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貸款證券化-台灣的銀行業如何迎戰Basel II 的桎梏兼論風險移轉劉家森 Unknown Date (has links)
Basel II預備於2006年施行.屆時各金融機構均須依其規定計提各項風險性資本.目前台灣的金融機構逾期放款仍多,借款人接受信用評等的殊渺.再者台灣的金融機構所承作的中小企業貸款件數眾多.短期內欲對眾多借款戶施以信用評等殊為不易,因此Basel II 施行之後台灣金融業之貸款,勢必受到壓抑,此乃因(一)銀行無法提列太多的資本(二)台灣的中小企業財報真實性欠佳以及中小企業得自有資本不足,屆時,若銀行的受信無法推展,則企業的投資周轉受到壓抑,將危及到經濟發展.而貸款證券化恰可解決銀行貸款業務的瓶頸.CLO可創造銀行投資者及企業界各取所需有益國家經濟發展.
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不動產抵押貸款證券化之分析與評價廖柏媛 Unknown Date (has links)
基於國內貸款市場的特性來看,國內金融機構所承作的不動產抵押貸款幾乎都是浮動利率抵押貸款,與美國以固定利率抵押貸款為主的貸款市場發展相當不同,未來台灣若欲發展不動產抵押貸款證券化,最先發展的商品應是符合國內抵押貸款屬性的調整利率傳遞證券,因此本文將針對調整利率傳遞證券做評價。同時,由於傳遞證券具有路徑相依的利率衍生性商品之性質,難以得到評價的封閉解,必須依賴數值方法來評價,評價方法不外乎採用利率樹或蒙地卡羅模擬法,本文將對此兩種評價方法做一深入的探討,同時有別於目前國內相關論文以Hull & White三元利率樹的評價方式,採用蒙地卡羅模擬法來評價,並進行敏感度分析,調整利率傳遞證券的評價結果如下:
1. 以台灣的貸款屬性來看,抵押貸款無每年利率上下限,雖有20%的最高利率上限但在目前低利率環境及低利率波動度的環境下,很難觸及此20%的最高利率上限,因此,期間利率上限價值很低,幾乎可視為一個純粹的浮動利率貸款。由於利率每年調整一次,現金流量則是按當時利率水準每月折現,故即使在貸款契約利率之利率加碼等於風險溢酬的情況下,傳遞證券的價格也不會等同於面值。
2. 利率波動度與調整利率傳遞證券價格之相關性不確定。
3. 調整利率傳遞證券價格與每年利率上限(annual cap)及期間利率上限(lifetime cap)有正相關。
4. 同時具有每年利率上限及下限的傳遞證券,價格會比只有每年利率上限的傳遞證券高。
5. 利率加碼越大,調整利率傳遞證券價格越高。
6. 提前清償速度與調整利率傳遞證券價格間的相關性,受到MBS折價或溢價的影響。
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我國農業貸款證券化的可行性研究 / A Feasibility Study on the Securitization of Agricultural Loans in Taiwan楊淑清, Yang, Shu Ching Unknown Date (has links)
當前我國農業金融施政目標將配合農業加值政策,多元化推動政策性專案農貸,農貸對象將由個別農漁民推廣至農企業,是以,資金用途亦將由農業生產擴及農漁業運銷、加工與技術研發;穩健持續的發展農業將需要充分的資金,如何為農業發展自金融市場引入資金,融資是我國金融施政的當務之急。
我國農漁會組織結構脆弱,規模小且欠缺增資機制,本論文鑑於美國資產證券化發展至今已半個世紀,其對直接融資環境的建樹及國家經濟的繁榮功不可沒;直接融資的優點有三:降低借款者的融資成本、提高貸款者的營運效率、增加投資者的投資標的,本論文冀望借鏡美國資產證券化發展經驗及運作模式,創新我國融資思維,以「農業貸款證券化」的方式自金融市場直接取得資金,消弭農業金融當前的瓶頸,為農業發展提供有效的融資,全力發展農業貸款證券化尚能促進國內證券化及信託業務的健康發展。
本論文參考美國資產支持證券與小型企業署證券化的運作模式,規劃我國農業貸款支持證券的發行程序,包括創始資產、資產群組化、現金流結構、信用增強機制、發行架構、風險分析、信用評等及訂價策略八個構面,並探討發行之可行性,獲得適法性無疑、市場供給面與需求面具有發行正當性之結論。
在促進次級市場流動性議題上,本論文建議以「指定集合管理運用金錢信託」平台,透過投資人的多元性參與以及投資商品的多樣性選擇,在金錢信託架構下促進交易市場的活絡,進而帶動流動性的增強;最後,本論文建議信託業運用信託機制發揮投資銀行之功能,於兼顧企業融資與客戶投資之同時,實踐扶持中小企業、促進地方經濟繁榮的責任與願景。
國內如能順利推動農業貸款證券化業務,對市場各個參與者之利基臚列於下,此亦為本論文衷心冀盼的:
一、對政府、農委會等中央主管機關而言:
(一)得以建立我國農業資本市場、擴大我國債券之發行。
(二)得以解決農地閒置休耕問題、增進農企業規模發展。
(三)得以樽節政府農業發展支出、普及全民投資農漁業。
二、對全國農業金庫而言:
(一)得以差異化的營運方式有別於農漁會之經營。
(二)得以超然的立場貫徹執行金融監督管理之責。
三、對農漁會而言:
(一)得以縮減資本計提的需求、提升ROA與ROE。
(二)得以提升金融資產流動性、增進資金使用效率。
(三)得以提高自有資本的比率、改善經營的績效。
(四)得以開創資金調度的渠道、降低資金取得成本。
(五)得以分散金融資產的區域性風險與集中性風險。
四、對農、林、漁、牧業者而言:
(一)得以取得貸款資金。
(二)得以降低融資成本。
五、對投資人而言:
(一)得以直接參與本土農業投資。
(二)得以享有多樣化的投資選擇。 / The current Agriculture-Finance policy of R.O.C. is to cope with Agriculture Value-up policy, so as to promote diversified project loans from individuals to corporates. Consequently, the purpose of finance will be extended to agricultural and fishing logistics, process and technic inventions. Constant and stable development of agriculture needs sufficient capital; however, the main and urgent issue of agricultural development is to direct financing from capital market.
