本文主要以殷墟甲骨文為研究對象，在分時期分貞人組的概念下，針對甲骨文一字的構形變化問題進行研究。本文首先舉出甲骨文字的原始特徵和其對構形的影響，再對甲骨文字的構形變化，由「文字本身的變化」、「文字發展演變所致的變化」及「不同貞人組或時期間的變化」三方面分析討論。在「文字本身的變化」方面，本文指出「加增部件」、「代換部件」、「訛混部件」和「簡省部件」四種規律性現象，討論具體例子。在「文字的發展演變所致的變化」方面，以「形聲化現象」和「分化現象」探討一字的演變過程。最後「不同貞人組或時期間的變化」方面，本文指出在不同貞人組中所見的「同字異構現象」，並對「同詞異字現象」和「用詞不同現象」作進一步討論。 / This thesis is to study the structural change of a character in Yin-Xu(the old plains of Yin Dynasty) oracle bone from the viewpoint of Wu-Qi(five periods) and Zhen-Ren-Zu(the groups of fortune-tellers). First we address the primitive characteristics of oracle bone characters and their effects on the structure of characters. Secondly we discuss the structure of oracle bone characters such as [variation of components in a character], [diversity by the development of a character] and [change between different periods or different Zhen-Ren-Zu]. For the [variation of components in a character], we point out four systematic phenomena such as [increment of components], [substitution of components], [misuse of components] and [simplification of components]. On the other hand, for the [diversity by the development of a character], we discuss [phonetic symbol phenomena] and [ramification phenomena]. Finally for the [change between different periods or different Zhen-Ren-Zu], we indicate the [different structural phenomena of the same character appearing in the different Zhen-Ren-Zu], and further discuss [phenomenon of using different characters about same vocabulary] and the [phenomenon of using different vocabularies about same meaning].

所謂「同形字」就是字形相同的字，卻含有不同的音義，且其不同音義間彼此並無「引申」或「假借」的關係。這種字形和音義間的複雜關係，容易造成字形辨識上的錯誤認知，進而影響整個「地下新材料」文本的正確釋讀，這是所有想利用「地下新材料」作學術研究者，皆必須面對的一個重要問題。 本論文主要就是運用「同形字」的觀念來考釋古文字中的疑難字詞，材料以殷商甲骨文、兩周金文和戰國楚簡文字為主。再從整理出來的「同形字組」例證，歸納「先秦時期」出現「同形字」的成因為：「字形同源」、「字形繁簡、形訛」和「構字本義不同，字形偶然相同」。最後將「同形字組」放在「先秦」時空座標中，觀察古文字在不同時空中所表現出來文字構形及演變的特色。

以甲骨卜辭中所提及的降雨相關資料、及前人學者的研究結果，進行綜合性質的資料匯整，分析出直接產生動作的降雨用詞在卜辭中之表現特徵、使用時機及其時代性，並進一步與科學考古資料比較，以推斷出殷商時期的氣候的約略狀況。

本文以李宗焜《甲骨文字編》蒐集甲骨字目為範圍，篩選所有包含人形的227個可釋字，分為側立人形（100字）、正立大形（38字）、跪坐卩形（44字）、斂手跪坐女形（45字）四部字進行甲骨構形與歷世演變分析。分析發現甲骨人形字構形特徵為：側立人部字占人形字四成構字量、增形構字占一半、頭部增形占三分之一、兩構件組成占一半、人形構件主要作為表形構件、唯女形構件作為表義構件、人部與大部各有若干變形構字等。甲骨人形構件有45%為後世保留，其中女部字保留比例最高，拼合構字最易保留人形構件。歸究人形構件得以保留主因為其具人形構件重要、構件離析、構件關係清楚、構形明確等特質。而55%失落甲骨人形構件者，以卩部字最嚴重，以增形構字方式最易失落人形。失落主因為該甲骨文構件太多、構件交疊、構形不尋常、構意不明、區辨性目的等特質。甲骨人形構件後世因配置位置演變為不同部件，側立人形在上為「 」，在左為「亻」，在中為「人」，在下為「儿」；正立大形以「大」及「亣」居中配置；跪坐卩形以「卩」形置右配置；女形則以「女」形置左配置；其它訛變部件亦相應於配置位置而變化。人形字是漢字的入門字目，有利初學者以圖象的方式開啟對漢字字符的認識，後續配合其它古文字以先習得基礎部件，再配合楷書筆順原則、組字邏輯、字頻篩選，則可以協助學習者在有系統、有感覺、有意義、有畫面的狀況下有效學會漢字，以符應漢字所具備的完形特質。

