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跨國移動勞動者勞動權益保障之研究 / A Study on TheLabor Right Protection of Transnational Migrant Workers李偉銘, Lee,Wei Ming Unknown Date (has links)
目前世界上遷徙勞工模式,以南-北遷徙模式為主,而輸入國則為北美地區或歐盟,主要從事高科技業、製造業、服務業或低技術工作。對於遷徙勞工之保障,不論是國際勞工組織、世界人權宣言、歐洲人權公約或經濟社會暨文化權國際公約,都認為對於移工不能有所歧視,其勞動權益應給予與本國勞工相同之對待,因此,對於工作機會及日後的退休生活皆應給予保障。例如國際勞工組織第157號公約認為各會員國應在有關會員國雙方協定之條件下,依照有關履行義務之雙邊或多邊協約,履行其應有義務。而協約內容,應可包括互惠之規定、適用人員種類或各會員國之社會安全機構之合作。
觀察各國作法,國際中對於專業技術承認,主要為證照及學歷認可,分為國與國間承認或民間承認兩種型態,前者多為自由貿易協定,後者則為相關公約。以美國自由貿易協定為例,除了在協定條文中承認協約國教育或相關工作經驗,對於承認之細節,則規範於附則中,包括教育、考試、工作經驗、工作倫理、專業技術發展及再認證,並且於每三年檢討承認之標準與程序。民間承認則可分為學歷承認及專業技術承認兩種公約,其共同點在於皆希望能建立可比較之認證判斷標準、政策及制定程序。本研究認為,簽訂專業技術承認前,應分析個別行業或職業之整體培養過程,此外,專業技術承認首先要做市場調查,其次則應朝向更細部規範,例如簽定後要做定期意見交流及分享認可方式之判斷標準,才能達到教、訓、檢、用合一之精神。最後,本研究亦認為,專業技術承認不會是吸引外國人才流入之主要原因,而是要積極處理勞動條件、產業結構或教育體系問題。
社會安全協定方面,可分為單國自行規範、雙邊協議或多邊協議等作法,移工消除雙重繳費及年資合併則規範於國與國之間之社會安全協定中。惟我國在協約簽訂尚在評估階段,故本研究建議,應檢討國內各種保險間之差異,之後才能針對社會安全協議之更種層次,與他國做協商談判。此外,假使考慮跟中國大陸簽訂社會安全協定,若能解決大陸勞工來台問題,則可積極與大陸簽訂社會安全協定,以保障至大陸工作之勞工權益。對於協約談判時的合併要件,應以工作年資作為合併基礎,始能符合勞工保險之立法目的。此外,若與他國簽訂社會安全協議,應考慮是否有正式邦交關係,若無,則給付建議以一次金方式給予。最後,假使社會安全協議無法順利談成,可先規劃較彈性之移工權益保障政策,例如更彈性的給付方式或透過單國間的立法保障移工權益。
綜上,本研究之建議如下:
一、 專業技術承認應著重於內容分析。
二、 討論專業技術承認後之配套措施。
三、 做好社會安全協定簽訂前之評估。
四、 規劃社會安全協議以外政策。
五、 考慮與中國大陸簽訂社會安全協定。 / The South-North is the main migrant patterns in the world, and most of them work in the North America or EU. For the protection of migrants, no matter in the ILO、Universal Declaration of Human Rights、European Convention on Human Rights or International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights , all of them rule that any country or person can’t discriminate against migrants. And must give them the equal opportunity to nations.For example, the convention(No.157) concern that members may give effect to their obligations by bilateral or multilateral instruments
In the worlds, most of countries make recognition of qualification through bilateral agreement or Free Trade Agreement, those recognition conclude the education、examination、experience、work ethics and qualification re-development. And through interview, most of experts consider that if we want to make the recognition of qualification, it must have full investigate before sing the agreement. In the end , the research suggest that the recognition is not the main reason to appeal to high skilled migrants, it’s important to upgrade the work condition and education environment in Taiwan .
