京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間･環境学) / 甲第20819号 / 人博第838号 / 新制||人||201(附属図書館) / 29||人博||838(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生文明学専攻 / (主査)教授 高妻 洋成, 准教授 山崎 健, 教授 小椋 大輔 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 乙第13211号 / 論エネ博第63号 / 新制||エネ||73(附属図書館) / (主査)教授 土井 俊哉, 教授 馬渕 守, 教授 平藤 哲司 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(文学) / 乙第13447号 / 論文博第656号 / 新制||文||708(附属図書館) / 東京藝術大学大学院美術研究科美術専攻 / (主査)教授 根立 研介, 教授 吉川 真司, 准教授 筒井 忠仁, 教授 稲本 泰生 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Letters / Kyoto University / DGAM

印刷電路板產業被稱為「電子系統產品之母」，在我國工業中扮演極為重要的角色，而銅箔基板為印刷電路板生產製造所需之最主要原料，其不僅對印刷電路板產品之品質有很大的影響，也在其材料成本中佔最高的比重。銅箔基板產業上承樹脂、銅箔及玻纖布等原物料供應鏈，下接印刷電路板之製造，居印刷電路板產業鏈之樞紐位置，其重要性不言可喻。 歷經長期的發展，銅箔基板產業已逐漸由成長期步入成熟期，產業的競爭也已趨於白熱化。近年來的產業環境變化，如四C(電腦、通訊、消費性電子與汽車)產業的蓬勃發展、環保意識抬頭及其相關法令政策的制、修訂、大陸世界工廠的成形、以及業界的垂直整併與規模擴張等，除對業者造成衝擊與挑戰外，也帶來了新的機會，如何掌握機會並因應挑戰？考驗著經營者的智慧。 本研究採個案研究方式探討台灣銅箔基板產業之經營策略，首先檢視產業之外部環境，其中並以Porter之五力分析模型進行產業的結構與競爭分析，再彙整出外部環境變化所產生的機會與威脅；其次，透過資料蒐集及深度訪談方式，探討個案公司過去之經營策略與績效、其組織之策略困擾及挑戰、與其內部優、劣勢後，提出研究者對該公司經營策略的觀察與建議。也期望藉本個案研究可以讓台灣的銅箔基板廠商對整體外部環境之變化有更進一步的了解，並可供作其審視組織內部優、劣勢，及擬定經營策略時之參考。 關鍵詞：「印刷電路板」、「銅箔基板」、「經營策略」、「五力分析」、「SWOT分析」 / The printed circuit board (PCB) industry is called “the mother of the products of electronic systems” and plays a very important role in Taiwan’s industry. Copper clad laminate (CCL) is the most essential material necessary to the manufacturing of the PCB. It’s not only strongly related to the quality of the PCB products, but also accounts for the maximum proportion of the material cost. The CCL industry succeeds to the supply chain of materials such as resin, copper and glass cloth and connects with the production of PCB. It’s situated at the pivot position of the PCB industry and the importance of CCL industry is self-evident. After long-term development, CCL industry has gradually stepped into the “maturity stage” from the “growth stage” and the competition in this industry has become intense. The recent changes in the industry environment such as the prosperous development of the 4C industries (Computer, Communication, Consumer electronics and Car), environtal consciousness gaining ground and leading to the legislation and amendment of the related ordinances and policies, the forming of China as the world factory, the industrial vertical integration and scale-up expansion etc. not only result in the impact and challenges but also bring in new opportunities. How to grasp the opportunities and respond to the impact challenges the wisdom of the senior management. The business strategy of Taiwan’s CCL industry was looked into by means of case study in this present research. Firstly, the external environment of the industry was examined among which Poter’s five forces framework was used to analyze the industry structure and the competition inside. Then, the threats and opportunities resulted from the changes of external environment were