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臺北市兒童醫療需求的實證研究方曉娟, FANG, XIAO-JUAN Unknown Date (has links)
兒童是國未來的主人翁,他們的健康攸關國家的前途,也是家庭快樂的泉源之一。兒童醫療需求的決策者的角色,多半由母親來擔任。本文的目的旨在探討:兒童醫療需求的決定因素。分析的主要重點在於:兒童個人的屬性、母親的特質、背、景社會總體因素之間的關連。例如:母親教育程度的高低,與兒童醫療需求資數的多寡是否有關?影響的方向又如何?
本文理論部份是延用Becker(1965)家計生產函數的觀念,使用的資料為中央研究院經濟研究所謝啟瑞老師所做的問卷調查資料台北市國民中小學學生及其父母為主要對象。本文取其中的前兩部份:學生與其母親的資料,有效樣本共計1313份。實證方法是用Heckman(1979) 的兩階段估計法,來驗證我們的預期。
實證結果主要有下列各項:低所得家庭的兒童,其看病機率較低,但一旦需要看病資數都較其他所得層為:高交通時間越久,就醫次數越少;而等待時間越長,就醫資數越多。母親的教育程度越高,子女就醫機率越低;年齡較大兒童的就醫機率比年齡小的兒童為低;母親對子女的健康評價,對就醫次數有正的影響;母親有固定醫師或固定地點的習慣者,其子女就醫機率較高。家中孩子數越多,子女就醫機率越低。由上述的實證結果顯示,本文理論所強調的變數,對兒童醫需求行為,具有相當的影響能力。
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台灣醫療旅遊群聚 / Taiwan medical tourism cluster蔡少鳳, Choi, Sieu Fon Unknown Date (has links)
台灣醫療旅遊群聚 / Medical Tourism is an emerging phenomenon wherein patients travel across national borders to receive medical treatment. The medical tourism is recently one of the fastest-growing industries around the world, with healthcare tourism in Asia rising at more than 20% per year. It is estimated that this industry’s revenue will rise from about US$60 billion in 2006 to about US$100 billion worldwide by 2012. For the benefit of economic growth and the development of the medical industry, Taiwan where medical care can be delivered with high medical quality and technology at reasonable cost, wants a slice of this pie and endeavors to become a global medical tourism hub.
.Aim of this thesis is to provide a descriptive and analytical overview of Taiwan medical tourism cluster and its potential for growth in the global medical tourism. The cluster and Porter’s diamond analysis of Taiwan medical tourism clarifies that successful development of healthcare and tourism clusters, individually and jointly, is crucial to gain competitive advantage in Asia.
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台灣醫療旅遊的發展 / The Development of Medical Tourism in Taiwan顏筱芸 Unknown Date (has links)
臺灣醫療旅遊主要著重於中國大陸。本論文在於分析台灣政府對中國大陸的醫療旅遊產業之醫療旅遊的政策,其優、缺點的調查。 / Medical tourism in Taiwan is manly focus on Mainland China. This study aims to analyze the government polices for managing medical tourism through the Mainland China medical tourists. Its strengths and weaknesses investigation in regards to Taiwan’s governance. The conclusions come out that medical tourism creates a surplus of doctors which benefits healthcare in Taiwan; it benefits the private run hospitals or medical centers; it strives the preexisting tourism infrastructures’ improvement and help to deal with those ill-equipped hospitals to make better condition; moreover, it shows a friendly country to share their high quality medical service to other counties; and it also improves the relations across the Taiwan Strait.
The result of this paper gives an overall suggestions to Taiwan’s government that the government should emphasize real gains and benefits (both economic and political) from the development of the domestic medical tourism industry; the government should relax restrictions about surgery staying days and restrict the hospital’s investment from Taiwan to Mainland China; the government should abolish the provision medical tourism fee and do more involvement to promote the especially lesser-known hospitals; the government should integration of efforts to market medical tourism; the government should do its best to manage the development of medical tourism and the domestic healthcare system; the government should encourage the public hospitals’ participation in medical tourism industry and negotiate with Mainland China for medical tourism issues. Thus, the integration and investment are the most important priority for Taiwan’s medical tourism development.