On the other hands, social security agreement can divide into unilateral、bilateral or multilateral agreement. But in Taiwan, whether sign the agreement with other countries or not, It must have full investigate also. Such as the financial problem or the different between all kinds of insurance in Taiwan must be solved. Furthermore, if we don’t sign any social agreement with other countries, a flexible remittance from other countries is good policy substitute for social security agreement.
According to the above findings, we suggest:
1. Qulification recognition must focus on the details.
2. Discuss how to form a complete set after signing recognition.
3. To have a full investigation before sing social agreement.
4. To consider a policy for social security agreement.
5. To consider sign social security agreement with China.
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國際核心勞動基準在台灣實踐狀況之分析--以外籍幫傭就業歧視為例劉秋英, Liu,Chiu-ying Unknown Date (has links)
隨著經貿全球化下,勞動力的遷徙也不再受到國界的限制。然而,在全球經貿議題談判的桌上,國家機器將經濟發展至於首要發展位置,遷徙勞工的人權、勞動權利卻是被忽略。其中,最容易被忽略的乃是女性居多所從事的家事服務業。另外,國際勞工組織從1994年極力推展的國際核心勞動基準,已受到全球經貿組織、區域組織,與非政府組織的重視。其中,禁止就業歧視核心公約更是將種族、民族血統、性別等等清楚的納入禁止範圍。次之,聯合國「所有移民勞工及其家屬權利保障國際公約」對於遷徙勞工的人權保障更是一大進步。於此,可發現國際對於遷徙勞工的人權、勞動權利之重視。
台灣在拼經濟之際,也不忘趕上以引進廉價外傭而逃脫於福利產業責任的趨勢。然而,於引進、聘僱外傭的過程中,國家政策對於外傭的勞動權利的「保障」便是本文的討論重點。從國際保障規範遷徙勞工的趨勢、透過訪談在引進、聘僱在台外傭過程中的各個角色、學者相關田野調查的資料等,來觀察在台外傭所可能遇到的就業歧視,與觀察台灣又是否能夠真正與人權外交畫上等號?
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行政執行法上限制住居之研究 / Research of restriction from leaving the ROC. of The Administrative Execution Act韓鐘達, Han, Jhong Da Unknown Date (has links)
公法上金錢給付義務之執行,移交由法務部行政執行署專責辦理後,迄今已十餘年,較之於傳統上之民事強制執行業務,或行政機關自力實施執行之立法例,行政執行機關具有獨特之色彩與運作模式。本文就公法上金錢給付義務之執行,自其基本面開始探討,從實務之視角,回顧相關問題並展望其發展。並分別就法源、法律原則、強制措施、制度比較、救濟途徑等面向,擇要深入研析,徵之相關學者論述與實務見解,尋求適當且符合實際之平衡觀點。
而行政執行法上之限制住居,兼具有保全與實現公法債權之雙重手段性質,其對於人民居住遷徙自由等權利,影響甚鉅。本文亦就其類型與要件分析、所涉之憲法議題、實務運作問題、與稅捐稽徵法限制出境等制度比較、救濟方法等層面,解構理論與實務之觀點,並契入相關案例,從事較細部之分析,且提出個人淺見,希冀能對於此一嚴峻且頗富爭議之執行手段,探尋妥適之操作原則,期能兼顧社會公義之落實與人民權益之保障。
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小區域人口遷徙推估研究 / A Study of Migration Projection for Small Area Population黃亭綺, Huang Ting-Chi Unknown Date (has links)
國家政策之制定須配合未來人口總數及其結構等特性,藉以達到提高國民福
祉的願景,因此各國均定期公佈人口推估(Population Projection)的結果,目前臺
灣官方人口推估為每兩年公布一次。人口推估主要考量三個要素:出生、死亡、
遷移,以國家層級而言,通常遷徙對未來人口的影響遠小於出生與死亡,所以過
去行政院經濟建設委員會的官方全國人口推估一般專注於出生與死亡。然而,各
國研究發現遷徙是小區域人口推估為最重要的因素,人口數愈少、影響程度有愈
大的傾向,但文獻中較缺乏臺灣內部遷移的研究。如能掌握臺灣小區域人口遷徙
的變遷,將能使政策因地制宜,有助地方政府提高推行政策的有效性,也是本研
究之目標。
由於缺乏完整的縣市、鄉鎮市區層級的詳細遷移資料,本研究以人口平衡公
式反推淨遷移人數,找出各地區的遷移特性後,代入人口變動要素合成法(Cohort
Component Method),搭配屬於機率推估的區塊拔靴法(Block Bootstrap),推估小
區域的未來人口。關於出生及死亡的推估,過去研究發現使用區塊拔靴法用於小
區域的生育率(曹育欣,2012)及死亡率(金碩,2011),皆有不錯的推估結果。
本研究以臺北市為範例,討論區塊拔靴法在小區域遷徙人口數、年齡別遷徙人口
