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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

論「依法治國」下的中共對台政策─反分裂國家法之探討

鄭信偉 Unknown Date (has links)
中共自1949年10月1日建立政權之後,即由毛澤東依循蘇聯法制,建構中共的社會主義法制,然因文化大革命而毀壞,直至鄧小平上台後,在「一手抓建設,一手抓法制」的情形下,重新建立社會主義法制;其後江澤民再提出「依法治國,建設社會主義法治國家」的宣示,使「依法治國」成為中共重要施政方向,除了強化立法、行政、司法的功能外,黨的領導及宣傳亦在推動「依法治國」上扮演著重要的角色,而中共「依法治國」的核心價值則在於依憲治國。 依循中共憲法的發展,可以看出中共對台政策始終維持「一個中國」原則,至於其手段則由於由「武力解放」、「和平解放」、「和平統一、一國兩制」到「反獨促統」,且於1978年憲法中,首先將台灣地位明定於憲法之中,1982年的憲法更明確規定「台灣是中華人民共和國的神聖領土的一部分。完成統一祖國的大業是包括台灣同胞在內的全中國人民的神聖職責」並明定「特別行政區」,以推動「一國兩制」。 胡錦濤主政時期,在「依法治國」的要求下,為實踐憲法規定,於2005年3月14日第十屆全國人民代表大會第三次會議通過「反分裂國家法」,將中共對台政策以法律明確加以規定,除再次宣示「一個中國」、「和平統一」、「一國兩制」等政策外,更明確規定要促進兩岸交流,推動兩岸協商,積極拉攏台灣民心,以達到和平統一的目的;另對於台獨活動,則將採行非和平方式處理。然該法在立法程序及用語,或限制政府權力及保障人民權利的面向上,均有欠周妥,與「依法治國」理念,尚有一段距離。 中共就「反分裂國家法」的實踐上,可分為對台、對內及國際三方面,在對台部分,維持「軟硬兩手」策略,一方面積極促進兩岸交流、推動兩岸協商,另一方面對於採行非和平方式預作準備;在對內部分,則以拉攏台商並進行宣傳及完備相關法制;國際部分,則持續打壓台灣的國際社會空間,另宣導該法為維護和平的法律,面對中共以黨的領導、武裝鬥爭及統一戰線模式實踐該法,台灣應如何因應及作為,值得加以深思。 / Established in October 1, 1949, the People’s Republic of China constructed its socialistic legal system based on the Soviet legal system by Mao Zedong. However, the system then collapsed because of the Great Cultural Revolution and was not fully recovered until Deng Xiaoping came into power and reconstructed the socialist legal system with his “Stress the construction in one, stress the legal system in the other” policy. After that, Jiang Zemin proposed his “Rule the nation legally and construct a socialism country under the rule of the law” policy and made it an important guideline for the PRC government to “rule the nation legally”. In addition to strengthen the function of legislation, administration and judicature, the propagation and guidance of the party also play an important role in promoting the “rule the nation legally” policy, and the main thought of the policy is to govern the country in accordance of the constitution. When studying the development of the constitution of the PRC, it is easy to see that the policy against Taiwan is to maintain the “one China” principle, and the methods to do so includes “liberation through military force”, “peaceful liberation”, “peaceful unification and one country, two systems”, “against independency and promote unification”. In 1978, the status of Taiwan was first mentioned in the constitution of the PRC, and in the 1982 version of the constitution, Taiwan was clearly classified as “part of the great territory of People’s Republic of China”, “it is an honorable duty for all people in China, including people in Taiwan, to accomplish the great task of unifying the home country” and stipulated Taiwan as a “special administrative region” to impel “one country, two systems” policy. As Hu Jintao came into power, under the principle of “rule the nation legally”, the “Anti-secession Law” was approved in the third conference of the tenth session of National People’s Congress in order to fulfill the regulation of the constitution. The policy against Taiwan was clearly regulated by this law. Aside from declaring once again the “one China”, “peaceful unification”, “one country, two system” policies, this law indicated that efforts must be made to promote cross-straight communications and to win over sentiment of Taiwan people positively, hoping to achieve the goal of “peaceful unification”. On the other hand, unpeaceful methods shall be taken against Taiwan independence activity. However, the Anti-secession Law was not properly set up when it came to legislation procedure, limiting government power and protecting people’s rights and still far, far away from the goal of “rule the nation legally”. To put the “Anti-secession Law” into practice, PRC government put it in three phases, the phase regarding Taiwan, the phase regarding the nation and the international phase. In the Taiwan part, PRC government remains the “soft and hard” strategy, promoting cross-straight communications in one hand, and preparing for unpeaceful methods in the other. In the part regarding the nation, efforts have been made to make up to Taiwanese businessmen and to promote related laws. As for the international part, Taiwan’s international space is still suppressed. PRC government also announces that the Anti-secession Law is a law for the maintenance of peace. It is worth thinking how Taiwan government should react and respond upon facing the threat generated by PRC government putting the law into practice by the guidance of the party, by military force and by united front patterns.
2