summarized. Secondly, the case company’s business strategies and achievements in the past, the bother and the challenges of the organization in strategy formulation, the internal strengths and weaknesses of the corporate were investigated via data collection and depth interview. Eventually the observations and suggestions on the business strategy of the case company were addressed. It is hoped that this research could provide Taiwan’s CCL manufacturers with a further understanding to the changes of external environment and serve as a reference resource while the manufacturers examine their strengths and weaknesses and formulate their business strategies. Key Phrase: PCB, CCL, Business Strategy, Five Forces Analysis, SWOT Analysis

第22回名古屋大学年代測定総合研究センターシンポジウム平成21(2009)年度報告

本研究主要是以產業群聚、跨界網絡與研發創新觀點，分析廣東省清遠再生銅產業所形塑出之產業群聚現象。在台灣與清遠地區產業制度變遷的發展過程中，跨界與在地網絡的連結不但對清遠地區在地產業內的權力結構產生衝擊，更因此激勵在地事業機構間對研發創新的渴望。 研究結果發現:清遠再生銅產業之群聚現象，除了可歸於中國中央與地方政府的強制規劃外，台灣事業機構提供廢貨源、資訊、技術、經營管理理念與資金於當地，是促進當地產業群聚的重要推手。隨群聚內的事業體系間的相互提攜與擴溢，間接促使產業內結構得以調整，而使在地企業得以改造，更激發出產業升級、研發創新與當地居民向心力的凝聚。跨界網絡融入清遠在地網絡後，因外部知識的潛在價值，更有利於在地事業機構本身的吸收。而台灣與清遠地區事業廢棄物產業的研發創新的出發點是各自獨立的體系，但隨台灣事業機構於清遠地區取得專利後，亦會藉由知識分享或透過支付權利金模式回饋與台灣境內公司，因此台灣與清遠地區事業廢棄物產業在研發創新的道路上漸漸從分壘的平行線轉向分享的交叉線上。 / This study analyzes the industry cluster established by the recycled copper industry in Qingyuan, Guangdong, primarily from the perspective of industry clusters, trans-border networks, and R&D innovation. During the development process of the industrial system transition on Taiwan and Qingyuan Area , connections between trans-border and local networks not only had an impact on domestic industry power structures in Qingyuan Area, but also stimulated a desire for R&D innovation within local enterprises organizations. The results of the study indicate that in addition to attributing the clustering of the recycled copper industry to mandatory plans by the central and local governments in China, Taiwan enterprises provide waste sources, information, technology, management philosophy and funds, is an important promoter to promote local in industry cluster , mutual support and expansion among the industry cluster enterprises systems indirectly prompted internal industry adjustments, resulting in the restructuring of local enterprises, which further inspired industry upgrading, innovation, and cohesiveness among local residents. As trans-border networks gradually blended into Qingyuan Area domestic networks, the potential value from external knowledge was more readily available for local enterprises to absorb. While the starting points of R&D innovation arose from individual systems on Taiwan and Qingyuan Area, benefits could be reaped by enterprises in Taiwan through shared knowledge or paid royalties when trans-border enterprises acquired patents in Qingyuan Area. Therefore, on the road to R&D innovation, industries on Taiwan and Qingyuan Area transformed from following separate, parallel routes to sharing a single route.