的推估效果,及是否適合運用在其他不同縣市。 / The population projection is used to provide information for the policy planning of governments. In Taiwan, the Council for Economic Planning and Development is in charge of the official population projection and it release projection results every two years. Basically, three factors are considered in population projection: birth, death, and migration. Since the migration has little impacts in country-level projection, many countries (including Taiwan) assume the future migration is zero or close to zero, and the focus of projection is usually on the birth and death. However, for the projection of small area (such as county- or township-level), past studies found that the effect of migration cannot be ignored. But, partly due to the limitation of migration data, there are not many studies explore the migration patterns of counties or townships in Taiwan.
In this study, we use the population records (births and deaths) and the population equation to derive the county-level records of internal migration in Taiwan. We use these data to explore the migration patterns of all counties in Taiwan, and then applying block bootstrap method to modify the county-level population projection. Note that, the block bootstrap is shown to be reliable in forecasting fertility (Tsao, 2012) and mortality (Jin, 2011) for small areas. In this study, we also use the Taipei City to demonstrate the population projection which includes the internal migration, and the result is promising.
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Paiwan(排灣)祖源及遷徙口傳敘事文學之研究 / A study of the ancestral origins and migrations of oral narrative literature in Paiwan童信智 (Pukiringan‧Paljivuljung) Unknown Date (has links)
Paiwan(排灣)祖源及遷徙敘事相當豐富與多元,反映出此民族組成的複雜程度與多層面。口傳敘事乃一民族之集體記憶、知識、感官與思想,具有歷史性、文化性之價值。因此,本論文即以Paiwan(排灣)祖源及遷徙口傳敘事為素材,試圖進行起源敘事脈絡、文化面貌以及民族史溯源的分析。
本論文章節安排除緒論與結論外,共分為五章進行探討。第壹章以排灣口傳敘事文學的義界與評述為主,針對口傳敘事文學之定義、歷來研究成果的回顧與評論,並由前人採錄成果來診斷目前口傳敘事的活力。第貳章聚焦於「地」生起源敘事的分析,從Paiwan(排灣)土地思維切入,探索包含石生、竹生、蛇生、壺生、人類再生等母題。另外,也解析階級系統與Vusam(長嗣)思維與起源敘事之關連以及象徵意涵,接著分析其分布區域。第參章以太陽卵生敘事討論為主,針對其文學性質、象徵意涵、Naqemati神權觀念與分佈等進行深度分析。第肆章則進入遷徙敘事文學的探究,從遷徙動因、過程,以及遷徙後的部落社會,理出遷徙階段的模式。另外,進一步探討新王族的誕生對階級文化的影響。第伍章則對於祖源及遷徙說之脈絡進行分析,以及探討其穩固階級制度、維護部落秩序之功能,最後對於歷來Paiwan(排灣)起源史脈絡的論述提出反思,進而提出本文之觀點。
本研究結果發現,祖源其遷徙口傳敘事反映umaq(家)的思維,而且概念也投射至整個社會文化。再來,祖源敘事之形成脈絡是由石生→竹生→太陽卵生、蛇生、壺生→人再生,其象徵與生命起源、農耕社會有關。另外,透過考古資料與本研究成果交相比對,推測出祖源敘事有其對應人群間接證實Paiwan(排灣)起源的多元性。遷徙敘事方面,本文發現Paiwan人遷徙有多種動因,並且其模式可得出「重新出發型」與「持續探索型」兩種。接著,本文也探究出移居地新王族的產生模式出現“創立式”、“封立式”、“協議式”王族等類型。最後,經由多元混生的發現,歸納出Paiwan(排灣)人的起源脈絡,歷經原始遷徙與漂流時期→新文明時期→多元發展時期。 / This thesis is based on the origin and migration of Paiwan ancestors oral narrative material, attempted origin narrative context, cultural landscape, analysis of national history traceable. Chapters arranged in addition to the introduction of this thesis and conclusions, is divided into five chapters explore. The first chapter is to discuss the Paiwan oral narrative literature. The second chapter focuses on the analysis of the origin of terrestrial narrative. The third chapter in the sun Oviparous main narrative discussion. The fourth chapter is to explore narrative literature of migration. The fifth chapter is the analysis of ancestral origin and migration of narrative context.