The construction of farmers’ and fishermen’s association of R.O.C. is relevantly fragile, in miniature and in lack of the mechanism of capital injection. The securitization of the U.S.A. has been developed through half century, which flourishes economy and direct finance. There are three advantages of direct finance; the first is to lower the cost of borrowers, the second is to level-up the business efficiency of debtors, and the third is to increase the objects of investors. The essay is about to refer to the experiences of US securitization and its models, so as to innovate our financing thinking with direct financing from Agriculture-Loan-Securitization; where the bottleneck of agriculture financing can be breached and provide more sufficient and efficient capital to boost Agriculture-Loan-Securitization with advantageous growth of domestic business of securitization and trust.
This essay consults the methods of US ABS and SME construction to plan the issuance of Agriculture-Loan-Securitization, including aspects of original assets, assets sectors, financing construction, credit enhancing mechanism, issuance construction, risk analysis, credit rating and pricing; that leads to the justification of feasibility, legality, supply and demand of issuance.
As to the issue of increase liquidity of secondary market, this essay suggests that the building of Semi-discretionary collectively managed money trust platform can provide a varieties of diversified participation and investing products to investors under the construction of money trust to activate vivid market transaction and empower liquidity. This essay also suggests that the business of trust shall use the function of investment banking, with the balance between corporate financing and client investment, to support SME and improve local economy as a liability and vision.
In the event of the succession of domestic Agriculture-Loan-Securitization, the niches of each participant are suggested as followed with sincerely:
1. To Council of Agriculture and government at large,
(1) Building up agriculture financing market, expanding the issuance of bonds.
(2) Sorting out farmland fallow, increasing the scale of agriculture business.
(3) Saving the cost of governmental agriculture cost, promoting the investment to agriculture and fishing.
2. To Agricultural Bank of Taiwan,
(1) Setting up the differentiation of management from farmers’ and fishermen’s association.
(2) Supervising independently.
3. To farmers’ and fishermen’s association,
(1) Minimizing the demand of capital adequacy, increasing ROA and ROE.
(2) Increasing capital liquidity and efficiency.
(3) Level up tier 1 capital, improve return.
(4) Developing new capital channel, lowering the risk of financing.
(5) Spreading finance area risk and concentric risk.
4. To agriculture, forestry, fishing and animal husbandry business,
(1) Acquiring finance
(2) Lower the cost of financing
5. To investors,
(1) Participating local agriculture investments directly.
(2) Have diversified options of investment.
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