「甲骨塗辭」乃指在甲骨刻辭筆畫中塗以朱、墨，以往學者將之稱為「塗朱/墨」或「填朱/墨」，這類刻辭在刻寫完成之後，以朱砂或墨填入刻痕。其中，塗朱甲骨色彩鮮明奪目，很早就受到學者注意，其目的有美觀、宗教意涵、重要訊息的不同說法。然而，受限於甲骨著錄多為黑白拓本形式、早期彩色印刷不發達，目前甲骨學界尚無學者對塗辭做出專門且深入的研究。所幸，近年來出版之甲骨著錄附有彩色相片，部分甲骨收藏單位架設數位資料庫，如中研院史語所，所能蒐羅之資料備於完善，為甲骨塗辭研究奠定基礎。 本文以「塗朱甲骨」作為主要討論對象，試圖將辭例或形狀完整的塗朱卜辭進行分類。首先於第二章探討塗朱甲骨的年代以及塗朱甲骨的幾項特徵，包含：牛胛骨骨面塗朱卜辭、犯兆塗朱卜辭、塗朱記事刻辭。第三章及第四章則以塗朱甲骨的形態進行討論，分別以顏色及辭例的完整度作為分類標準。以顏色劃分塗朱甲骨可分為三類：僅見塗朱者、朱墨褐三色同版者、朱墨或朱褐同版者。以辭例完整度可分成八類。 / The incised characters on oracle bones rubbed with cinnabar or ink are called cinnabar inscriptions or ink inscription. The vermillion colored cinnabar used on the coloring of oracle bones is said to have religious messages or aesthetic purposes. Previously limited by the immature color printing and computer technology, oracle bones inscriptions were mostly rubbing editions in black and white, and thus there are few in-depth studies on the coloring of oracle bone inscriptions. But now a corpus of oracle bones is taking form, such as editions with color pictures and digitalization of oracle bones images by Institute of History and Philosophy, Academia Sinica. This paper aims to examine the cinnabar inscriptions on oracle bones, discuss their characteristics in different periods, and categorize them into three categories based on colors, and eight categories based on the intactness of the inscriptions.

由於背甲數量較為稀少，再加上背甲表面多盾紋、齒縫，不似腹甲、胛骨光滑平整，卜辭釋讀顯得較為困難，因此鮮少引起學者的注意，專以此議題為研究的文章遠比腹甲、卜骨稀少。背甲刻辭數量雖然較腹甲少，但若以拼綴完整的大片背甲來看，其字數及內容重要性並不亞於腹甲。經過筆者通盤整理後，發現王卜辭背甲數量並不少，總計約有六千二百餘版。本文在分組分類的基礎下，對這一批背甲進行相關研究。 本文分為七章，第一章介紹研究背景及目的、研究方法，以及目前學界研究殷墟背甲之概況。第二章至第六章，分別針對 組、賓組、出組、何組、黃類的背甲卜辭從事相關研究。研究內容包括：背甲卜辭的分類與整理、背甲文例的歸納，以及背甲事類討論。除此之外，本文也會根據各類組所呈現的不同的內容，逐一進行細步之分析。第七章則綜合前幾章的研究成果，並提出相關結論。 / Research in tortoise shell inscription hardly drew attention to the scholars owing to the interpretation difficulties of shield lines and seams on the surface and the amount of tortoise shell is few. Comparing with the smooth surface tortoise plastron and shoulder blade, few tortoise shell studies were carried out. However, as far as the importance is concerned, the content meaning and number of words in a fully joined together tortoise shell is equivalent to tortoise plastron. After sorting out in this study, a great amount, about 6,200 pieces, of royal oracle bone inscription was discovered. This research in tortoise shell is studied under the foundation of group classification. Seven chapters are concluded in this thesis. The research background and purpose, research method and the description of current academic research in Shang Dynasty will be introduced in chapter 1. The tortoise shell inscription of Shi groups, Bin groups, Chu groups, He groups and Huang groups are researched in subsequent chapter 2 to chapter 6. The content in this research includes the classification of tortoise shell inscription, the inductive inference of the grammar of turtle carapaces inscriptions and a discussion of tortoise shell category. Besides, a detailed analysis is carried out according to the different contents for each group. Finally, the conclusion of this study was made in chapter 7 base on the former research achievements.