The results of the study found that the source of their ancestral migratory oral narratives reflect Umaq (home) thinking, and the concept is also projected to the whole of the social and cultural. Second, the ancestral origin of the formation of the narrative context: Born from the stone→bamboo→sun→snakes, pot→humans. Its symbol and the origin of life, farming community concerned.
In addition, through the archaeological data and the results of this study compare. Found that narrative has its corresponding source ancestral population, and can further confirm the origin is the diversity of the Paiwan. Narrative aspects of migration, we find Paiwan people migrate for many reasons, and "re-start type" and "continue to explore the type" modes. The study also found that emigrated to produce leaders modes are: creation, division, agreement.
Finally, through the Amalgamation concept, can find the origin of the context of the Paiwan people through: The original period of migration and drift→The new era of civilization→ Multiple development period.
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論外國人的國際遷徙自由林孟楠, LIN, MENG-NAN Unknown Date (has links)
我國憲法學者多數認為外國人雖為基本權主體,但依照權利性質說,並不享有國際遷徙自由,從而國家可任意地拒絕其入境、居留或驅逐出境。最主要的理由在於,依照國際法,主權可自由決定是否允許外國人入境及課予入境條件。從而,主權也可自由設計入出境管理制度,那麼藉此箝制外國人言論、宗教或學術自由等基本權利,並非不可想像,甚至我國亦有實例發生。雖然,憲法學者也指出國家應儘量尊重外國人的入出境,亦不得任意藉此任意侵害其他基本權利。不過,既然外國人沒有作為憲法權利的國際遷徙自由,即難以對抗立法者藉由入管制度造成的侵害,更抹滅全球化時代下外國人國際遷徙活動本身具有的各種意義與功能。
有鑑於此,本文一方面嘗試跨足國際法,檢視現行國際人權法對外國人國際遷徙的保障程度,並回溯國際法古典著作探尋主權與國際遷徙自由的軌跡;另一方面,分析現行憲法學說之不足,藉由與國際法的對話成果,嘗試重新構築憲法保障外國人國際遷徙自由的體系。之後探討國家於限制外國人的國際遷徙自由時,應如何遵循法律保留原則、比例原則與正當法律程序,並提供救濟管道,始合乎憲法第23條之意旨。經由憲法基本權保障機制的確立,最後進一步檢討現行入出國及移民法,提出建言。 / The study is intended for elaborating on the freedom of international movement for aliens. First of all, the author examines the protected area of international movement for aliens under current international law and explores the classics of international law in order to research into the entangling relationship between sovereignty and freedom of international movement. In addition, the author analyzes constitutional doctrines at the present times and their inadequacy by applying international law. Meanwhile, what this article does attempt to do is to provide a new framework of the protected area of freedom of international movement for aliens under constitutional law. Also, in an effort to protect the freedom of international movement for aliens, the author discusses how to apply principles of non-delegation and proportionality and due process of law appropriately to prevent state power from violating it. Finally, the author examines immigration law and offers suggestions.
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