銅價在近年來不斷的創下歷史新高，由於台灣蓬勃的電子、半導體、工具機產業皆需要銅，因此銅進口量位居全球第五(ICSG,2009)，使得台灣企業的生產成本受國際銅價的波動影響甚鉅，全球有70%的銅價是按照英國倫敦金屬交易所(London Metal Exchange, LME)的牌價進行貿易，因此本研究欲建置預測模式以預測銅價未來趨勢。 　　本研究之資料來源為2003年1月2日至2011年7月14日的LME三月期銅價，並依文獻探討選取LME的銅庫存、三月期鋁價、三月期鉛價、三月期鎳價、三月期鋅價、三月期錫價，以及金價、銀價、石油價格、美國生產者物價指數、美國消費者物價指數、聯邦資金利率作為影響因素的分析資料。時間序列分析、類神經網路已被廣泛的用於預測股市及期貨，本研究先藉由向量自我迴歸模型篩選出有影響力的變數，同時建置GARCH時間序列預測模型與具有遞迴的Elman類神經網路預測模型，再整合兩者建置GARCH-Elman類神經網路預測模型。 本研究之向量自我迴歸模型顯示銅價與金、鋁、銅庫存前第1期；自身前第2期；鎳、錫前第3期；鋅前第4期的變動有負向的影響；受到石油前第2期的變動有正向的影響，這其中以銅的自我解釋變異最高，銅庫存最低，推測其影響已有效率地反映到銅價上。也驗證預測模型必須考量總體經濟變數，且變數先經向量自我迴歸模型的篩選能因減少雜訊而提升類神經網路的預測能力。依此建置的GARCH模型有33.81%的累積報酬率、Elman類神經網路38.11%、整合兩者的GARCH-Elman類神經網路56.46%，皆優於實際銅價指數的累積報酬率。對銅有需求的企業者，能更為準確的預測漲跌趨勢，依此判斷如何跟原物料供應商簽訂合約的價格與期間，使其免於價格趨勢的誤判而提高生產成本，並提出五點建議供未來研究者參考。 / The recent copper price in London Metal Exchange (LME) has breaking the historical high. Taiwan’s booming electronics, semiconductor and machine tool industry causing copper import volume ranked fifth in the world (ICSG, 2009). Because of 70% of copper worldwide trade in accordance with the price of the London Metal Exchange, this study using time series and neural networks to build the LME copper price forecast model. 　　This study considering copper, copper stocks, aluminum, lead, nickel, zinc, tin, gold, silver, oil ,federal funds rate, CPI and PPI during the period of 2003/1/2 to 2011/7/14. Time series model and neural networks have been widely used for forecasting the stock market and futures. In this study, using Vector Autoregressive (VAR) model screened influential variables, building GARCH model and Elman neural network to forecast the LME copper price; and further, integrating this two models to build GARCH-Elman neural network prediction model. 　　This study’s VAR models show that the copper has negative effect with gold, aluminum, copper stocks, nickel, tin, zinc and itself. And has positive impact with oil prices. The highest of explained variance is copper. Copper stocks are lowest, speculating that its impact has been efficiently reflecting on the price of copper. Verifying the prediction model must consider the macroeconomics variables. Using VAR model screened influential variables can reduce noise to enhance the predictive ability of the neural network. This study’s GARCH model has 33.81% of the cumulative rate of return, Elman neural network has 38.11% and the GARCH-Elman neural network has 56.46%. All of them are better than the actual price of copper.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第20896号 / 理博第4348号 / 新制||理||1624(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科物理学・宇宙物理学専攻 / (主査)准教授 柳瀬 陽一, 教授 川上 則雄, 准教授 池田 隆介 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

