本研究在於探討可能會影響企業選擇委外承包商時的評估準則之因素，然後藉由大樣本之問卷調查，確認與選擇委外承包商之評估準則相關的因素，並建立選擇委外承包商的評估準則建議模式。 本研究的研究對象為臺灣地區曾經將資訊系統予以委外的大型企業之資訊主管。問卷調查所要搜集的資料主要涵蓋四大部份，分別為企業選擇委外承包商的評估準則、組織特性、委外計劃特性與資訊系統特性。抽樣樣本數為900家，採用分層隨機抽樣的方式進行抽樣，分層的方式則按產業別予以分層，製造業抽取500家、服務業抽取300家、金融業100家全部抽取，計回收182份，回收率為20.22%，扣除無效問卷30份，共有152份有效問卷，樣本有效回收率為l6.8%。本研究僅留下對委外成效感到尚可與滿意的問卷來建構模式，刪掉委外成效不佳的問卷，主要是希望所建構的模式能專注於學習對委外成效感到尚可與滿意的資訊主管的決策特性。 藉由此建議模式，管理者僅需要輸入一些資料，如企業特性、委外計劃特性與資訊系統特性等，該模式便會建議管理者應考慮的評估準則群，與其中較重要的評估準則子群。使管理者在面臨並非每天發生的資訊系統委外承包商選擇時，能夠有一個快速的起步，降低因委外經驗不足或委外經驗不夠寬廣所產生的困擾，也使得其他管理者的各類資訊系統委外經驗得以有系統的傳承與分享。本研究之委外承包商評估準則建議模式已建構完成，並以Excel的檔案格式存於磁片，管理者可以藉由與模式的互動，而在短短的數秒鐘內便可獲得模式所提供的建議。

創業投資公司與證券投資公司分別是投資未上市與上市公司的兩種機構。近年來，由於電子產業的蓬勃發展，連帶著使得未上市公司的股價與交易量較以往大幅上升。本研究將就創投公司與證券公司投資未上市與上市公司股票時所考慮的因素分別予以分析。 由文獻探討中取得適用的投資準則：包含經營管理因素、市場因素、產品技術因素與財務因素四大項。其中，每一大項又包含幾個小項。依這些準則製成尺度問卷，對創業投資公司與證券公司發放問卷，經回收後的問卷各取二十份，經由層級分析法（Analytic Hierarchy Process簡稱AHP）為研究方法，找出每項準則的相關權重。 由AHP得到的結果是，創業投資公司投資時對四個因素考量的現後順序為：經營管理因素、市場因素、財務因素、產品技術因素；而證券公司的順序為：市場因素、財務因素、產品技術因素、經營管理因素。

財務會計準則公報是會計人員從事會計工作、編制財務報表的重要依據，而財務會計問題解釋函是企業在編制財務報表發生問題時，向財務會計準則委員會研議小組所提出的問題，所以本研究希望藉曲對財務會計問題解釋函彙編的研究，瞭解現行公報存有哪些問題、適用性如何？而實務界所提出之會計問題有何種特質，而研議小組解釋結果存在何種趨勢。 本研究將依解釋函性質加以歸類，依四大構面十二項因素作為分類的依據。這四大構面分別是：交易特性、經濟個體、法令及公報的影響及解釋結果。而這四大構面又包含了幾項重要的因素，本研究希望藉由這些因素的探討瞭解會計問題的特性及解釋結論中透露的訊息。茲將四大構面及其所涵蓋的因素彙總如下： 1. 交易特性：交易循環、問題型態、會計科目及跨國交易。 2. 經濟個體：行業別、公司型態。 3. 法令及公報影響：法令影響、會計原則。 4. 解釋結果：現狀、會計方法、再解釋及擴大解釋。 本研究將解釋函根據上述十二項因素再予以細分，除了瞭解每個因素的趨勢特性外，還將上述因素與申請解釋原因作交互分析，希望瞭解引發會計問題背後的原因為何，所以本研究分別以交互次數分配表、變異數分析及PROBIT分析探討申請解釋原因與各因素的關係。 / THE Financial Accounting Standard Board's (FASB) emerging issues task force (EITF) was formed in 1984 and, since, has deliberated and resolved a number of perplexing issues encountered by practitioners. EITF was formed to respond to a need for timely guidance in resolving emerging accounting issues and to limit the number of issues requiring formal pronouncements by the FASB. In Taiwan, there is a committee like EITF to resolve accounting issues encountered by practitioners. This research want to understand the characters of those accounting issues and to study whether our Statements of Financial Accounting Standards is suitable for businesses of Taiwan.