本論文の目的は，体表から無侵襲に肩甲骨運動を推定する方法を確立すること，肩甲骨運動を拡大する運動介入としての肩甲骨エクササイズを明らかにすること，そのエクササイズが投球動作中の肩甲骨運動に与える即時的な効果を検討することとした．その結果，本研究で考案した推定方法によって肩甲骨姿勢の推定精度は向上した．また体幹運動をともなった肩甲骨エクササイズによって投球動作中の肩甲骨後傾運動が増加した． / 博士(スポーツ健康科学) / Doctor of Philosophy in Health and Sports Science / 同志社大学 / Doshisha University

本文探討《周易》經傳吉凶觀念，不欲陷入「經傳分觀」與「以傳解經」的爭執中，所以對於《易經》與《易傳》的吉凶觀念討論，採取調和方式，也就是運用「經傳分觀」者的優點，回歸《易經》與《易傳》於各處之時代來加以討論各自的吉凶觀念；運用「以傳解經」者的優點，看《易傳》對《易經》的吉凶觀念，是如何的詮釋。並且嘗試整理存在卜辭中「吉凶觀念」的形成初期，到存在於《周易》經、傳中的「吉凶思想」，由此，一方面得以梳理《周易》經、傳間吉凶觀念承續與再現的問題，一方面得以此為基礎，論析《周易》經、傳思想與思想史間的互動關係，就吉凶思想，追尋其形成、轉化的軌跡，或許更能瞭解《周易》所蘊藏的價值內涵，及《周易》思想與其他思想間的授受關係。 職此，筆者之研究，第一章為緒論，即討論《甲骨卜辭與周易經傳吉凶觀念思想研究》之研究動機與目的，接著討論其研究範圍，之中包含時間與材料兩種範圍的討論，繼而回顧前人對於《周易》中，有關「吉凶」觀念方面研究成果，從中得出當前研究概況，最後提出本文的研究方法與研究進路。 第二章首先對《周易》經、傳形成背景中，可能的思想資源作一探溯，透過殷墟甲骨卜辭中的探問，觀察先民對於吉凶觀念有何種認知、運用與作為，及如何從對卜辭中吉凶的解讀，以達趨吉避凶之道。 第三章探討由甲骨卜辭進入到《易經》中，《易經》吉凶觀念的內容為何？又《易經》對甲骨卜辭中的吉凶觀念繼承與發展了哪些？而從卜辭到《易經》卦爻辭這一時期，恰好歷經商末到西周初的歷史大轉變，其中「思想文化的變化」是殷周之際最顯著的變動。因此，當《易經》卦爻辭，經歷殷周之際的思想文化轉變後，對《易經》卦爻辭中的吉凶觀念和天人關係，起了何種影響？《易經》作者們回應時代潮流，表現於卦爻辭中，其吉凶內容與思想與先前的卜辭，有何不同？此皆是本章所要說明的論點。 第四章探討《易傳》對《易經》吉凶觀念的繼承與發展。我們可從《彖傳》與《象傳》對卦義、卦爻辭的解釋看，《周易》已不只是占筮吉凶用的典籍，而且成了依據天道變化，處理生活得失，治理天下國家和進行道德修養的指南。《易傳》對《易經》的吉凶觀念，有往哲理化發展傾向。而這一發展與春秋戰國時期思想文化變動有關。所以，筆者本章首先探討軸心期思想文化有何突破？而此突破對《易傳》的作者們，起了何種影響？而《易傳》作者們回應時代課題下，其吉凶觀念與天人關係為何？而對《易經》的吉凶觀念與天人關係，有什麼繼承與發展之處？《易傳》的人文化發展如何？此皆是本章的討論重點。 第五章為結論。討論本文研究發現與心得、未盡待研究之處。 / The purpose of this paper is to investigate the auspicious concept of “Chou Yi” classics and commentaries; without involving the arguments of “division of scriptures and commentaries” and “scriptures explained by commentaries”, this paper uses a compromised approach to discuss the auspicious concepts “Yi Scriptures” and “Yi Commentaries”. That is to apply the advantages of “division of scriptures and commentaries” to discuss the auspicious concepts, respectively, in the era when “Yi Scriptures” and “Yi Commentaries” originated and apply the advantages of “scriptures explained by commentaries” to observe the auspicious concepts of “Yi Scriptures” interpreted from the standpoint of “Yi Commentaries”. It intends to collect and organize the initial stage of “auspicious concept” contained in inscriptions and the “auspicious thinking” existed in scriptures and commentaries in “Chou Yi”. Thus, this study examines the inherent and recovery issue of auspicious concepts between scriptures and commentaries of “Chou Yi” in order to discuss and analyze the interaction among the thinking and thinking history of “Chou Yi” scriptures and commentaries. In terms of auspicious thinking, this paper intends to explore the course of its formation and transformation so that people may have more understanding of the content of “Chou Yi” and the reciprocal relationship between “Chou Yi” thinking and the other thinking. Based upon the above objectives, the first chapter of this paper is an introduction to discuss the research motive and goals of “Auspicious