銅色吉祥山 (Copper-Coloured Mountain)，藏音「桑東巴日」(Zangdok Palri) (zangs mdog dpal ri)，為寧瑪派傳承祖師－蓮花生大士的藏傳淨土，並且是專屬西藏所獨有且唯一以「聖山」形相方式呈現，將聖山與淨土結合，可以視為「聖山化的淨土信仰」。 此鄔金淨土與其他諸佛淨土不同之處有二：首先是，銅色吉祥山淨土，不在遙遠的他方虛空處，而是存在於世間，眾生所居住的南瞻部洲。繼之，於蓮師傳記所述，銅色吉祥山淨土的前身，本為食人羅剎居住的恐怖之地。蓮花生大士將羅剎國，轉化成清淨的圓滿淨土，即為蓮師悲智雙運的展現、殊勝伏藏寶地，更是西藏宗教傳統中獨有的純藏式淨土，寧瑪派傳承伏藏師與修行者，欲意通往的神聖究竟皈依處。 銅色吉祥山，以地行剎土的形式化現。山形，狀如倒立的心臟。山的底部，深達地底龍王的國界；山的半山腰處，是空行剎土；山的頂峰，直入梵天之境。整座銅色吉祥山，受藍色大海與羅剎諸島所圍繞。山中虹光如雲，廣大的平原處，矗有一座由四種珍寶，象徵法、報、化三身圓成的三層式蓮花光越量宮殿，圍繞各式神尊護法與空行聖眾蓮師，共護擁於虹光界的本尊－蓮花生大士。 本論文以銅色吉祥山淨土為母題，從地方/空間的視角，研究伏藏傳記的文字傳統、不丹壁畫與西藏唐卡的圖像傳統，以及香港舉辦銅色吉祥山法會的儀式實踐傳統，瞭解銅色吉祥山淨土，透過三大傳統多重共構而成的藏傳淨土。文字、圖像與儀式三大傳統，於第三、四、五章進行探討，主要從六個面向探討與延伸：其一，在佛教經典中，展現極致象徵的視角、多方詮釋的空間意涵。其二，於大伏藏師淨觀之相，是自然地景與神聖空間，動態交融而入的掘藏寶地，實得蓮師與空行殊勝法教。其三，圖像傳統中，瞭解重要構圖元素、宮殿本尊的多種配置、蓮師形態與法相的殊異。 其四，在跨圖像研究中，以蓮師八神變相為主題，過度至金剛舞儀式時，兩傳統呈現動態空間的交應。其五，伏藏師秋吉林巴淨觀之相為例，比較蓮師淨土諸相，如何共譯於傳記與圖像。最後，從香港蓮師法會田調，記錄銅色吉祥山如何透過儀式實踐，具象地再現出蓮師立體壇城，分析儀式中聖俗地方與空間的再造與轉化。 結論部分，以七個觀點總結，瞭解並再次確認：銅色吉祥山淨土，是三大傳統多重共構而成的藏傳淨土。以此基礎，更進一步以「地方」與「空間」的視角，帶出三個基本的原則：多重性、互融性與創造性。證實筆者的假設：銅色吉祥山淨土，不只是多重共構的藏傳淨土，更是神聖地方/空間並存與交融的多重共構體。 進一步歸納全文，分析銅色吉祥山淨土，其存在與化現的真實所在處。最末持以結論為研究立基，展望未來學術研究，繼續深入蓮師淨土，亦延伸至其他藏傳淨土的探究與比較。 透過三大藏傳佛教重要的傳統中的技藝表現，了解這三大傳統支撐、延續並強化蓮師信仰的傳統，同時也共構出專屬於西藏獨有的蓮花生大士銅色吉祥山淨土的大傳統，即是自成一個聖山空間化淨土信仰的傳統特色。銅色吉祥山作為自身傳統的中心點，一處無法被真實且具體定位的所在處，讓蓮師淨土成為普現於世間每處的人間淨土，是蓮花生大士最善巧方便與智慧的莊嚴相。 / The Copper-Coloured Mountain, pronounced as Zangdok Palri (zangs mdog dpal ri) in Tibet, is the Tibetan pureland of Padmasambhava who is the founder of the Nyingma Tradition. The Copper-Coloured Mountain pureland manifests itself in the form of a mountain with the combination of sacred mountain and pureland which can be seen as “a sacred mountainized belief of pureland.” The pureland of Copper-Coloured Mountain is to be distinguished from other purelands of Buddha for two reasons: Firstly, this pureland is not remotely located in a realm of void space apart from our world. It existed in the Jambudvīpa inhabited with all beings instead. Secondly, according to the accounts of Padmasambhava’s biographies, the Copper-Coloured Mountain was originally inhabited by fierce flesh-eating rākṣasas. Padmasambhava transformed the kingdom of Raksas into a pureland of peace and perfection. This origin is founded not only upon a revelation from Guru Rinpoche’s unity of compassion and wisdom of a sacred place of “Revealed Treasures” (terma), but also has the real uniqueness of being a purely Tibetan pureland and an ultimate divine refuge for all tertöns and practitioners in the Nyingma Tradition of Tibetan Buddhism. The Copper-Coloured Mountain manifests itself in the form of an island and is shaped like an inverted heart. The bottom of the mountain penetrates deeply into the underground of Naga’s realm. On the mountainside, it belongs to the realm of daka and dākinī. On the peak, the mountain reaches the realm of Brahma. The entire mountain is surrounded by a blue sea and the islands of the Rakshasa. In the vast plains of the mountain, Padmasambhava abides in a large three-storied edifice called The Lotus Light Palace. Made out of four gems, it is surrounded and protected by various deities and dharmapāla and also symbolizes the Trikāya of a Buddha, namely dharmakāya, sambhogakāya and nirmānakāya. The dissertation aims to analyze the “space” and “place” in the motif of the Copper-Coloured Mountain Pureland through an investigation into three main Buddhist traditional sources, namely the tertöns’ biographies of Revealed Treasures, the paintings from Bhutan murals and Tibetan thangkas, and my