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醫療諮詢公司之營運計畫 / Business Plan For A Medical Consulting Company梁斯愷, Liang, Sze Kai Unknown Date (has links)
醫療諮詢公司之營運計畫 / None
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醫療傷害保險:藉由保險機制達到醫師與病人雙贏的制度安排陳嘉輝 Unknown Date (has links)
一般當討論到保險的時候,只討論到保險的承擔風險的功能,也就是故事到理賠完畢就結束了,但很少提及到理賠完畢之後的故事。本文的病人醫療傷害保險強調的是理賠完畢後的故事。發生醫療傷害時,病人之保險公司理賠完病人取得代位求償權之後,就能將原本由許多病人各自處理的醫療糾紛集中由病人之醫療傷害保險公司處理。因為案件數量大,經由學習、標準化可以降低交易成本。而交易成本的降低,可以使醫師與病人雙方都得到好處,達成雙贏的局面。
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醫療糾紛中民事過失之認定—論「醫療水準」與「醫療常規」蔡佩玲 Unknown Date (has links)
我國民事侵權行為之「過失」概念,向來學者均未有深入闡釋,其等雖均認為民事法與刑事法的規範目的有異,卻仍往往援引刑法第14條過失的定義加以適用。在民事侵權行為「過失」概念欠缺其應有的獨立內涵之情形下,法院實務上的操作更因此勝敗兩異,喧騰一時的玻璃娃娃案 即為一例。而民事侵權行為「過失」概念不明確,不僅在一般的侵權行為案件中,造成法院實務操作困難,在專業的醫療訴訟中,也出現了法官嘗試用不明確的「過失」概念去決定一個陌生的專業領域有無過失的不適當。
因此,首先要解決的問題是民事侵權行為「過失」概念之內涵如何?與刑事過失概念是否同義?又,過失概念中在英美立法例上的發展均從「注意義務存在」轉向以「注意義務違反」的討論為重心,論者又均謂是否違反注意義務的判斷,應依事件的特性,分別加以考量,因行為人之職業、危害之嚴重性、被害法益之輕重、防範避免危害之代價,而有所不同。因此,在專業的醫療訴訟中有哪些判準是有利於法院判斷醫療訴訟中醫師是否違反注意義務,急待釐清!我國學者未見有更深入的討論,因此醫療訴訟中是否違反注意義務所應有的判準,特別是醫界的「醫療常規」能否作為法院在個案中的「當為行為」的標準,頗值吾人深入探討。
本文所要討論的是關於法院能否審酌「醫療常規」合理性的問題,在美國法的發展上,有著名的Helling v. Carey案,法院以醫師所遵行的醫療常規對於該案原告的保護並不足夠,認為被告醫師主張已經遵行醫療常規而無過失,並不可採,Helling案之後法院一度有支持Helling Rule的判決實務,但是後續發展卻都一面倒地採取與Helling Rule不同的看法,甚至有指出Helling案的法院嘗試去審酌醫療常規是相當不可採的作法;而在我國法上,也出現了相對應的」台安醫院維他命事件,被告醫師也同樣以其已經遵行醫療常規的作法主張其並無過失,但對於醫療常規是否可採,法院在來來回回七個審級間也如同美國法的發展上有一度地掙扎,本案雖未確定,但在更二審即最末次事實審時,法院明確地指出醫師依其經驗與專業知識以及醫療常規的作法而行為,對於不可預見的風險並不負過失責任。
本文以為Helling Rule雖然在美國判例法的討論上都是指稱醫師不能以其已遵行醫療常規主張其行為並無過失,但是從Helling案的個案事實觀察,可以發現Helling案的法院其實並非真正去審酌醫療常規的合理性,相反地,Helling案法院主要指摘的是醫師在病患將近十年的看診期間,均未善盡其應有的注意義務,為病患作進一步的檢查,只一昧地以醫療常規的作法為病患診療,但經過十年的期間,病患之病症均未有改善,任何一般人都會警覺到常規的作法已不適用,醫師未盡注意義務顯然,應認為有過失。也就是Helling案的法院是針對其個案的情況闡述法院固應尊重醫療常規,但是醫療常規在適用上仍應依個案不同情形有所考量。我國的台安醫院維他命事件,也是我國法院對於應尊重醫療常規的表示。
本文立於此比較法的基礎,認為醫療訴訟中如何判定是否違反注意義務,固然可以形成一些判準,但是法院畢竟是醫療之外行人,在思考適用這些判準時,仍然會面臨醫療專業知識進入門檻的困難,不容易作成判斷。特別是醫學本身是一門發展長久、縝密、且進步快速的科學,醫界此一專門職業團體,長久發展下來,在其執業上早已由其職業團體內的成員,匯集其共同之臨床經驗與專業知識形成其執業所需的一套流程標準,也就是「醫療常規」,而醫療常規其實就是醫療此一專門職業團體的集體智慧之結晶,也代表了醫界在其長期發展的經驗中,已經在個案病人利益、其他病人利益、醫療成本有限、有效醫療等等的前提下,濃縮出的平衡思量的結果。尤其是當醫療專業團體對於某個診療方式或程序,已經形成一致地、明確地共識與作法時,法院是否仍有可供公評之理由作成相異之見解呢?亦或此時應有法律謙抑之思考,予以專業慣行多一分之尊重?