近幾年來，我國之政府預算一直不斷地膨脹，民國八十二年之政府歲出預算更突破一億台幣之歷史性關卡。由此可知，我國之政府就如同一個大企業，擁有很多資源，作很多的事，但支出與效益是否成比例，則是一個很嚴肅的問題。所以，如何促進政府對資源作更有效的利用，避勉舞弊以及浪費的發生，乃為當前政府所面臨的重大課題。尤其，最近因為重大工程弊案的不斷發生，使得大家逐漸瞭解到，唯有透過一套完整的監督及控制系統，才可徹底解決此問題。亦即，唯有建立一套健全的政府審計制度，才可避免政府的資源被不當或無效率的使用。政府審計的目的乃在瞭解政府的預算是否被妥善運用，是否遵照有關法令規定辦理，並對政府資金是否被濫用、誤用及有無達成既定目標尤其重視與關切。由此可知，政府審計主要著重在遵循審計及績效審計，與一般民營組織所著重的財務審計有所區別。由於我國為大陸法系國家，政府審計主要係根據審計法及審計法施行細則來執行，然而由於法律不易修訂，無法隨著需要作即時的改變，再加上審計法及審計法施行細則所規定都是一些程序問題。因此，近幾年來審計部乃醞釀制訂政府審計準則，以彌補審計法及審計法施行細則規定的不足，並使政府審計有一套原則性的規範，以提昇我國政府審計的品質。唯我國之情況是否適合制定政府審計準則，相關之條件是否成熟，都頗令人質疑，值得我們深入去探討。

我國採用國際財務報導準則對台灣會計環境的影響 / Potential impacts of adopting International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS) on Taiwanese Accounting Environment By Shiuh-Yuan Luoh IFRS is the latest trend in accounting world. Currently, in world top 10 capital markets, only Japan and USA are not adopting IFRS (International Financial reporting Standards) as their accounting standards. However, they have already paved the way to adopt IFRS in near future. Taiwan has been adopted US GAAP for a long time. In order to converge to international markets, Taiwan has set timeline for implementing IFRS that can attract more foreign investments. Therefore, FSC (Financial Supervisory Committee) has already set up 2013 as the first year for Taiwanese companies to comply with. Since US GAAP and IFRS have substantial difference, to adopt and implement IFRS must result in some impacts. This thesis try to understand what will be the possible impact for Taiwanese companies to adopt IFRS. By doing this, I design the questionnaire, distribute and analyze the results. The findings of this study can be summarized as follows: 1. Due to the fact of incremental benefits, people in CPA firms are quite optimistic and welcome to adopt IFRS imminently. 2. Due to incremental work load and knowledge, surveyed results from listed companies show less confident in adopting IFRS. 3. The surveyed accounting students indicate neutral results. Students are generally concerned with CPA examination and qualification encounter. However, adoption of IFRS may create competitive edge for students in job market. 4. “Timing” is still the key issue for the sample taker. In addition, company’s policies, strategies and management style should be contingently adjusted based on individual needs of implementation. 5. During the transition period, any one who takes CPA examination or practitioners has to deal with 3 sets of accounting standards simultaneously, including Taiwan GAAP, US GAAP and IFRS. 6. Current related laws and regulations in Taiwan may require adapting characteristics of IFRS, for example, Commercial Accounting Law.

