本研究旨在探討未婚年輕女性生涯決策歷程的關係脈絡，瞭解重要他人之於她們的意義和影響。為了更貼近受訪者的主觀經驗，本研究採用敘說研究方法，以深度訪談方式蒐集資料，訪談三位未婚年輕女性，並以整體—內容及循環闡釋的原則進行資料分析。 研究結果以故事敘說的形式呈現，並分析每位受訪者生涯決策的關係脈絡，最後就三位受訪者的情況做綜合討論，與既有之相關文獻和研究進行對話，主要藉助「關係中的自我」模式與「發聲」模式。研究結果發現，整體而言，三位未婚年輕女性的生涯決策歷程有其個別的關係脈絡，且關係脈絡與其生涯決策有緊密的關連，在其生涯歷程中仍可見關係和情感方面的需求，此外，社會文化亦滲入其關係脈絡和生涯決策歷程中，她們的生涯決策可說是在個別特的關係脈絡中共構而成。同時，在這樣的生涯決策歷程中也可以看到她們自我的成長和力量的展現，在關係脈絡下形成生涯決策的歷程似乎也是自我發聲的展現。最後，根據研究結果提出對於女性生涯研究與女性生涯諮商實務之建議。 / The purpose of this study was to explore the relational contexts of unmarried young females’ career decision-making processes, and to understand what these means to them and how these influence them. For understanding their subjective experiences, the study conduct in-depth interviews with three unmarried young females, and analyzed the text data by the principles of holistic-content and hermeneutic circle of narrative research. The findings were presented by the career stories of the three participants and the analysis of the relational contexts of their career decision-making process. Otherwise, the study tried to make discussions about how participants’ experiences show in their career stories reflect the perspectives of some literatures and researches, in that “self-in-relationships” model and ”voice” model provide the main structure. As a whole, the findings were as follows: The three participants have their own relational contexts, which closely correlated to their career decision-making. Meanwhile, their relational needs and affection needs are also important components in their career decision-making processes. In addition, social and cultural influences participate in both of their relational contexts and their career decision-making processes. As a result, it seemed the career decision-making in their relational contexts represented the processes which they are empowered and grow up. Finally, based on the findings of the study, suggestions for female career researches and female career counseling were provided.

當產業需要新的思維模式、需要創新時，經常借鏡他國的成功經驗以解決困境。然而，當一時的新鮮感和話題消褪後，單純的複製未必能達到成效，重點是企業應該如何回應在地使用者的需求。本研究專注三個課題。第一、如何由在地使用者的生活脈絡與行為，探索消費者的隱性需求。第二、如何創新採納異國文化經驗，與在地文化脈絡做結合，以重新設計新產品或新服務。第三、討論使用者於再脈絡化中的角色，以使用者為導向進行再脈絡化的過程。本研究以法朵新馬德里鐵板燒為案例討論，分析如何移轉西班牙飲食文化到台灣的餐廳。在學理方面，本研究探討再脈絡化的過程，以及使用者於再脈絡化過程中扮演的角色。發現異國文化經驗轉移除了研究兩者的文化脈絡，還必須透過使用者的觀點進行探討、進行再脈絡化。實務方面，本研究說明如何分析使用者來探索創新再脈絡化的可能性，並且思考如何融合原地與在地文化進行再脈絡，然後發展成以使用者為導向的設計，探討跨國文化經驗轉移的問題。