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醫療糾紛之理論與實證研究 / An empirical study on the medical disputes劉惠芝, Liu, Hui Chih Unknown Date (has links)
近年來有關醫療法律糾紛案件有逐漸增加之趨勢,本文嘗試藉由實證分析,剖析目前實務與學理上之不同見解,簡要提出個人淺見。於實證分析前,本論文先就文獻理論作簡略之論述,首要說明醫療行為與醫療糾紛之相關概念,以界定醫師或醫療機構對其醫療行為應負之責任。並從實體法上論述醫療過失民事責任之基礎及其內涵,如醫療契約責任、醫療侵權責任、消保法與醫療法之適用,以及醫療過失之因果關係等。次就程序法上探討民事醫療訴訟舉證責任分配之基本原則,同時就美國法與德國法有關醫療過失舉證責任分配的調整於我國實務上之運用,作概略分析及探討。再者,鑑於法官於具體個案中判斷醫療糾紛之相關要件,往往需將訴訟資料送請醫療專業機構加以鑑定,因此,本文亦加以說明我國醫療鑑定制度運作之現況,並據此指出現行醫療糾紛鑑定問題之所在。
最後,本文就最高法院民事案件,分別從醫療糾紛判決背景資料之「年度」、「醫療機構層級」、「科別」、「上訴人」與「上訴結果」,以及醫療糾紛審判實務,如「醫療過失」、「因果關係的認定」、「民事責任請求權基礎及舉證責任之分配情況」、「告知義務」、「醫療鑑定在醫療糾紛應用」,進行實證分析,並依實證數據成果,提出「醫療科別屬性與醫療糾紛案件量多寡密切攸關」、「法院對於醫師在個案是否盡注意義務,應以理性醫師之注意標準綜合評價」、「針對醫療訴訟特性,適度分配醫病雙方之舉證責任」、「宜建立醫療傷害補償基金制度」、「醫事人員確切履行告知說明義務」、「健全現行病歷表之相關問題」、「關於醫療糾紛鑑定實務」暨「透過消保法填補醫療(院)組織疏失之責任」等八項結論及建議,以供實務與學術研究者未來對於醫療糾紛訴訟案件研析時之參考。 / Recently, legal cases concerning medical dispute have a tendency to increase gradually. This article tries to explore different viewpoints between practice and academic theory by empirical analysis and then briefly indicates some of my humble views. Before doing the empirical analysis, this article will briefly introduce the related literatures and theories. Firstly, explains related concepts between medical behavior and medical dispute to define the liability that doctor and medical institution should bear because of their medical behaviors. Then, discuss the basis and connotation of the civil liability for medical malpractice from the substantive law viewpoint, such as the liability for medical contract, medical tort liability, the implementation of the Consumer Protection Law and the Medical Care Act and the causality from the medical malpractice etc. Secondly, this article will discuss the basic principles of allocation of burden of proof for civil medical dispute from the procedural law viewpoint and in the same time, briefly analyze and research that whether it is appropriate to adopt the allocation of burden of proof for medical malpractice from American and German law in our own practice. Furthermore, respecting the fact that for judges to make their decisions in particular medical dispute cases, they always have to send action materials to professional medical institutes for identification, thus, this article also wants to explain the current situation of implementation of our medical identification system, and points out the problems of current medical dispute identification system accordingly.
Lastly, this article will proceed empirical analysis according to the Year, Levels of the medical institutions, Divisions, Appellant, Result of Appeal from the background of the verdicts of the civil medical dispute cases awarded by the Supreme Court and according to the medical malpractice, the determination of the causality, the condition of basis of civil title of claiming and allocation of burden of proof, obligation of informing, medical identification in the medical dispute from the medical dispute trial practice. Base upon these results, this article indicates eight conclusions and suggestions for reference for the active participants and academic researchers in future medical dispute lawsuits: the attribution of the medical care division and the number of the medical dispute cases are closely related, court should do omnibus assessment using the standard of due diligence as a rational doctor to determine whether a doctor fulfill his duty of care in a specific case, with the particularity of medical actions in mind, appropriately allocate the burden of proof between doctor and patient, it is better to establish the compensation foundation system for medical damage, medical personnel should literally perform their obligation of informing, to refine the problems of current medical record, things concerning medical dispute identification practice and using the Consumer Protection Act to fill the vacancy that caused by the negligence of the medical institutions.