歐盟於2006 年開始要求境內上市公司依照國際財務報導準則編製財務報 表。對於財報編制方式的改變對於公司經營層面的影響，學者看法分歧。本研究選擇英國、法國、德國、瑞士四個國家的壽險、產險與銀行業者做為研究對象，探討採用國際財務報導準則編製財務報表之後，公司資金成本有無顯著的上升或下降情形。研究結果顯示，在控制其他變數之後，公司的資金成本與採用國際財務報導準則與否，無顯著的相關性。公司本身的特性與總體經濟環境因素對於公司資金成本的影響，比是否採用國際財務報導準則更為重要。 / Beginning in 2006, compliance with the International Financial Reporting Standards(IFRS) has been required in the European Union. People have different opinion about the effects of adoption of IFRS. In this thesis, the author investigates the effect on cost of capital for financial industry after adopting IFRS. The implication of study result is: there is no evidence to proof that the cost of capital will be decreased or increased after adopting IFRS. Otherwise, the company specifics and macroeconomic environment are determinant factors in cost of capital.

經過2008年金融海嘯影響後，台灣壽險業帳列資產價值大幅縮水，整體 壽險產業淨值下跌。加上國際會計準則 (IFRS) 及資本監理標準 (Solvency II) 之修正，具體呈現於歐洲保險子公司在台股權移轉交易，紛 紛退出台灣市場，突顯集團母公司必須遵循母國標準，必須將資產負債移轉給 相對寬鬆資本規範之本國公司。當金融產業不穩定下，監理機關採取暫行措施 可以穩定金融市場運作，對於降低金融監理標準之作法稱做監理寬容。持續低 利率環境造成過去壽險公司在1990年代高利率時期，發行之長期性過高利率保 單產生利差損問題。尤其在接下來預定實施國際會計準則第四號公報 (IFRS4) 後，壽險公司需依照「市場實際利率」提存準備金，預估整體壽險 業將至少須增提10%到15%的資本，此增資壓力龐大，利差損問題益加嚴重。 本研究主要回顧過去之保險負債評價文獻，並且引用國際會計準則委員會 (IASB) 針對保險合約會計之討論稿，整理IFRS 4中對於保險負債評價的部 份，IASB希望以「現時移轉價值」來衡量保險負債，其中現實移轉價值包括現 金流量、時間價值、風險邊際、服務邊際四個部份。此外，本研究將透過主成 分分析檢視台灣壽險公司的資產與負債結構，從結果可得知，在資產部分，可 以大略歸類出四種不同的投資性質；而負債部分，除了兩家外商公司以外，其 他壽險公司在各險種的經營上仍有些許差異。資產負債結構相似的公司在資產 負債管理及風險管理上較為相近，在面對利率波動及其他市場風險時，可作為 決策之借鏡。最後，在國際財務會計準則第四號公報實施後，利差損問題會益 加嚴重，本研究試著提出由政府成立「政府再保險公司」，透過風險轉換，也 許可以減緩台灣壽險公司的增資壓力。

The adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) has become one of the most important accounting issues around the world. Taiwan Accounting Research and Development Foundation (TARDF) since early 2000’s gradually released or updated a number of important accounting standards to comply with IFRS. This process provides a natural experimental ground for researchers to examine the impact of accounting principle changes on companies’ choice of auditors. The adoption of new accounting standards not only influences the asset evaluation process but also affects companies’ accounting information systems. Engaging a specialist auditor can send a signal of high-quality financial reporting to outsiders, and companies may gain positive market reactions as a result. For example, as more assets and liabilities are measured at fair value under the new standards, auditors must deal with the complexities of auditing fair value measurements, and their expertise of such a process may help companies overcome the difficulties in complying with new accounting standards. That is, the implementation of complex accounting standards may increase the demand for auditors who specialize in a certain industry, transaction, or even account. Hence, this study examines how the adoption of new accounting standards influences companies’ choice of specialist auditors. By testing auditor switches around the adoption of TSFAS No. 35, No.34 and No. 36, we find that the more a company is expected to be affected by IFRS-based standards, the more likely it may choose an account specialist auditor when it adopts these new standards. The results are more significant at the individual level since an individual auditor is more likely to possess expertise than audit firms as a group, since professional judgments rely on individual auditor’s knowledge and task-specific experience. Our results also suggest that companies with higher earnings management incentives are less likely to engage industry specialist auditors, even when they are influenced by the adoption of new accounting standards. However, the influence of companies’ earnings management incentives on their choice of specialist auditors is affected by the complexities of new standards adopted.