我國憲法上自由權保障之研究

錢政銘 Unknown Date (has links)
本文主要以探討自由權利在我國憲法上所處之角色、地位及其內容,而從自由觀念的演變,導引出法治國家的基本理論,並配合聯邦憲法的行憲經驗及我國實務運作的情形,來相互檢證以了解自由權真正的保障意義。故在章節安排上,第一章先界定自由權的涵意。第二章則比較東西方與中山先生自由觀的不同。第三章說明分析相關的理論基礎。第四章探究現行憲法的相關規定。第五章則從比較法上了解美國自由權的保障的規定。第六章以我國實務運行的成果為研究對象。第七章則將前述綜合分析,提出一研究發現與建議。總而言之,我國憲法保障自由權的規定相當完備,至於如何落實則仍須再加強,如此保障制度的設計才能有意義。
3

民初建立法治國的實踐--以平政院裁決為中心

張熖輝 Unknown Date (has links)
回顧國內學界,有關於平政院或其裁決案的研究極為少見。有者亦多屬負面評價,例如在少數早期的研究文獻中,陳顧遠氏謂:「平政院設於北平豐盛胡同,內分三庭,是一個清閒機構,每年所收的案子不到十件,各方對其地位都不重視....平政院便有了一個眾人皆知的黑名----貧政院。」學者吳庚氏謂平政院:「此種不中不西的體制,其實際運用的情形,並不理想。」「此一制度在當時政治局勢及社會環境之下,未曾發揮功能,僅屬聊備一格而已。」有關平政院的運作或裁判事實為何,則不見有何深入探究。 另外一面,學者林紀東氏研究清末民初中國法制現代化,在比較民國初年新舊二行政訴訟法(民國三年七月二十日公布者與民國二十一年十一月十七日公布者)後指出,現行的修正前行政訴訟法乃受到民國初年的行政訴訟法的影響。民國初年的行政訴訟法,就當時的情形而言,甚至有許多進步的規定。 為何會有上述二種不同見解?論者對於平政院負面的評價,推究其原因,應與平政院當時的政治環境有關。本文以為,上述對平政院的疑問,應就其裁決案觀察,方得論斷。 《臨時約法》第一條規定:中華民國,由中華人民組織之。第二條規定:中華民國之主權,屬於國民全體。宣示了中華民國應該是一個民主共和國,這也是清末革命派人士所企求建立的國家形態。本文試圖從平政院的裁決案出發,以「建立法治國」為主軸,對民初「民主共和國」實踐的情形進行分析。 本文就平政院裁決案予以類型化,分析平政院審理的實態。發現民國初年,在無法律規定下的行政,行政雖獲得較諸裁量、判斷餘地為大的自由。不過,在法律根本未有規定的情況下,是否即表示行政官署享有廣泛裁量權?從平政院有關行政裁量權的審理結果觀察,答案未必盡然。 平政院最大不足之處,乃在對命令、法律的合法性及合憲性審查之不足。依臨時大總統於元年三月十一日,下令宣告暫行援用前清法律云:「現在民國法律未經議定頒布,所有從前施行之法律及新刑律除與民國國體牴觸各條應失效力外,餘均暫行援用,以資遵守。」此一大總統令,雖然使得法院取得審理依據。從本文第三、四章的分析顯示,平政院的審理法源依據,乃立基於一種假定,假定「法律乃主權者的命令」。準此,不難說明為何在裁決案裡,處處可見「呈准」、「成例」、「草案」、甚至是「省法規」作為審理的依據。惟自始而終,卻未見平政院反對見解。 行政權是一個獨立的國家權力,行政權擁有其自身之任務、其獨立之正當 性,以及其自身之手段及程序,以履行其法定任務。若癱瘓行政權的結局產生,固有不妥,法治國家的原則中並不促成行政的癱瘓。但是,從另外一個角度而論,國家權力的控制亦是十分重要,權力控制可以改善國家的決定行為,透過司法審查,能促使權力控制的功能乃係依法令標準而行。民國初年,雖然基本法制、各家見解均肯定公益概念得為限制人民基本權利,但從本文分析顯示,透過一般法律原則概念的作用,平政院相當程度的發揮了權力控制的功能,至少難謂「駁回法院」。 中華民族是一個古老的民族,有悠久的歷史文化,要一旦改弦更張,來適應新法律所創造的一切,當然不是一蹴可及的事。不論從歷史法學派或社會法學派,許多法律,不能發揮真正法的效力,就是因為沒有在人心上建立穩固的基礎。這種現象,不獨在中國存在,在其他國家亦在所難免,尤其在社會動蕩急劇之際,更不足為怪。以此而論平政院裁決案,其審理案件數量或裁決品質,容有不足。惟平政院的努力與成果,應得正視。 ● 關鍵詞: 平政院、法治國、行政裁量權、一般法律原則概念、裁決、民國初年、臨時約法、行政救濟、行政訴訟法、行政法院、平政院編制令

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