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醫師對影響醫療檢驗資源有效使用因素之看法-以桃園縣執業醫師為例 / A study of influencing factors related to efficient use of medical exanimation resources: the perspective of certified medical doctors in Taoyuan County, Taiwan劉麗文 Unknown Date (has links)
研究動機與問題:本研究最主要的目的希望能夠將最易被大家忽略的健保醫療檢驗資源使用問題,從實務面上探討,並指認出有效使用醫療檢驗資源的關鍵因素,針對這些因素與措施進行評估,歸納出具體明確可行的方向,提供主管機關做為費用管控的參考,為我國健保永續經營貢獻一份力量。
本研究根據研究動機與目的,設定三個研究問題:1.影響醫師有效的使用醫療檢驗資源的因素有哪些?2.藉由桃園縣執業醫師的看法了解有效使用醫療檢驗資源關鍵因素為何?3.不同執業院所、服務科別、職別的醫師對有效的使用醫療檢驗資源看法是否有差異?
研究資料與方法:以文獻回顧法、問卷調查法、深度訪談法蒐集資料及驗證資料;研究過程分三個階段進行,第一階段為背景資料與文獻資料的蒐集,瞭解醫療檢驗資源使用現況與問題,並透過訪談實務界菁英驗證文獻與補充資料不足;第二階段依文獻分析與彙整內容設計問卷與訪談大綱;第三階段將回收的問卷編碼、整理後以Excel/2003版與SPSS for window12.0版套裝軟體進行資料分析;深度訪談資料透過內容分析法予以歸納整理分析。獲得研究答案,達成研究目的。
研究結果與建議:量化研究部分,本研究共分送488份問卷,回收318份,回收率為65.1%。並以卡方檢定樣本與母群體並無差異,可代表母群體。質化研究部分,深度訪談三位年資10年以上實務界菁英,建構本研究實務上的概念。歸納研究結果:醫療檢驗資源有效使用的關鍵影響因素有「醫療風險」、「病人就醫行為」與「照護之連續性」3項。根據研究結果,為有效使用醫療檢驗資源,必需減少醫療風險、規範病人就醫行為與進行照護流程改造。 / Background:The purpose of this research is to find out the influencing factors related to the usage of resources for medical examinations under the Taiwanese National Health Insurance (NHI). From the practical point of view, this research focuses on, the first, defining the efficient use of medical test and then finding out the critical factors effecting the efficient usage from medial practitioners’ viewpoints in Taoyuan County, Taiwan. It is expected to provide advisory values to improve the global budget system of NHI.
Research Questions:
1.What are the factors influencing doctors to utilize medical examination efficiently?
2.What are the certified medical doctors of Taoyuan County thinking about these factors?
3.Concerning the above factors, do there exist systematic differences among medical doctors from different hospitals, rank of medical doctors and fields of profession?
Methods: In this study, author utilizes literature review, questionnaires, and in-depth interview. The survey was divided into three stages. First, related information was collected to clarify the problems of medical examination usage in present situation from both interviewing medical practitioners and literature review. In the 2nd stage, a general questionnaire was designed to administrate to selected medical doctors in Taoyuan County in mid-2008. The last stage was data coding and analyzing by using Excel/2003 and SPSS for Windows. The return rate was 65% (318/488) and there is no difference between population and sample after consistency test.
Results and Suggestions The results show that the key factors of efficient medical examination usage are medical risk-aversion of doctors, clinical shopping of patients, and the need to medical care continuity. These exist a greater viewpoint differences between different level of hospital than different ranks or specialties of doctors. These results will lead the author to suggest that the Bureau of NHI needs to promote adequate mediation mechanism to reduce medical risk, to promote inter-hospital patient information sharing system, and to improve the logistic of continuity care.