在本論文中，研究者認為影響受訪者跨族群交友的主要因素主要可從兩方面來看，分別為兩者連繫的同質性、連繫強度、接觸場合、社經地位差序變項，以及受訪者個人的世代、族群、教育程度與跨族群交友偏向程度。透過1997年三期三次「台灣地區社會變遷調查」社會網絡與社區組調查資料，本論文使用階層線性模型（Hierarchical Linear Models，HLM），從受訪者與他人的兩者關係所形成的連繫層次，以及受訪者個人層次來對台灣跨族群交往的現象作進一步的分析。研究結果發現，受訪者個人特質，例如受訪者教育程度、所屬族群，較兩者連繫特質，例如兩者連繫強度、認識場合，更強烈地影響了跨族群連繫形成的可能性，這樣的結果在過去由於方法上的限制，無法得到驗證，透過此研究，可對台灣族群相關網絡研究在建立跨族群連繫的可能因素上，提供了不一樣的看法與解釋。 / In this paper, I argued that what impacts the respondents constructing the cross-ethnicity ties can be treated from two perspectives. One is the tie-level, such as the homogeneity, tie strength, contact contexts, and socio-economical resources variables between two actors. The other is the individual-level, like the generations, ethnicities, levels of education, and the degrees of the preference for making cross-ethnic ties of the egos, that is, the respondents. I tested my hypotheses using the social network data in 1997, called Taiwan Social Change Survey (TSCS). Through building the hierarchical linear models, some advanced analysis could be done for understanding the cross-ethnic interaction phenomenon in Taiwan by considering the tie-level and the individual-level at the same time. The research results showed that when talking about the possibility of making cross-ethnic ties, personal characteristics, like levels of education, and ethnicities, are more important than tie characteristics, such as tie strength and meeting places of the two. However, this outcome cannot be examined in the past because of the methodological restrictions. Through this research, it provides different sights and explanations for discussing the possible reasons for constructing cross-ethnic ties in the social network researching area in Taiwan.

本研究先與過去十年政論節目的相關研究對話，統整出台灣政論節目的流變趨勢和研究成果。本研究繼而以 James Coleman集體層次觀點和Ann Swidler的文化社會學論點，從全新的角度探討政論節目集體收視升高與生活不穩定程度的關係。在認定「報紙」為呈現生活脈絡的較適媒體之前提下，本研究透過2004年三月到四月總統大選期間報紙議題的質化分析，分類出報紙呈現的政治不穩定程度。進而以QCA（Qualitative Comparative Analysis）之方法，探索政治系統不穩定程度與政論節目在大選期間集體收視率升降的關係。 研究發現，若「體制內對抗既有政治典則和政制的事件，或非常態的政制執行事件」以及「體制外破壞政治社群的事件」這二種不穩定層次愈高的訊息，在眾多生活百態環伺的狀況下仍然被顯著呈現之時，則政論節目的收視率呈現集體上升。本研究也發現若這二種不穩定層次愈高的訊息聯合了「會影響國內政治系統的外圍不穩定事件」之訊息，則政論節目的收視率也呈現集體上升。相反的，與政論節目收視率看似密切相關的「執政當局的不穩定事件」，其實並不是讓政論節目收視率額外升高的主因。

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第23792号 / 医博第4838号 / 新制||医||1057(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 近藤 尚己, 教授 佐藤 俊哉, 教授 藤渕 航 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(生命科学) / 甲第24047号 / 生博第473号 / 新制||生||63(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院生命科学研究科高次生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 今吉 格, 教授 見学 美根子, 教授 原田 浩 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy in Life Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