Concepts of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and ‘Chou Yi’ Confucian Classics and Commentaries” and the research scope, including time and materials. Next, previous research results of “auspicious” concepts in “Chou Yi” are explored to understand the current findings; finally, research method and prospect are presented in the article. In Chapter 2, the background of “Chou Yi” scriptures and commentaries is studied to investigate the possible foundation of thinking; by exploring oracle bone inscriptions from Shang Dynasty, cognition, application and actions concerning ancient people’s auspicious concepts are observed and how they interpret the indication of oracle bones for pursuing auspicious indication and avoiding bad lucks. Chapter 3 investigates the auspicious concepts in “Yi Scriptures” contained in the oracle bone inscriptions. It also examines the inherent auspicious concept and its development from oracle bone inscriptions in “Yi Scriptures”. During the time between inscription to “Yi Scriptures” divination when a historical transition occurred in the end of Shang Dynasty and early West Chou Dynasty, “changes of thinking culture” is the most significant transformation during the era of Shang and Chou. Hence, after the cultural transition in Shang and Chou Dynasties, what effect of “Yi Scriptures” divination due to the auspicious concepts and relationship of heaven and human contained in “Yi Scriptures” divination. In response to changes of time, what difference between the divination content presented by the authors of “Yi Scriptures” and the ancient inscription is the focal point stated in this chapter. Chapter 4 examines the heritage and development of auspicious concept in “Yi Scriptures” from “Yi Commentaries”. From the divination interpretation of “Tuan Commentaries” and “Image Commentaries”, “Chou Yi” is not only an ancient book of divination and also becomes a guideline to deal with life, govern a nation and the world, and to have moral trainings based upon changes of natural revolution. There is philosophical tendency in the development of auspicious concept of “Yi Scriptures” from “Yi Commentaries”. This development is relevant to the cultural and thinking changes during the era of Spring Autumn and Warring States. Hence, this chapter begins with the breakthrough of thinking culture during a core period and what effect of this breakthrough on the authors of “Yi Commentaries”. In response to the issue of times, what is the auspicious concepts and relationship of heaven and human from the authors of “Yi Commentaries”, what do they inherit from “Yi Scriptures” and what are their developments? How is the cultural development of “Yi Commentaries”? These are all the crucial discussions in this chapter. Chapter 5 is the conclusion to discuss research findings, lessons learned and follow-up efforts to be focused for the study.

