在檔案管理中，照片扮演著記載各政府機關公務、企業生產、學術及科學研究等方面重要的輔助角色。照片檔案以直接且逼真的影像將資訊傳遞給使用者，不受語言、文字的限制，讓人猶如身臨其境，故更具有感染力。基於上述，本研究之主要目的即為針對我國照片檔案館（單位）編排與描述現況、原則，以及國內、外文獻與處理現況作一探討；並進而從檔案人員之經驗瞭解照片檔案館（單位）制定編排與描述標準之現況與需求。 研究結果發現，目前國外部分，英、美及新加坡都具有各別的編排原則與描述欄位，而本研究所訪談之照片檔案館（單位），包含：國史館、中央通訊社、中研院近史所檔案館、台北藝術大學「台灣老照片數位博物館」、中研院史語所也都具有編排原則與描述欄位，可提供照片檔案館（單位）制定編排原則與描述欄位之參考。 在研究結論中，研究者歸納出國內外檔案館之照片檔案大都依據「尊重全宗」與「尊重原始順序」編排，照片檔案之描述層級視各館需求而定，以及照片檔案描述元素視各館需求而異之觀點。此外，在研究建議中，研究者歸納出國內制定照片檔案編排與描述規範之必要性、照片檔案描述必備與選擇元素之建議、建立照片檔案之共享與合作機制等建議，以提供國內照片檔案館相關單位未來制定照片檔案編排與描述規範之參考。

NPR(Non-photorealistic Rendering)主要目的是透過不同的演算法，由電腦自動產生各種不同繪畫風格的影像，目前的NPR系統礙於演算法的計算速度，多數都僅針對靜止的單一圖片進行處理，故本研究試圖對二維空間中已發展的NPR演算法做延伸，在空間領域以及MPEG壓縮領域上分別提出不同的加速效能方式。在空間方面針對不同的範圍套用NPR演算法，如臉部、膚色區塊等有意義的部份；而在MPEG壓縮格式上，透過MPEG中的I,P,B-frame不同的特性，視影像中的差異度做不同的套用方式，以求改進NPR演算法效能，達到即時產生NPR特效的影片或動畫，進一步應用於多媒體娛樂以及人機互動機制。 / Recently, various non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) techniques have been developed for computers to generate images of different artistic styles automatically. Due to the complexity of the algorithms, however, most NPR methods are limited to the processing of static images. It is the objective of this thesis to extend and improve existing NPR techniques to enable near real-time processing of video. The enhancement can be achieved in both spatial and compressed domains. In the spatial domain, computational complexity is reduced by applying NPR only to selective regions in the images, e.g., face or skin area. In the MPEG compressed domain, by exploiting the relationship among I, P, and B frames, different strategies can be developed to increase the efficiency of the NPR algorithm. Experimental results have demonstrated the efficacy of the proposed methods and validated the near real-time creation of NPR video effects.

本篇論文意在分析探討葛拉斯的小說《錫鼓》中主角侏儒奧斯卡照片影像式的敘事觀點，以其顛覆且批判德國二次大戰納粹時期的歷史。透過侏儒奧斯卡以回憶述說故事的方式，從被主流歷史掩埋的廢墟殘跡中，提出斷簡殘篇但相互關聯如星宿圖般的照片影像，以存留於照片影像中破碎的個人歷史抵抗正統歷史泯滅真相的力量。由奧斯卡小人物般卑下的目光如攝影鏡頭或伸縮、或放大、或停格的控訴納粹法西斯的惡行，及支持此一罪行的共犯結構— 德國中產階級的狂熱盲從，指摘納粹歷史如場荒誕鬧劇，德國小市民的亂倫敗德與搖旗吶喊的愚昧瘋狂。本論文欲透過班雅明(Walter Benjamin)、蘇珊•宋塔(Susan Sontag)、巴特(Roland Barthes)及德勒茲(Gilles Deleuze)與瓜達里(Félix Guattari)等人之理論架構逐章論述，分析奧斯卡之敘事觀點。首先以其畸形矮小身形猶如攝影式觀看，維持自身與外在世界的批判距離，且將事件做極度怪奇的放大或縮小，試圖還原歷史洪流中被淹沒或為人輕忽的細節。接著透過奧斯卡親人的死亡和他們留存在家庭相簿中的身影，以之視為凝結停頓時空的休止(caesura)和刺點(punctum)，交互出生者與死者，過去與現在，個人與歷史之間的辯證對話。最後探討照片式影像如部份物體(partial object)具有流動、多元、破碎的顛覆特質，檢視奧斯卡的觀點如何逃脫歷史、民族、國家所匯聚的統一整體，解除支配社會場域的「父–母–我」的伊底帕斯關係之力量，揭露納粹如父如神之形象背後的壓抑與荒謬，使其造成的歷史浩劫定格顯影。 / This thesis investigates Gűnter Grass’s The Tin Drum from the perspective of photographic images, using theories drawn from Walter Benjamin, Susan Sontag, Roland Barthes, Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari. Acclaimed as the greatest German novel written since the end of World War II, The Tin Drum is supposedly an autobiographical fiction of Oskar Matzerath, a character who, willingly stunting his growth at the age of three, has lived through the long Nazi nightmare and the loss of Danzig City. Wielding his tin drum and piercing scream as weapons, Oskar furnishes the reader with a profound yet hilarious recollection in the form of fragmented yet correlative photographic images on both German history and the human predicament in the modern world. Chapter One explores the effect of alienation resulting from Oskar’s grotesque perspective from Sontag’s idea of photographic seeing and Benjamin’s “distraction” element of the technical media. Oskar observes the adult world, from which he chooses to withdraw, from an unusual angle gained by his dwarfish size. His perspective, likened to the enlargement or close-up of a camera, displays the grotesquery in ordinary events to reveal what is hidden from us. Chapter Two prospects the force of interruption or arrest grounded on Oskar’s bereavement, with Benjamin’s caesura and Barthes’ punctum of photographic images. Death in the photographic images is endowed with the capacity to arrest and petrify the historical movement. The break from the present moment enables the rereading and refiguring of history. The Deleuzo-Guattarian conception of partial objects is employed in Chapter Three to explore how Oskar viewing the external world as objectivized images helps engender revolutionary forces to subvert the orthodox history. The photographic images in the appearance of partial objects break through the totalizing power of orthodox history and bring forth a dialectical optic to examine the past, present and future.