本研究目的是欲探討青少年處理認同議題的方式（即訊息取向、規範取向、散漫-逃避取向等三種認同策略）與適應問題之關係。青少年採用之認同策略與適應問題之關係為何？過去的研究未能獲得一致的結論。本研究認為主要的理由有二：一是測量工具的問題，過去常被研究者採用的測量工具—認同風格量表，僅能測得個體對於認同策略的「偏好」，而忽略了在不同的認同範疇下，青少年可能會採用不同的認同策略，進而影響認同策略與適應的關係；一是理論觀點的問題，過去這方面的研究多是從西方文化的角度切入，而未考量文化差異之影響。這兩點理由反映出，並非某一種認同策略必然對應於特定的適應結果，而是受到「脈絡」的影響。為此，本研究首先界定出青少年階段較為重要的兩種認同範疇：學習範疇與日常活動範疇，並將三種認同策略放在此兩種特定的認同範疇下，以編製新的測量工具—青少年認同策略量表；進而探討在台灣社會文化下，不同認同範疇之認同策略與青少年適應問題之關係。此外，本研究進一步探討青少年的個別差異（包括性別差異與發展階段之不同）如何調節認同策略與適應問題之關係。 本研究選取946位台北地區的國、高中在學生為研究受試，以自陳量表的方式填答背景資料、青少年認同策略量表，與青少年自陳量表（含內、外化問題行為）。男女人數分別為487與459人；國、高中生人數分別為456與490人。研究結果顯示，就整體青少年而言，隨著脈絡之不同，三種認同策略與青少年適應問題之關聯也有所不同。不同於西方文化強調訊息取向的適應價值，在台灣社會文化下，規範取向較有利於青少年適應，訊息取向次之，散漫-逃避取向則不利於青少年適應。認同範疇的不同決定了訊息取向對於適應的影響方向：學習範疇的訊息取向可些微降低適應問題，日常活動範疇的訊息取向則增加適應問題。 青少年在性別與發展階段的異質性則調節了認同策略與適應問題之關係。在性別方面，無論男女，規範取向皆可降低受試的適應問題，散漫-逃避取向則增加適應問題；但只有對男生而言，訊息取向才會顯著影響其適應問題。在發展階段方面，對國中生來說，只有學習範疇的規範取向與散漫-逃避取向影響其適應問題，日常活動範疇的認同策略並不具有影響力。在高中階段，兩種認同範疇的認同策略皆對於適應問題有影響，訊息取向對於適應問題的影響力到高中階段才被凸顯。 本研究結果說明了，有關認青少年同策略之使用與適應問題之關係，需放在脈絡下來探討；不同脈絡下，認同策略可能帶來不同的適應結果。而在特定脈絡下，青少年的個別差異則可調節認同策略與適應問題之關係。根據研究結果，我們進一步從研究者與實務者的角度來討論三種認同策略對於青少年之功能。 / The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between the ways in which adolescents approach identity issues (i.e. the three identity strategies: information-oriented, norm-oriented, and diffuse/avoidant-oriented) and adjustment problems. The relationship between identity strategies and adolescents adjustment problems has not been consistently replicated. Two reasons were considered: one was the limit of the Identity Style Inventory (ISI), which was extensively used to measure identity strategies. However, ISI could only measure the individuals’ “preference” of specific identity strategy, it ignored that people may use different identity strategies in different contexts. The other reason was the limit of theoretical view. In the past, such research issue was executed by the Western researchers; they didn’t consider the effects of culture differences. Our assumption was that one specific identity strategy will not necessary bring a specific adjustment outcome, but be influenced by “contexts”. For testing this assumption, we first identified two important identity domains in adolescence: learning domain and life-activity domain. Then, the new measurement tool named the Identity Strategy Inventory for Adolescence (ISI-A) was developed which measure three identity strategies in the two identity domains. Then, we used ISI-A to explore the relationship between adolescents’ identity strategies and adjustment problems in Taiwan. Furthermore, we explore how the individual differences (gender difference and different developmental stage) moderate the relationship between identity strategies and adolescent’s adjustment problems. 946 students (487 males, 456 junior high school students) in junior and senior high schools in Taipei were recruited. All students completed questionnaires on personal and family background, ISI-A, and Youth Self-Report Checklist (YSR) which measured externalizing and internalizing problem behaviors. Results indicated that the relationship between identity strategies and adjustment problems is different in different context. Information-oriented was considered the beneficial identity strategy in Western culture, but we found norm-oriented was more beneficial to adolescents’ adjustment than information-oriented. Like the findings in Western culture, we found diffuse/avoidant-oriented was detrimental to adolescents’ adjustment. Different identity domains determine the values of information-oriented. In learning domain, information-oriented was somewhat beneficial to adjustment, but in life-activity domain, information-oriented was detrimental to adjustment. Gender differences and developmental stages in adolescence moderate the relationship between identity strategies and adjustment problems. In the two identity domains, norm-oriented reduce and diffuse/avoidant-oriented increase adolescents’ adjustment problems across different genders, but information-oriented influence only male’s adjustment problems. For junior high school’s students, adjustment problem was influenced by norm- and diffuse/avoidant-oriented in learning domain, but wasn’t by any identity strategies in life-activity domain. For senior high school’s students, however, identity strategies in the two identity domains have effect on adjustment problems. Furthermore, the influence of information-oriented was highlighted in senior high school students. These findings indicate that it’s necessary to consider the relationship between adolescents’ identity strategies and adjustment problems in “contexts”. A specific identity strategy brings to different adjustment outcomes in different context. In a specific context, individual differences in adolescence moderate the relationship between identity strategies and adjustment problems. Based on these findings, we further discussed the three identity strategies’ function from the viewpoint of researcher and practitioner.