台灣上市上櫃公司從2013年開始依照國際財務報導準則編製財務報告，並依國際會計準則第41號之規定，生物資產原則上以公允價值認列及衡量。本文採用個案研究的方式，探討以公允價值認列及衡量之生物資產是否提供財務報表使用者更為攸關之資訊。 整體而言，本文並未發現我國農業公司採用國際會計準則第41號後，財務報表資訊與股價攸關性顯著提高。其原因可能和實務上普遍存在之契作合約之經營模式有關，導致生物資產佔總資產的比例較低，又樣本公司持有之生物資產生命週期皆短於一個營業週期，因此雖然生物資產以公允價值認列及衡量，對股價的攸關及影響程度有限。 / Listed companies in Taiwan are required to prepare financial reports using IFRS starting in 2013. Therefore, biological assets within the scope of IAS 41 are measured on initial recognition and at subsequent reporting dates at fair value less estimated costs to sell, unless fair value cannot be reliably measured. This study examines whether the fair value of biological assets provide investors with more value relevant information. Overall, this study only finds weak evidence that the fair value of biological assets provide significant explanatory power beyond that provided by historical costs. Leveraging contract farming agreement helps companies transfer the main risk and ownership to a third party and thus weaken the incremental information relevancy of fair value measurements. The short life cycle of the biological assets of the sample may also contribute to the weak results.

順應國際會計準則發展趨勢，我國於2008年12月發布財務會計準則第40號公報「保險合約之會計處理準則」，並自2011年1月1日施行。面臨第40號公報與過去截然不同的會計處理程序與財報揭露要求，本國保險公司是否已有足夠的準備與專業足以應付這項保險會計作業轉換所帶來的衝擊？ 　　本研究透過問卷調查從業務執行者之角度分析第40號公報對本國外商保險業者之影響。研究發現本國外商保險公司雖然已具備依據IFRS 4或US GAAP編製財務報表之經驗，但受訪人員一致認為第40號公報的實施將導致整體作業成本增加，而相關法令及緩衝配套措施未及時修訂係導入作業面臨的最大障礙。此外，IFRS 4第二階段以公平價值衡量保險負債的要求影響重大，風險資本適足性及增資壓力成為適用該號公報首要挑戰，業者甚至考慮變更保險商品的設計以因應之。 　　據此，本研究建議保險業由董事會高層授權成立專案小組統籌導入計劃及委任外部專家協助，並且進行全面試算與分析供決策參考。主管機關將保險財務與監理會計分離並及時修訂相關法令及緩衝的配套措施，以減緩保險業者所受之衝擊；並及早評估第二階段的影響，以緩和漸進的方式達到IFRS 4第二階段之要求。 / Vow to adapt accounting standards with IFRS, Taiwan issued GAAP No.40, the Accounting Standards for Insurance Contracts in 2008, which will be effective starting from 2011. With different accounting and disclosure requirements GAAP No.40 requires, are Taiwan insurance companies capable and ready to implement the new standards without any impact? 　　This research tries to study and analyze survey from staffs of foreign insurers in Taiwan regarding impacts of adopting the new accounting standards, although almost foreign insurers in Taiwan are capable of compiling their financial reports in accordance with IFRS or US GAAP requirements to their parent company. The questionnaire results indicate that all respondents agree that overall costs will increase due to adopt the new standards and lacking of the related regulations and supporting measures to the new standards will be a major challenge in operating levels. Furthermore, using fair value to measure insurance liabilities in phase II of IFRS 4 will cause huge impact for all insurers. The critical challenges of the new standards are the adequacy of Risk-Based Capital and additional capital requirements, which might even force the insurers to resign the products in order not to fail to comform RBC ratio. 　　Therefore, this research has 3 suggestions for insurers and 3 suggestions for authorities, respectively: 1.to be fully authorized by Board of Directors to set up IFRS 4 project team to implement the stardard as soon as possible; 2.to look for outside experts supports; 3.to make pre-test of the impact of the new stardard as the reference for insurers’ business plans and strategies; 4.to separate insurance financial accountings with insurance regulatory requirements; 5.to provide supporting policies or amend regulations to mitigate negative impacts from the new standards; 6.to make an overall study and analysis on phase II of IFRS 4 to ensure insurance companies can implement phase II smoothly and successfully.