這是一篇有關台灣報社攝影記者的深度報導。本報導藉由攝影記者在台灣媒體環境中的弱勢，凸顯攝影記者專業地位尚未建立的事實。到底未來攝影記者該如何邁向專業之途？專業發展的路上又有哪些障礙？本文從專業知識、專業自主、專業承諾和專業責任四個角度切入，探討攝影記者工作的現況，歸納出攝影記者在專業發展上所應具備的特質，並進一步指出發展新聞攝影專業的主要作法。

本研究探討女性求職者其履歷表照片外觀性別與應徵工作的典型性別間一致性與否與微笑有無對招募者人事決策之影響；此外，並探討前述關係之中介機制及調節效果；亦即前述兩類效果是否透過影響招募者對求職者工作能力契合度、外向性或吸引力的知覺，進而影響招募者的人事決策，而招募者性別角色態度是否調節前述之性別一致性效果。 / 本研究使用實驗法，採2（女性求職者照片微笑：有或無）×2（女性求職者外觀性別與工作性別間一致性程度：高或低）完全受試者間實驗設計。依變項則為推薦意願之人事決策。以在職者為樣本，共有214位受試者參與，隨機分派受試者至四種實驗情境之一，在閱讀職缺訊息及履歷表後，回答對求職者知覺、人事決策及人口統計變項等問題。去除操弄失敗的樣本後，本研究分析之有效樣本為141人。 / 本研究以階層迴歸分析來檢驗所有研究假設。研究結果顯示，求職者微笑有無對推薦意願之主要效果達顯著，且招募者對求職者之外向性與外表吸引力知覺會中介此效果；但「外觀性別與工作性別間一致性」的主要效果並未達顯著。此外，招募者之家庭外角色態度具有顯著調節效果，但性別刻板印象之調節效果不存在。研究者並針對本研究之研究結果、理論與實務意涵加以討論。 / In the present study, the researcher examined whether the congruence between female applicants' photo facial appearance and the job type and whether female applicants showed smile in the photo affected recruiters' hiring recommendation. Additionally, mediators and moderators of the above relationships were also examined. Specifically, the researcher examined whether recruiters' perceptions of applicant’s demands-abilities fit, extraversion, and facial attractiveness mediated the above relationship and whether recruiters' sex role attitudes moderated the above relationship. / This study used a 2 × 2 between-subjects factorial experimental design. The two independent variables were whether female applicants showed smile in the photo (smile or non-smile) and the congruence between female applicants' photo facial appearance and the job type (high or low). The dependent variable was hiring recommendation. Two hundred and fourteen current incumbents participated in this study. After reading a fictitious job description and a fictitious resume, participants answered questions about the perceptions of the applicant, hiring recommendation, and participants’ demographic informaiton. After dropping participants who failed to pass the manipulation check, the valid sample size for analysis was 141. / Results of hierarchical multiple regression analyses indicated that the main effect of applicants' photo smile on hiring recommendation was significant, and the recruiter' perceptions of applicant's extraversion and facial attractiveness were mediators of the aforementioned relationship. However, recruiters' hiring recommendation was not influenced by congruence between female applicants' photo facial appearance and the job type. In addition, recruiters' attitudes toward extra-familial roles moderated the relationship between congruence between female applicants' photo facial appearance and the job type and demands-abilities fit. However, the moderation of recruiters’ gender stereotype was not significant. Finally, practical implications and avenues for future research in selection biases are discussed.