own field research in the ritual practices of the Copper-Coloured Mountain in Hong Kong during the year 2014. It is found, as explained in Chapters Three, Four and Five respectively, that the Copper-Coloured Mountain Pureland is multiply-constructed within the three traditions from six main perspectives: first, in the Buddhist scriptures, delicate symbols are used in interpreting the multi-spaces and places of the Copper-Coloured Mountain; second, in tertöns’ pure visions, the Copper-Coloured Mountain becomes a mixed-space of landscapes and sacred spaces for gaining the mind-treasures from Padmasambhava and his dākinī consorts; third, painting traditions convey the vital elements of its composition, such as the palace of the deities in multiple configurations and different figures in the appearances of Padmasambhava; fourth, in translation studies of the iconography, the paintings of Guru Tsangye (gu ru mtshan brgyad) reveal the varja dances of Padmasambhava with dynamic spaces for dialogues in both traditions; fifth, in Chokgyur Lingpa’s pure visions, both autobiographies and paintings engender differences and similarities in depictions of the journey into the Copper-Coloured mountain; and, finally, field researches of contemporary ritual in Hong Kong record the practices in visualizing a three-dimensional mandala of a three-storied Lotus Light palace that embodies holy and secular places/spaces-making and transformation. The conclusion comprises seven points confirming the understanding of the Copper-Coloured Mountain Pureland as a configuration multiply-constructed by three traditions. Based on the analysis of “place” and “space” in the three distinct traditions, the hypothesis concerning the basic principles of Multiplicity, Interfusion and Creativity is substantiated. The Copper-Coloured Mountain Pureland is not only a configuration built out of three traditions, but remains a sacred place/space coexisting and integrated into a single object of multiple constructions. Furthermore, in the conclusion of my research of the Copper-Coloured Mountain Pureland, I suggest the authentic locations of the Copper-Colored Mountain Pureland and look forward to further investigating Padmasambhava’s pureland and extending the study with comparisons to other Tibetan purelands of Buddhas in future research. Through the three main Tibetan Buddhist traditional sources of its important crafts in the Copper-Colored Mountain Pureland, it is recognized that the traditional belief of Padmasambhava receives the agency of sustainability, continuity and consolidation. Also, the Copper-Coloured Mountain Pureland manifests itself as a multiply-constructed tradition in a sacred form of a Tibetan Buddhist mountainized space of pureland belief. The Copper-Coloured Mountain Pureland reveals a sacred pivot for its tradition where cannot be able to locate in an authentic and specific site. For this undiscoverable reason, the Copper-Colored Mountain Pureland becomes an universally revealed pureland on our earth and the very way of wisdom and compassion from Padmasambhava’s solemnity.