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醫療糾紛之風險管理策略及其法律問題之探討王瑄, Wang, Hsuan Unknown Date (has links)
醫療糾紛的直接受害者為看診醫師及受診病患,間接受害者包括該醫師家屬、該病患家屬及因為醫師心灰意冷致退出杏林,醫療可近性受影響的潛在病患。換言之,每一個人都會受到醫療糾紛的直接或間接影響。有鑑於今日醫療糾紛問題層出不窮,本論文試圖從法律與風險管理的角度出發,介紹美國賓夕法尼亞州採行的醫療糾紛風險分散機制,供我國參考。
美國賓州主要採行的醫療糾紛風險分散機制,乃要求醫師投保責任保險和加入醫療照護普及和減少錯誤基金(MCARE Fund)。該基金係做為保險金不足時的第二道防線,亦即當醫療糾紛發生時,先由保險人支付保險金,當賠償金額超過保險金時,再由MCARE Fund來支付。如此將可保障被害人之完整受償權,也減輕保險人之負擔。再者,賓州開放金融市場,使醫師有較多種風險分散工具可供選擇,例如風險自留團體。除了事後的填補外,賓州也致力於事前損害的防止,以病人安全通報網路,強制蒐集並整理發生的醫療傷害事件,供醫師做未來之借鏡。而賓州所採行的提出許可證書制度,更有效減少了醫療糾紛的訴訟量,減少醫病雙方在訴訟中所耗費的時間和費用。
以我國法院判決分析的結果觀之,醫療糾紛訴訟判決醫師敗訴僅約一成,但在該些判決中,醫師須負擔賠償金額百萬元以上的卻有半數以上,對於醫師而言應屬事故發生頻率低,幅度大的風險,適合以保險分散之。立委曾提出強制醫療責任保險法草案,但未通過立法,內容也尚有改善空間。衛生署與財團法人醫策會成立的病人安全通報系統,某程度也能有效發現醫療傷害成因。風險自留團體與提出許可證書制度則均有其可取之處,但衡量我國經濟和法治發展與美國有異,均須做足配套措施後,始能於我國施行。
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論醫院醫療服務之民事責任 / The civil liability of hospital黃宥慈 Unknown Date (has links)
因國人健康意識改變,就醫動機除了疾病之診斷治療之外,亦要求醫療活動之安全與品質。現行醫療訴訟實務,無論採用契約責任或侵權責任為請求權基礎,多以醫事人員是否有過失行為為主要爭點;然而,造成醫療損害的原因包括管理過失及人為過失,而醫療錯誤常發生在人與物的介面之中,此種訴訟方式將使醫療錯誤隱藏於醫事人員過失背後,無法呈現出醫療損害發生原因之全貌,亦無法對醫療品質改善及病人安全提升有所助益。本文以維護病人安全及提升醫療品質為目標,以醫院病人關係為基礎,重新定義醫院醫療服務及其內容,並建構醫院醫療服務之民事責任。
醫院之醫療服務係指「病人就醫過程中,醫院為診治病人所提供之一切專業醫療服務。」此定義涵括病人就醫過程中,所有需要專門醫事人員執行之醫療行為,及相關輔助之醫療軟硬體。
在醫院病人之醫療契約方面,病人締約目的為「以『專業』『安全』之醫療照護體系,達到控制或降低疾病可能風險的目標」,醫院依債務本旨應以「『專業』『安全』之醫療照護體系」為給付。醫院若違反其契約上給付義務,致病人受損害者,將可構成債務不履行責任。
在醫院醫療服務之侵權責任方面,無論僱用人侵權責任採推定過失或無過失責任模式,於醫療實務之適用上皆有許多缺點,而且無法對病人安全及醫療品質有所助益,我國應參考德國組織義務理論及美國醫院組織責任,建立醫院本身義務之理論基礎與具體內容,使醫院因醫療錯誤造成病人損害時,能獨立負起侵權責任。而違反保護他人法律之侵權責任因涉及法律認定之解釋問題、法律體系混淆及法律經濟因素,於醫療服務之適用仍有待研究。
醫院醫療服務是否能適用危險責任,應依立法目的、服務本質、分散風險可能性、舉證困難等因素,決定其適用可能性。鑑於侵權行為之個人責任原則無法提升醫療品質,病人亦無法得到實質賠償,美國學界開始提倡醫療企業責任,以醫院作為醫療錯誤的唯一賠償責任人,使醫院致力於醫療錯誤之防免,達到維護病人安全及提升醫療品質之效果。考量我國目前醫療環境,在醫院企業化經營下,無過失責任於醫院醫療服務之適用應有重新審視之空間,以充實我國醫療糾紛民事損害賠償法制。實務應思考何謂「醫療服務提供欠缺安全性」的概念,以促進病人安全與提升醫療品質。
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