國際政治學結構現實主義的觀點,強調權力結構的「二元」穩定性,同時分析共黨國家領導層的職務分配可能性,將之區分為單一領導、典型二元領導、非典型二元領導、多元領導等類型,並以蘇聯與中國大陸的政治菁英的職務分配作為範例加以介紹,說明典型二元領導是共黨國家領導體制的趨勢。
在此分析之後,本文在第四章分析蘇聯的領導體制變化,在第五章分析中共的職務分配趨勢。本文結論認為,中共幹部年輕化的制度壓力,使中共現任軍委主席江澤民必須盡快退休,而依據本文對典型二元領導體制的建構與利弊分析,中共政治菁英的共識將是讓胡錦濤接任中央軍委主席職務。倘若中共政局果真如此發展,則中共的典型二元領導將進一步強化。此種趨勢的進一步發展,將使中共民主化後傾向於採取半總統制。
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