本文針對甲骨文的文例，運用比較同文例的方法，主要由二方面進行研究：一為通讀一版甲骨所需的基本文例之整理；一為甲骨文書寫法所引起的契刻現象之整理與對特殊現象的討論。 本文以第三章所整理的基本文例為基礎，通過第四章、第五章和第六章，三章的討論，指出甲骨文的特殊契刻例十二種，即誤刻、缺刻、奪文、衍文、補刻、倒文、側書、顛亂、省文、析書、合文及借字例，同時校勘甲骨文本身的刻辭錯誤，並糾正對此學者誤釋之例。 第一章 緒論 第一節 研究動機與目的 第二節 研究方法與範圍 第三節 文獻檢討 第二章 甲骨文形體結構特徵 第一節 字無定格，部件位置不固定 第二節 一字正反書無別 第三節 一字異形，繁簡並存 第四節 形近或義近部件通用 第五節 書寫工具、習慣與字形之關係 第三章 甲骨版面通讀法研究 第一節 刻辭行款類型 壹、一般行款形式 貳、特殊行款形式 第二節 甲骨文內容間的聯繫 壹、卜辭的結構 貳、卜問形式 參、正面卜辭與背面卜辭相承 肆、獸骨相間刻辭 伍、獸骨邊面對應 第三節 一事多卜 壹、同文卜辭 貳、成套卜辭 參、同對卜辭 第四章 甲骨文契刻特殊例（上） 第一節 誤刻例 壹、誤增或誤穿筆劃 貳、受它字的影響而誤刻 參、形近或義近而誤 肆、音近而誤 伍、干支之誤 第二節 缺刻例 壹、個字漏刻 貳、整條卜辭之缺刻 參、缺刻而致誤字、誤釋之例 肆、缺刻字比較表 第三節 奪文例 壹、卜辭所見奪文例及說明 貳、奪文之形態 參、奪文之內容 肆、時代別情況 第四節 衍文例 壹、卜辭所見之衍文例 貳、衍文的內容及時代別特徵 第五章 甲骨文契刻特殊例（中） 第一節 補刻例 壹、空間不足，刪字而重刻 貳、適當空間補刻 參、甲骨文補刻原因與補法特點 第二節 倒文例 壹、文字結構之倒 貳、倒語 參、倒行 第三節 側書例 壹、文字側書 貳、數字側書 第四節 顛亂例 壹、補刻而顛亂 貳、部分內容刻於它處而顛亂 參、行款方向轉變而顛亂 肆、不遵守辭序而顛亂 第六章 甲骨文契刻特殊例（下） 第一節 省文例 壹、前辭內容之省略 貳、干支之省略 參、身分、人名、稱謂等之省略 第二節 析書例 壹、析書的主要偏旁 貳、析書者的主要類別與形式 參、析書而致誤者 第三節 合文例 壹、合文類別 貳、合文結合方式 參、甲骨文合文與金文、戰國文字合文異同 第四節 借字例 壹、一字兩用 貳、重文符號的運用 第七章 結論 參考書目 引用著錄簡稱表 附錄：特殊契刻例表 / In order to develop an understanding of lines of characters in oracle bone inscriptions, using a comparison of similar lines of characters, this thesis has two major aims. The first is to develop an understanding of the basic understanding of the lines of characters on an individual bone. The second is to organize and study the phenomena of the transition between the initial written characters and their subsequent carved versions. Chapter Three provides a fundamental organization of the basic lines. Then, following the discussions of Chapters Four Five and Six, there are presented twelve characteristics to analyze the carved characters: Wu ke(wrong words), Que ke(missing carving), Duo wen(incomplete words), Yan wen(repeated words), Bu ke(supplementary carving), Dao wen(upside down characters), Ce shu(sideways characters), Dian luan(confused), Sheng wen(omitted characters), Xishu(divided characters), He wen(combined characters), Jie zi(loan words). From this overall analysis, it is possible to correct mistaken carvings and mistaken readings of previous scholars.